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Shahi M, Abedelahi A, Mohammadnejad D, Rahbarghazi R, Rasta SH, Karimipour M. Exact location of sensorimotor cortex injury after photochemical modulation; evidence of stroke based on stereological and morphometric studies in mice. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 36:91-98. [PMID: 32297252 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the structural cerebral cortex is disrupted after stroke either at the macroscopic or microscopic levels. Therefore, many attempts have been gathered to circumvent stroke-associated problems in the brain tissue. The current study was aimed to design an animal model of photochemical stroke using rose bengal (RB) plus laser irradiation (L) after 10, 15, and 20 min (´) and evaluate its effect on the cerebral tissue using unbiased stereological quantitative methods and morphometric histological analysis. Photochemical stroke was induced by intraperitoneal injection of RB dye and further activation through the exposure of the right sensorimotor cortex with the green laser radiation (100 mW; 532 nm). Mice were randomly allocated into 4 groups (each in 15) as follows: control (10 μg/gbw RB), RB + 10'L, RB + 15'L, and RB + 20'L. Target irradiation site was adjusted to 2 mm lateral to the bregma. Vernier caliper morphometric evaluation, cresyl violet staining, and unbiased stereological assays including Cavalier's principle and point counting techniques were used to monitor the pathological changes and lesion volume on days 1, 3, and 7 after the ischemia induction. Our data showed that the mean diameter of the lesion site and lesion infarct volume in the group RB + 20'L) was significantly increased relative to the other groups (P < 0.05). Notably, the lesion volume and diameter in the group RB + 15'L was larger compared with the group RB + 10'L and control mice (P < 0.05). Data showed an increased acute inflammatory response such as hyperemia and edema 3 days after ischemic induction while the intensity of acute changes and lesion volume were reduced and replaced with necrotic and chronic pathological changes including astrogliosis on day 7. It is concluded that the laser irradiation of RB-injected mice at a distinct time period could induce the magnificent degenerative effects on the cerebral cortex which is similar to the stroke condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shahi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Abedelahi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Daryoush Mohammadnejad
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Rasta
- Department of Medical Physics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Nwaroh C, Giuffre A, Cole L, Bell T, Carlson HL, MacMaster FP, Kirton A, Harris AD. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on GABA and Glx in Children: A pilot study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0222620. [PMID: 31910218 PMCID: PMC6946135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation that safely modulates brain excitability and has therapeutic potential for many conditions. Several studies have shown that anodal tDCS of the primary motor cortex (M1) facilitates motor learning and plasticity, but there is little information about the underlying mechanisms. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), it has been shown that tDCS can affect local levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Glx (a measure of glutamate and glutamine combined) in adults, both of which are known to be associated with skill acquisition and plasticity; however this has yet to be studied in children and adolescents. This study examined GABA and Glx in response to conventional anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) and high definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) targeting the M1 in a pediatric population. Twenty-four typically developing, right-handed children ages 12-18 years participated in five consecutive days of tDCS intervention (sham, a-tDCS or HD-tDCS) targeting the right M1 while training in a fine motor task (Purdue Pegboard Task) with their left hand. Glx and GABA were measured before and after the protocol (at day 5 and 6 weeks) using a PRESS and GABA-edited MEGA-PRESS MRS sequence in the sensorimotor cortices. Glx measured in the left sensorimotor cortex was higher in the HD-tDCS group compared to a-tDCS and sham at 6 weeks (p = 0.001). No changes in GABA were observed in either sensorimotor cortex at any time. These results suggest that neither a-tDCS or HD-tDCS locally affect GABA and Glx in the developing brain and therefore it may demonstrate different responses in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidera Nwaroh
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Child and Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Adrianna Giuffre
- Alberta Children’s Hospital (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lauran Cole
- Alberta Children’s Hospital (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tiffany Bell
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Child and Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Helen L. Carlson
- Alberta Children’s Hospital (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Frank P. MacMaster
- Alberta Children’s Hospital (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Child and Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Addictions and Mental Health Strategic Clinical Network, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Adam Kirton
- Alberta Children’s Hospital (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ashley D. Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Child and Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program, Calgary, AB, Canada
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