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Tollefson J, Gilbert N, Kozlov M, Lenharo M. Trump versus Biden: what the rematch could mean for three key science issues. Nature 2024; 627:254-256. [PMID: 38448536 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
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A fresh start for the African Academy of Sciences. Nature 2024; 627:465. [PMID: 38503917 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
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O'Callaghan J. How OpenAI's text-to-video tool Sora could change science - and society. Nature 2024; 627:475-476. [PMID: 38472485 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
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De Ambrosio M, Koop F. 'Despair': Argentinian researchers protest as president begins dismantling science. Nature 2024; 627:471-472. [PMID: 38454031 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
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Berkman PA. Russia's Arctic Council threat requires lessons from cold war science diplomacy. Nature 2024; 626:954. [PMID: 38413754 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00557-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
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Science can drive development and unity in Africa - as it does in the US and Europe. Nature 2024; 626:692. [PMID: 38383631 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
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Why it would be a dangerous folly to end US-China science pact. Nature 2024; 626:927-8. [PMID: 38409543 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
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Naddaf M. The science events to watch for in 2024. Nature 2024; 625:221-223. [PMID: 38110632 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-04044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
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Tay A, Leeming J. Where science meets Indian economics: in five charts. Nature 2023; 624:S20-S21. [PMID: 38092927 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
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Nature's 10: ten people (and one non-human) who helped shape science in 2023. Nature 2023; 624:495. [PMID: 38093063 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
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Woolston C. The scientific workplace in 2023. Nature 2023; 624:689-691. [PMID: 38110497 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-04030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
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From Einstein to AI: how 100 years have shaped science. Nature 2023; 624:474. [PMID: 38114684 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-04021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
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Cutting health and science support should not be an option in Argentina's election. Nature 2023; 623:224. [PMID: 37935973 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
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How the 'right to science' can help us overcome the many crises we face today. Nature 2023; 623:887-8. [PMID: 38017276 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
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Debat H. Argentina: publicly funded science under threat. Nature 2023; 621:258. [PMID: 37700041 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
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AI will transform science - now researchers must tame it. Nature 2023; 621:658. [PMID: 37758895 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
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Gaind N, Liverpool L. War shattered Ukrainian science - its rebirth is now taking shape. Nature 2023; 618:900-901. [PMID: 37349555 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
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Tollefson J. Biden's science adviser on the US push to compete with China. Nature 2023; 616:232. [PMID: 36991057 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-00919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Witze A. Private companies are flocking to the Moon - what does that mean for science? Nature 2023; 616:426-427. [PMID: 37072517 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-01045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
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Bledsoe MJ. Celebrating Women's Contributions to Scientific Advancement. Biopreserv Biobank 2022; 20:111-112. [PMID: 35467368 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2022.29106.mjb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Skov F. Science maps for exploration, navigation, and reflection-A graphic approach to strategic thinking. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0262081. [PMID: 34972185 PMCID: PMC8719663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The world of science is growing at an unprecedented speed with more and more scholarly papers produced each year. The scientific landscape is constantly changing as research specialties evolve, merge or become obsolete. It is difficult for researchers, research managers and the public alike to keep abreast with these changes and maintain a true and fair overview of the world of science. Such an overview is necessary to stimulate scientific progress, to maintain flexible and responsive research organizations, and to secure collaboration and knowledge exchange between different research specialties and the wider community. Although science mapping is applied to a wide range of scientific areas, examples of their practical use are sparse. This paper demonstrates how to use a topical, scientific reference maps to understand and navigate in dynamic research landscapes and how to utilize science maps to facilitate strategic thinking. In this study, the research domain of biology at Aarhus University serves as an example. All scientific papers authored by the current, permanent staff were extracted (6,830 in total). These papers were used to create a semantic cognitive map of the research field using a co-word analysis based on keywords and keyword phrases. A workflow was written in Python for easy and fast retrieval of information for topic maps (including tokens from keywords section and title) to generate intelligible research maps, and to visualize the distribution of topics (keywords), papers, journal categories, individual researchers and research groups on any scale. The resulting projections revealed new insights into the structure of the research community and made it possible to compare researchers or research groups to describe differences and similarities, to find scientific overlaps or gaps, and to understand how they relate and connect. Science mapping can be used for intended (top-down) as well as emergent (bottom-up) strategy development. The paper concludes that science maps provide alternative views of the intricate structures of science to supplement traditional bibliometric information. These insights may help strengthen strategic thinking and boost creativity and thus contribute to the progress of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flemming Skov
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Chignell SM, Myers ME, Howkins A, Fountain AG. Research sites get closer to field camps over time: Informing environmental management through a geospatial analysis of science in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257950. [PMID: 34735463 PMCID: PMC8568199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As in many parts of the world, the management of environmental science research in Antarctica relies on cost-benefit analysis of negative environmental impact versus positive scientific gain. Several studies have examined the environmental impact of Antarctic field camps, but very little work looks at how the placement of these camps influences scientific research. In this study, we integrate bibliometrics, geospatial analysis, and historical research to understand the relationship between field camp placement and scientific production in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of East Antarctica. Our analysis of the scientific corpus from 1907-2016 shows that, on average, research sites have become less dispersed and closer to field camps over time. Scientific output does not necessarily correspond to the number of field camps, and constructing a field camp does not always lead to a subsequent increase in research in the local area. Our results underscore the need to consider the complex historical and spatial relationships between field camps and research sites in environmental management decision-making in Antarctica and other protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Chignell
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Madeline E. Myers
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Adrian Howkins
- Department of History, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Fountain
- Department of Geology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Anonymous. Personal perspective on inequality: conference attendance as an Iranian citizen. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:fnz244. [PMID: 31834363 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Science is expected to be borderless and inclusive of any interested individuals. The efforts made by academic institutions to promote diversity and inclusiveness are unfortunately undermined by discriminatory government policies. Iranian researchers suffer from limited mobility for attending scientific gatherings and are underrepresented due to lack of exposure, as they can be subject to discrimination for entering some countries, e.g. the US travel ban. As an Iranian citizen, I was denied an academic visitor visa to attend FEMS congress in Glasgow in 2019 to share my Ph.D. research results. This resulted in considerable waste of time, funds and efforts leaving me with a great deal of pain and frustration. In this article, I share my story to help raise awareness about compromised equity in the scientific community as a result of institutional discrimination and racism.
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Regehr G. Supporting and leveraging science as a social activity: The value of sharing ideas early and often. Perspect Med Educ 2021; 10:76-78. [PMID: 33575981 PMCID: PMC7952481 DOI: 10.1007/s40037-021-00653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Regehr
- Centre for Health Education Scholarship, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Sullivan-Marx E. Trust Science and Inspire Hope: Our Duty of Care. Nurs Outlook 2021; 69:3-5. [PMID: 33483003 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Campbell RM. The 2020 SLAS Discovery Top 10: Advancing the Science of Drug Discovery. SLAS Discovery 2021; 26:163-164. [PMID: 33482075 PMCID: PMC8940770 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220982581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Campbell
- Twentyeight-Seven Therapeutics, Watertown, MA, USA
- Corresponding Author: Robert M. Campbell, Twentyeight-Seven Therapeutics, 490 Arsenal Way, Suite 100B, Watertown, MA 02472, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S. Barsh
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Gregory P. Copenhaver
- Department of Biology and the Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Science and Clinical Potpourri for Your Life and Your Practice. AANA J 2020; 88:353-4. [PMID: 32990202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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Abstract
This article maintains that via the current form of evidence-based medicine, scientism (a pseudo-religious belief in science that is itself not scientific) has been allowed to encroach into medicine. By setting out the philosophical limits of what it is science can do, the effects of this encroachment are discussed in terms of upsetting the balance between the necessarily conflicting art AND science of medicine. In this context, one effect of the Covid-19 pandemic might be to act as a timely reminder - as if it was needed - of the importance of the Hippocratic Oath, which is and always has been the soul of medicine.
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Campbell RM. SLAS and SBI 2, a Collaborative Partnership. SLAS Discov 2020; 25:667. [PMID: 32687016 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220937653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Balding
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, School of BioSciences and School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory S. Barsh
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory P. Copenhaver
- Department of Biology and the Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chengqi Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Center for Cell-based Therapy (CTC), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Cimerman
- Institute of Infectious Diseases Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Society for Infectious Diseases, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ahima RS, Jackson S, Casadevall A, Semenza GL, Tomaselli G, Collins KL, Lieberman AP, Martin DM, Reddy P. Changing the editorial process at JCI and JCI Insight in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2147. [PMID: 32202513 DOI: 10.1172/jci138305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The editors of JCI and JCI Insight are revisiting our editorial processes in light of the strain that the COVID-19 pandemic places on the worldwide scientific community. Here, we discuss adjustments to our decision framework in light of restrictions placed on laboratory working conditions for many of our authors.
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Barel-Ben David Y, Garty ES, Baram-Tsabari A. Can scientists fill the science journalism void? Online public engagement with science stories authored by scientists. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0222250. [PMID: 31914124 PMCID: PMC6948730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In many countries the public's main source of information about science and technology is the mass media. Unfortunately, in recent years traditional journalism has experienced a collapse, and science journalism has been a major casualty. One potential remedy is to encourage scientists to write for news media about science. On these general news platforms, scientists' stories would have to compete for attention with other news stories on hard (e.g. politics) and entertaining (e.g. celebrity news) topics written by professional writers. Do they stand a chance? This study aimed to quantitatively characterize audience interactions as an indicator of interest in science news stories authored by early career scientists (henceforth ‘scientists’) trained to function as science reporters, as compared to news items written by reporters and published in the same news outlets. To measure users' behavior, we collected data on the number of clicks, likes, comments and average time spent on page. The sample was composed of 150 science items written by 50 scientists trained to contribute popular science stories in the Davidson Institute of Science Education reporters’ program and published on two major Israeli news websites—Mako and Ynet between July 2015 to January 2018. Each science item was paired with another item written by the website’s organic reporter, and published on the same channel as the science story (e.g., tourism, health) and the same close time. Overall significant differences were not found in the public's engagement with the different items. Although, on one website there was a significant difference on two out of four engagement types, the second website did not have any difference, e.g., people did not click, like or comment more on items written by organic reporters than on the stories written by scientists. This creates an optimistic starting point for filling the science news void by scientists as science reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Barel-Ben David
- Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Erez S. Garty
- Davidson Institute–the Educational Arm of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ayelet Baram-Tsabari
- Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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González-Méijome JM, Belsué RN. Data, the future of Science and Clinical Practice. J Optom 2020; 13:1-2. [PMID: 31902447 PMCID: PMC6951832 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José M González-Méijome
- Editor-in-Chief. Clinical and Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab). Center of Physics. University of Minho.
| | - Rafael Navarro Belsué
- Rafael Navarro, ICMA, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad de Zaragoza
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Bedford J, Farrar J, Ihekweazu C, Kang G, Koopmans M, Nkengasong J. A new twenty-first century science for effective epidemic response. Nature 2019; 575:130-136. [PMID: 31695207 PMCID: PMC7095334 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With rapidly changing ecology, urbanization, climate change, increased travel and fragile public health systems, epidemics will become more frequent, more complex and harder to prevent and contain. Here we argue that our concept of epidemics must evolve from crisis response during discrete outbreaks to an integrated cycle of preparation, response and recovery. This is an opportunity to combine knowledge and skills from all over the world-especially at-risk and affected communities. Many disciplines need to be integrated, including not only epidemiology but also social sciences, research and development, diplomacy, logistics and crisis management. This requires a new approach to training tomorrow's leaders in epidemic prevention and response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gagandeep Kang
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Nkengasong
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Ishikawa M. Distribution and retention trends of physician-scientists in Japan: a longitudinal study. BMC Med Educ 2019; 19:394. [PMID: 31660958 PMCID: PMC6819329 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-019-1840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physician Scientists (PSs) play a significant role in medical science because of their clinical practice and research expertise. Although it is important to analyze the distribution and retention trends in the number of PSs in Japan, research on this topic has been insufficient. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze PSs distribution and retention trends, identify factors related to their retention, and consider the policy implications. METHOD I analyzed individual data from 1996 to 2016 from a national census survey that had been administered by the national government of Japan every 2 years. The number of PSs in 1996 and 2016 were 4930 (2.1% of all physicians) and 5212 (1.6%), respectively. I conducted a descriptive analysis and identified retention trends. I then used a multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify the factors related to the retention of PSs. RESULTS Between 1996 and 2016, the total number of PSs in Japan increased by 6%. The number of PSs aged 39 years or younger decreased by 48%, while those aged between 55 and 69 increased by 91%, indicating a notable decrease in the number of PSs under the age of 39. From 2014 to 2016, the annual retention rate of PSs was estimated to be 75.5%, which represented a low and stable rate compared to other physicians over the study period. The odds of continuing to practice as a PS were significantly higher for those who have between 15 to 29 years of experience after qualification as a physician. CONCLUSION This study indicates that it is likely for the total number of PSs to decrease in the future. Although the Japanese government has implemented various measures to retain PSs, these have not been effective. Possible new interventions to address this problem include increasing the knowledge of medical students and younger physicians of the role of PSs and the benefits of a career as a PS, providing specific career paths for PSs, securing specific positions for PSs, and increasing the compensation for PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ishikawa
- Takemi Program in International Health, Harvard T.H. Chang School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- Health Services Research & Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Tavakol DN, Emmons K. Design of a student-led organizational partnership to host an annual statewide Science Olympiad K-12 outreach tournament. Adv Physiol Educ 2019; 43:401-407. [PMID: 31408382 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00027.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since fall 2015, the University of Virginia's (UVA) Engineering Student Council (ESC) has partnered with the nonprofit Virginia Science Olympiad (VASO) organization to host a Science Olympiad (SciOly) state tournament in Charlottesville, Virginia, each spring. This annual tournament brings over 2,000 middle and high school students, teachers, and parents to the UVA campus, and teams of 15-17 people from roughly 90 schools across Virginia participate in 46 different events (23 middle school, Division B; 23 high school, Division C) relating to the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields throughout the day-long competition. The national SciOly organization sets the events and rules to comply with national education standards, and the VASO board coordinates the teams and tournaments within the state. By collaborating with VASO, UVA ESC was able to plan a large-scale SciOly tournament at UVA in approximately 10 mo with the support of the UVA School of Engineering and Applied Science. Since this event was planned and executed solely by undergraduates in cooperation with the nonprofit organization, there were institutional hurdles that were overcome through the months of planning. The Virginia SciOly state tournament has continued to be held at UVA with the support and cooperation of the UVA ESC and VASO, and bringing this tournament to UVA has allowed for increased excitement for participating K-12 students and a mitigated burden to the VASO organizers in planning the state competition. This paper aims to provide a resource for other universities to support STEM activities in K-12 outreach organizations, like SciOly, in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Naveed Tavakol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Engineering Student Council, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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MacGillivray BH. Null Hypothesis Testing ≠ Scientific Inference: A Critique of the Shaky Premise at the Heart of the Science and Values Debate, and a Defense of Value-Neutral Risk Assessment. Risk Anal 2019; 39:1520-1532. [PMID: 30742707 PMCID: PMC6850348 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many philosophers and statisticians argue that risk assessors are morally obligated to evaluate the probabilities and consequences of methodological error, and to base their decisions of whether to adopt a given parameter value, model, or hypothesis on those considerations. This argument is couched within the rubric of null hypothesis testing, which I suggest is a poor descriptive and normative model for risk assessment. Risk regulation is not primarily concerned with evaluating the probability of data conditional upon the null hypothesis, but rather with measuring risks, estimating the consequences of available courses of action and inaction, formally characterizing uncertainty, and deciding what to do based upon explicit values and decision criteria. In turn, I defend an ideal of value-neutrality, whereby the core inferential tasks of risk assessment-such as weighing evidence, estimating parameters, and model selection-should be guided by the aim of correspondence to reality. This is not to say that value judgments be damned, but rather that they should be accounted for within a structured approach to decision analysis, rather than embedded within risk assessment in an informal manner.
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Chinchilla-Rodríguez Z, Sugimoto CR, Larivière V. Follow the leader: On the relationship between leadership and scholarly impact in international collaborations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218309. [PMID: 31220123 PMCID: PMC6586445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
National contributions to science are influenced by a number of factors, including economic capacity, national scientific priorities, science policy, and institutional settings and cultures. Nations do not have equal opportunities to access the global scientific market, and therefore, often seek out international partners with complementary resources and expertise. This study aims at investigating national collaboration strategies, with a focus on research leadership-measured through corresponding authorship-and its relationship with scientific impact. Results show that countries with higher R&D investments are more scientifically independent, and confirm that international collaboration is positively related to citation impact. However, leadership in international collaboration is inversely related with a countries' share of international collaboration and there is a very little relationship between citation impact and international leadership. For instance, most countries-and particularly those that have fewer resources-have higher scientific impact when they are not leading. This suggests that, despite increasing global participation in science, most international collaborations are asymmetrical, and that the research system remains structured around a few dominate nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Chinchilla-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Políticas y Bienes Públicos (IPP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Cassidy R. Sugimoto
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Vincent Larivière
- École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l’information, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Observatoire des Sciences et des Technologies (OST), Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche sur la Science et la Technologie (CIRST), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Heinze T, Jappe A, Pithan D. From North American hegemony to global competition for scientific leadership? Insights from the Nobel population. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213916. [PMID: 30943240 PMCID: PMC6447154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the entire population of Nobel laureates in science from 1901 to 2017, we show that North America’s rise as global power in science started in the 1920s. Following a transition period (1940s to 1960s), its scientific hegemony was consolidated in the 1970s. Yet since the 2000s, North America’s global leadership in science has come under pressure. In that time, its share of laureates across disciplines dropped, although it has retained its attractiveness as a destination for future laureates from Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. In addition, we find that North America has become apparently less effective since 2010 in transferring capacities for conducting ground-breaking research from one generation of scientists to another. Furthermore, both Europe and the Asia-Pacific region have similarly high shares of newcomer organizations with regard to where prize-winning work is conducted, indicating that these two regions are very active in the inter-organizational competition for scientific talent. Despite this competition, however, we find no support for the rise of a new global center of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heinze
- Interdisciplinary Center of Science and Technology Studies (IZWT), University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
- Institute of Sociology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Arlette Jappe
- Interdisciplinary Center of Science and Technology Studies (IZWT), University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - David Pithan
- Institute of Sociology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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Liskauskas S, Ribeiro MD, Vasconcelos SMR. Changing times for science and the public: Science journalists' roles for the responsible communication of science. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47906. [PMID: 30850383 PMCID: PMC6446191 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of corrections in the scientific record and the debate about reproducibility affect journalists’ reporting about science and thereby public opinion on scientists and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Liskauskas
- Professional Masters Program/Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo Meis (IBqM)Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | | | - Sonia MR Vasconcelos
- Science Education Program and Professional Masters Program/IBqM/UFRJRio de JaneiroBrazil
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Bergstrom RA. Motion sickness as metaphor: engaging with diversity in STEM. Adv Physiol Educ 2019; 43:1-6. [PMID: 30540205 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00185.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) continue to work to increase the diversity of the fields, yet there are still significant historical and societal hurdles to be overcome before we reach full representation throughout STEM. The concept of science identity has become a point of interest in this process; it has been suggested that development of one's identity as a scientist is critical to persistence in the field. Metaphors that are rooted in bodily experience can provide a starting point to understand abstract concepts, including science identity and how we as STEM educators respond to increasing diversity within our fields. Given the history of STEM being predominantly populated by people who are white and male, disorientation or discomfort with increasing diversity is not unexpected, and many women and people of color report discrimination and marginalization as a part of their experience in STEM. Here I present a neuroscience-based metaphor that can serve as a starting point for understanding some of the potential disorientation or discomfort that we may experience as we engage with the increasing diversity of STEM and acknowledge this experience as a normal but temporary part of the process of growth and development as a field. I encourage the development and use of further discipline-based metaphors to enhance our discussion and understanding of this important work.
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Abstract
The emergence of Do-It-Yourself (DIY) science movements is becoming a topic widely discussed in academia and policy, as well as by the general public and the media. While DIY approaches enjoy increasing diffusion even in official research, different social actors frequently talk about them in different ways and circumstances. Interaction and negotiation processes amongst actors (e.g. policy makers and DIY communities) define the premises upon which different conceptualisations of DIY science are deployed.In this paper we offer a framework for analysing the discourse on DIY science.Our study consists of a field research of three spaces active in DIY science premises, two dedicated events of the DIY community, and an auto-ethnography in the field of DIY biology.By relying on the theory of social worlds/arenas (SW/A), we collected data on how notions of DIY science are constructed by different social actors and how conceptual borders are built or are likely to shift, resulting in multiple possible SW/A mappings. We conclude that each and every conceptualisation of DIY science cannot stand independently from the situatedness of its multiple contexts, therefore making its usage in policy making and governance particularly complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ferretti
- Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, BLD 45, Office 119, Via E. Fermi, 2479, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
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Funahashi M. [Benefits of Advancement in Science]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2019; 75:I. [PMID: 30787231 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2019_jsrt_75.2.i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Börner
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408;
- Educational Technology/Media Centre, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - William B Rouse
- Center for Complex Systems and Enterprises, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030
| | - Paul Trunfio
- Center for Polymer Studies, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Physics Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - H Eugene Stanley
- Center for Polymer Studies, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Physics Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
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