An evidence-based treatment algorithm for anal fissure

Guidelines for the treatment of anal fissure have been published in the USA and UK but differ. Many centers follow guidelines based on local experience. In December 2005, we met with the aim of developing an evidence-based treatment algorithm for anal fissure, applicable to both primary and secondary care. This algorithm may rationalize the treatment of anal fissure in primary and secondary care settings.

Study of vector, amplifier, and human infection with Japanese encephalitis virus in a Rangoon community

A prospective serologic study was undertaken in a Rangoon community in 1982 to quantify Japanese encephalitis virus infections in humans and in pigs. The prevalence, relative abundance, and host preference of Culex mosquitoes in the area were also determined. Japanese encephalitis virus infection was detected in 52.1% of the pigs, although concurrent human Japanese encephalitis virus infection was not detected. The known Japanese encephalitis virus vector mosquito species were prevalent in the study area. Host preference determination for the Culex species revealed that they were zoophilic and that the most frequent hosts were cows. The absence of concurrent human Japanese encephalitis virus infection in the presence of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pigs and of vector mosquito species is discussed.