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Tarım B, Demirtaş ŞE, Bozkurt M, Üstündağ AÖ, Eray O, Ahlat O, Bayır HÖ, Akşit H, Kamanlı S, Özkan S, Yalçın S, Tüzün AE. Feed form and perch design do not interact to production performance, gastrointestinal tract traits, behaviour and welfare of laying hens reared in enriched cages. Br Poult Sci 2024; 65:165-178. [PMID: 38372652 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2308278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
1. It was hypothesised that perch material and design may affect utility and maintenance energy demand in laying hens, affecting their feed form preferences and daily feed consumption. Accordingly, perch design and feed form on hen performance, gastrointestinal tract functions and some behavioural and welfare-related traits were studied in laying hens (ATAK-S) reared in enriched colony cages from 24 to 40 weeks of age.2. The experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial investigating two perch materials and design (circular steel or mushroom-shaped plastic) and feed form (mash or crumble). A total of 396 hens were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups with nine replicates each (11 birds per replicate).3. Except for feeding behaviour and prevalence of foot pad dermatitis at 40 weeks of age, the modification of the perch design did not have a significant effect on the traits examined. Mushroom-shaped plastic perches reduced feeding behaviour (p < 0.01) and the incidence of foot pad dermatitis at 40 weeks of age (p < 0.001).4. Performance traits were not affected by feed form. Intake, final body weight and FCR for crumble-fed laying hens were greater than those fed mash (p < 0.01).5. Hens fed mash had higher (p < 0.01) relative gizzard weights along with lower (p < 0.05) pH values, pancreatic chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase activities (p < 0.05), and duodenal absorption surface areas (p < 0.01). Ultimately, this gave higher protein digestibility (p < 0.05) compared to those receiving crumble.6. In conclusion, in enriched cage rearing systems, mashed feed was preferred over crumble to efficiently maintain productive performance. Compared to circular steel, plastic mushroom-shaped perches were associated with better footpad health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tarım
- Department of Breeding, Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ş E Demirtaş
- Department of Breeding, Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - A Ö Üstündağ
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - O Eray
- Department of Breeding, Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - O Ahlat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H Ö Bayır
- Department of Breeding, Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H Akşit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - S Kamanlı
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - S Özkan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - S Yalçın
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - A E Tüzün
- Koçarlı Vocational School, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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Tüzün AE, Koçer B, Ege G, Bozkurt M. Influence of sunflower meal utilisation on growth performance and digestive tract traits of white strain pullets fed from 29 to 112 d of age. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:285-292. [PMID: 33196293 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1851353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1. A trial was conducted to study the effects of partial replacement of sunflower meal (SFM) for soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract traits (GIT) in pullets.2. A total of 600 pullets (29 d of age) was randomly assigned to three dietary treatments and fed for 84 d. The birds were fed a practical diet with a low level of crude fibre (CF; LF) or test diets containing a medium or high level of CF (MF and HF) by partial (50% to 75%) replacement of SBM with SFM. Accordingly, the grower diets contained 29, 40 and 51 g CF/kg, which corresponded to 31, 45 and 59 g CF/kg in developer diets. Each dietary treatment was replicated 8 times (25 pullets per replicate).3. Body weight did not differ significantly among treatments at d 29, 84 and 112 d but increased (P < 0.05) with SFM supplementation at d 54. From 29 to 112 d of age, daily feed and energy intake linearly increased (P < 0.01) with SFM supplementation, but body weight gain and feed conversion ratios were comparable amongst the groups.4. Digestive organ size was not affected by the dietary treatments, but gizzard weight increased in pullets fed MF and HF diets (P < 0.01). Digesta pH in the gizzard, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were reduced linearly (P < 0.01) with SFM supplementation, while a quadratic response was observed for proventriculus pH (P < 0.05).5. Small intestine morphology traits improved with a moderate level of CF intake, whereas no benefit was observed with a high level of CF consumption.6. The results showed that use of SFM up to 140 g/kg can be recommended for pullets fed diets based on corn and soybean meal. However, smaller intestinal absorptive capacity with higher SFM supplementation may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Tüzün
- Koçarlı Vocational School, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - B Koçer
- Agricultural Extension and In-Service Training Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Aydın, Turkey
| | - G Ege
- Directorate of Food Control Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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Koçer B, Bozkurt M, Ege G, Tüzün AE. Effects of sunflower meal supplementation in the diet on productive performance, egg quality and gastrointestinal tract traits of laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:101-109. [PMID: 32835498 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1814202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. A trial was conducted to study the effects of additional dietary fibre (DF), resulting from partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with high-fibre sunflower meal (SFM), on egg production and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) traits in laying hens. 2. A total of 480 Nick Chick white laying hens (21 weeks of age) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments and fed for 24 weeks. The hens were fed either the control diet based on corn and SBM, which contained 30 g/kg crude fibre (CF) without SFM, or test diets containing 40 g more CF/kg from adding 47 g/kg SFM or 50 g more CF/kg from adding 97 g SFM/kg. Each dietary treatment was replicated eight times (20 hens per replicate). 3. Body weight (P < 0.05), egg production rate (P < 0.05), egg weight (P < 0.01) and egg mass (P < 0.01) linearly increased but feed conversion ratio linearly decreased (P < 0.01) with increasing SFM supplementation. Feed intake, cracked/broken egg ratios and shell less egg ratios were comparable amongst the groups. 4. The egg quality indices were not influenced by dietary treatments, except for the Haugh units, which decreased (linear, P < 0.01; quadratic P < 0.05) when SFM was added. 5. Digestive organ size was not affected by the dietary treatments, but caecum length increased in hens fed SFM (P < 0.05). Digesta pH in the ileum and caecum was reduced linearly (P < 0.01) with SFM supplementation. 6. Small intestine morphology traits improved with 47 g SFM/kg supplementation, whereas negative effects were observed with 97 g SFM/kg. 7. Productive performance of laying hens improved with 40 or 50 g/kg more CF in feed, mostly from SFM supplementation. It was concluded that this performance increase was attributed mostly to the increase in fat content, rather than DF level, when high-fibre SFM was included in layer diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Koçer
- Directorate of Agricultural Production Enterprise, Agricultural Extension and In-Service Training Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry , Aydın, Turkey
| | - M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University , Aydın, Turkey
| | - G Ege
- Directorate of Food Control Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry , Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - A E Tüzün
- Koçarlı Vocational School, Aydın Adnan Menderes University , Aydın, Turkey
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Bozkurt M, Koçer B, Ege G, Tüzün AE, Bıyık HH, Poyrazoğlu E. Influence of the particle size and form of feed on growth performance, digestive tract traits and nutrient digestibility of white egg-laying pullets from 1 to 112 D of age. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4016-4029. [PMID: 30953064 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the grinding and physical form of diets on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development and nutrient digestibility was studied in layer pullets from hatch to 112 d of age. Diet formed a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 hammer mill screen sizes to grind cereals (4 and 8 mm) and 2 forms (mash and crumble). A total of 864 1-day-old layer chickens were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 treatment groups with 8 replicates (27 birds per replicate). Cumulatively, pullets fed crumbles consumed less feed (P < 0.05) and had better feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.01) than those fed mash. Coarse grinding cereals (CG) improved FCR (P < 0.05) without significant change in cumulative feed consumption compared to that of fine grinding (FG). With regard to body weight gain (BWG), pullets benefited from crumbles from 1 to 56 d of age (P < 0.01). There were interactions (P < 0.05) between screen size and feed form in relation to FCR (1 to 28 d) and overall BWG. At 112 d of age, the relative weight (RW, g/100 g body weight) of the crop, gizzard, pancreas, and liver of crumble-fed birds were lower (P < 0.05) than those for birds fed mash. Pullets fed coarsely ground feed had higher RW of the crop, proventriculus, gizzard, liver, and caecum compared to those fed finely ground feed. Compared to mash feeding, pullets fed crumbles increased (P < 0.05) total tract digestibility of ether extract and crude protein and the activities of pancreatic amylase and lipase. Digestibility of ether extract (P < 0.05) and pancreatic amylase activity (P < 0.01) were higher in birds fed a CG diet than in birds fed the FG regimen. Regarding the nutrition of egg-laying pullets, crumbles might be preferred to mash feed when the main objective is to improve FCR. Data also suggested that cereals used for pullet feed can be ground more coarsely than is in current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| | - B Koçer
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - G Ege
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - A E Tüzün
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Koçarlı Vocational Scholl, South Campus, Aydın-Turkey
| | - H H Bıyık
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| | - E Poyrazoğlu
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
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Ege G, Bozkurt M, Koçer B, Tüzün AE, Uygun M, Alkan G. Influence of feed particle size and feed form on productive performance, egg quality, gastrointestinal tract traits, digestive enzymes, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of laying hens reared in enriched cages. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3787-3801. [PMID: 30839089 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 640 Lohmann LSL hens were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments arranged in 2 × 2 factorial with 2 feed particle sizes (fine and coarse) and 2 feed forms (mash and crumble). The 2 particle sizes were achieved by grinding whole corn and wheat in the hammer mill to pass through 4- and 8-mm sieves. The laying hen diet was isonutritive, and each diet was fed to 8 enriched cages of 20 hens from 21 to 52 wk of age. Screen size and feed form did not affect feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and quality traits of the eggs, except for yolk color score, which decreased with crumbling of the feed. Feed conversion ratio was greater (P < 0.01) in hens fed the coarsely ground diet than in hens fed the finely ground diet. Crumbling the feed increased (P < 0.01) feed intake and feed conversion ratio compared to those after mashing. The relative weight of the liver and length of the small intestines were greater (P < 0.05) in hens fed crumble than in hens fed mash. Finely grinding cereals decreased (P < 0.01) the pancreas and gizzard weight compared to those after coarse grinding. The pH of digestive organs showed significant responses to feed form. Crumbling resulted in increased (P < 0.01) pancreatic activities of amylase, while lipase secretion was not affected by the manipulations in screen size and feed form. Ileal villus measurements (villus height, villus height/crypt depth ratio, villus surface area) were greater (P < 0.01) in hens fed crumble than in hens fed mash, whereas particle size had no effect. Total tract digestibility coefficients of crude ash and ether extracts were improved narrowing screen size from 8 to 4 mm. Data illustrated that grinding cereals to pass through a 4-mm screen could improve the efficiency of feed conversion. However, feeding crumbles provided no benefit to productive performance and egg quality, although the absorptive capacity of laying hens increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ege
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| | - B Koçer
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - A E Tüzün
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Koçarlı Vocational Scholl, South Campus, Aydın-Turkey
| | - M Uygun
- Chemistry Department, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| | - G Alkan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
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Koçer B, Bozkurt M, Ege G, Tüzün AE, Konak R, Olgun O. Effects of a meal feeding regimen and the availability of fresh alfalfa on growth performance and meat and bone quality of broiler genotypes. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:318-329. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1440378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Koçer
- Department of Nutrition, Poultry Research Institute, Erbeyli, Turkey
| | - M. Bozkurt
- Department of Nutrition, Poultry Research Institute, Erbeyli, Turkey
| | - G. Ege
- Department of Nutrition, Poultry Research Institute, Erbeyli, Turkey
| | - A. E. Tüzün
- Kocarlı Vocational School, Adnan Menderes University, Kocarlı, Turkey
| | - R. Konak
- Department of Nutrition, Poultry Research Institute, Erbeyli, Turkey
| | - O. Olgun
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Turkey
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Bozkurt M, Yalçin S, Koçer B, Tüzün AE, Akşit H, Özkan S, Uygun M, Ege G, Güven G, Yildiz O. Effects of enhancing vitamin D status by 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation, alone or in combination with calcium and phosphorus, on sternum mineralisation and breast meat quality in broilers. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:452-461. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1327703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bozkurt
- Department of Nutrition, Erbeyli Poultry Research Institute, Aydın, Turkey
| | - S. Yalçin
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - B. Koçer
- Department of Nutrition, Erbeyli Poultry Research Institute, Aydın, Turkey
| | - A. E. Tüzün
- Adnan Menderes University, Koçarlı Vocational Scholl, Aydın, Turkey
| | - H. Akşit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - S. Özkan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - M. Uygun
- Chemistry Department, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - G. Ege
- Department of Nutrition, Erbeyli Poultry Research Institute, Aydın, Turkey
| | - G. Güven
- Chemistry Department, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - O. Yildiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
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Bozkurt M, Ege G, Aysul N, Akşit H, Tüzün AE, Küçükyılmaz K, Borum AE, Uygun M, Akşit D, Aypak S, Şimşek E, Seyrek K, Koçer B, Bintaş E, Orojpour A. Effect of anticoccidial monensin with oregano essential oil on broilers experimentally challenged with mixed Eimeria spp. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1858-68. [PMID: 26976910 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oil of oregano ( OEO: ) has proven to be a potential candidate for controlling chicken coccidiosis. The aim of the current study is to determine whether OEO and an approved anticoccidial, monensin sodium ( MON: ), as in-feed supplements could create a synergism when combined at low dosages. Day-old broiler chickens were separated into six equal groups with six replicate pens of 36 birds. One of the groups was given a basal diet and served as the control ( CNT: ). The remaining groups received the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg MON, 50 mg/kg MON, 24 mg/kg OEO, 12 mg/kg OEO, or 50 mg/kg MON + 12 mg/kg OEO. All of the chickens were challenged with field-type mixed Eimeria species at 12 d of age. Following the infection (i.e., d 13 to 42), the greatest growth gains and lowest feed conversion ratio values were recorded for the group of birds fed 100 mg/kg MON (P < 0.05), whereas results for the CNT treatment were inferior. Dietary OEO supplementations could not support growth to a level comparable with the MON (100 mg/kg). The MON programs were more efficacious in reducing fecal oocyst numbers compared to CNT and OEO treatments (P < 0.05). Serum malondialdehyde and nitric oxide concentrations were decreased (P < 0.01), whereas superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05) and total antioxidant status (P < 0.01) were increased in response to dietary medication with MON and OEO. All MON and OEO treatments conferred intestinal health benefits to chickens by improving their morphological development and enzymatic activities. The results suggest that OEO supported the intestinal absorptive capacity and antioxidant defense system during Eimeria infection; however, it displayed little direct activity on the reproductive capacity of Eimeria This might be the reason for inferior compensatory growth potential of OEO compared to that MON following the challenge. Combination MON with OEO was not considered to show promise for controlling chicken coccidiosis because of the lack of a synergistic or additive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bozkurt
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - G Ege
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - N Aysul
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| | - H Akşit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir-Turkey
| | - A E Tüzün
- Adnan Menderes University Koçarlı Vocational Scholl, South Campus, Aydın, Turkey
| | - K Küçükyılmaz
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir-Turkey
| | - A E Borum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir-Turkey
| | - M Uygun
- Adnan Menderes University Koçarlı Vocational Scholl, South Campus, Aydın, Turkey
| | - D Akşit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir-Turkey
| | - S Aypak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| | - E Şimşek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Kayseri-Turkey
| | - K Seyrek
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir-Turkey
| | - B Koçer
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - E Bintaş
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - A Orojpour
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir-Turkey
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Soykan A, Boztaş H, Idilman R, Ozel ET, Tüzün AE, Ozden A, Ozden A, Kumbasar H. Sexual dysfunctions in HCV patients and its correlations with psychological and biological variables. Int J Impot Res 2004; 17:175-9. [PMID: 15510190 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of sexual dysfunction (SD) is not very well known in patients with chronic hepatitis C. In this study, the prevalence of SD and its correlations with psychological and biological variables was assessed in 46 HCV positive patients. The mean age of patients was 46.4+/-9.4 y; the mean duration of HCV infection was 43.4+/-34.0 months; 52% were male; 89% were living with a spouse. SD was assessed using the Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX), the level of anxiety and depression measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Biochemical parameters were also assessed. Overall, as indicated by ASEX criteria, SD was observed in 35% of our patients. Of 24 males, 21% described SD; problems with drive (25%), arousal (17%) and erection (17%) were the most frequent complaints. Of 22 female patients, 50% described SD; problems with drive (55%) arousal (50%), and reaching orgasm (59%) were the most frequent complaints. Total ASEX scores were correlated with age (P<0.07, significant at trend level), education (P<0.001), and was higher in female patients (P<0.02). After controlling for the effects of age, sex, education, duration of HCV and marital status, depression levels could still significantly predict the SD (P<0.05). Moreover, even after controlling the effects of all other variables, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels could predict the SD status of the patients (P<0.05). Our results indicate that the prevalence of SD was 35% in HCV-infected patients and the level of depression and GGT levels were predictive of patients SD status.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Soykan
- Division of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara University, School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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