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de Gracia Lux C, Vezeridis AM, Lux J, Armstrong AM, Sirsi SR, Hoyt K, Mattrey RF. Novel method for the formation of monodisperse superheated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets as activatable ultrasound contrast agents. RSC Adv 2017; 7:48561-48568. [PMID: 29430294 PMCID: PMC5801773 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08971f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbubble (MB) contrast agents have positively impacted the clinical ultrasound (US) community worldwide. Their use in molecular US imaging applications has been hindered by their limited distribution to the vascular space. Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) of nanoscale superheated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (NDs) demonstrates potential as an extravascular contrast agent that could facilitate US-based molecular theranostic applications. However these agents are metastable and difficult to manufacture with high yields. Here, we report a new formulation technique that yields reliable, narrowly dispersed sub-300 nm decafluorobutane (DFB) or octafluoropropane (OFP)-filled phospholipid-coated NDs that are stable at body temperature, using small volume microfluidization. Final droplet concentration was high for DFB and lower for OFP (>1012vs. >1010 NDs per mL). Superheated ND stability was quantified using tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). DFB NDs were stable for at least 2 hours at body temperature (37 °C) without spontaneous vaporization. These NDs are activatable in vitro when exposed to diagnostic US pressures delivered by a clinical system to become visible microbubbles. The DFB NDs were suficiently stable to allow their processing into functionalized NDs with anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibodies to target EpCAM positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C de Gracia Lux
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - A M Vezeridis
- Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - J Lux
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - A M Armstrong
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - S R Sirsi
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - K Hoyt
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - R F Mattrey
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Danziger SA, Ratushny AV, Smith JJ, Saleem RA, Wan Y, Arens CE, Armstrong AM, Sitko K, Chen WM, Chiang JH, Reiss DJ, Baliga NS, Aitchison JD. Molecular mechanisms of system responses to novel stimuli are predictable from public data. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:1442-60. [PMID: 24185701 PMCID: PMC3919619 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems scale models provide the foundation for an effective iterative cycle between hypothesis generation, experiment and model refinement. Such models also enable predictions facilitating the understanding of biological complexity and the control of biological systems. Here, we demonstrate the reconstruction of a globally predictive gene regulatory model from public data: a model that can drive rational experiment design and reveal new regulatory mechanisms underlying responses to novel environments. Specifically, using ∼ 1500 publically available genome-wide transcriptome data sets from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have reconstructed an environment and gene regulatory influence network that accurately predicts regulatory mechanisms and gene expression changes on exposure of cells to completely novel environments. Focusing on transcriptional networks that induce peroxisomes biogenesis, the model-guided experiments allow us to expand a core regulatory network to include novel transcriptional influences and linkage across signaling and transcription. Thus, the approach and model provides a multi-scalar picture of gene dynamics and are powerful resources for exploiting extant data to rationally guide experimentation. The techniques outlined here are generally applicable to any biological system, which is especially important when experimental systems are challenging and samples are difficult and expensive to obtain-a common problem in laboratory animal and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Danziger
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109-5219 USA, Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109-5240 USA, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China and Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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Saleem RA, Long-O'Donnell R, Dilworth DJ, Armstrong AM, Jamakhandi AP, Wan Y, Knijnenburg TA, Niemistö A, Boyle J, Rachubinski RA, Shmulevich I, Aitchison JD. Genome-wide analysis of effectors of peroxisome biogenesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11953. [PMID: 20694151 PMCID: PMC2915925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are intracellular organelles that house a number of diverse metabolic processes, notably those required for beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Peroxisomes biogenesis can be induced by the presence of peroxisome proliferators, including fatty acids, which activate complex cellular programs that underlie the induction process. Here, we used multi-parameter quantitative phenotype analyses of an arrayed mutant collection of yeast cells induced to proliferate peroxisomes, to establish a comprehensive inventory of genes required for peroxisome induction and function. The assays employed include growth in the presence of fatty acids, and confocal imaging and flow cytometry through the induction process. In addition to the classical phenotypes associated with loss of peroxisomal functions, these studies identified 169 genes required for robust signaling, transcription, normal peroxisomal development and morphologies, and transmission of peroxisomes to daughter cells. These gene products are localized throughout the cell, and many have indirect connections to peroxisome function. By integration with extant data sets, we present a total of 211 genes linked to peroxisome biogenesis and highlight the complex networks through which information flows during peroxisome biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey A. Saleem
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rose Long-O'Donnell
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David J. Dilworth
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | | | - Yakun Wan
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Theo A. Knijnenburg
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Antti Niemistö
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - John Boyle
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Rachubinski
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ilya Shmulevich
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John D. Aitchison
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Alexander
- Department of General Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital,Portsmouth, UK.
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Knibb RC, Smith DM, Booth DA, Armstrong AM, Platts RG, Macdonald A, Booth IW. No unique role for nausea attributed to eating a food in the recalled acquisition of sensory aversion for that food. Appetite 2001; 36:225-34. [PMID: 11358346 DOI: 10.1006/appe.2001.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently in the U.K., as in the U.S.A. 20 years ago, when students were asked to name a food that they did not like, more dislike for the food was attributed to nausea or vomiting after eating than to other gastrointestinal symptoms or to illness in other parts of the body. However, when members of the public first identified adverse symptoms and then attributed them to foods, and dislike for the food was first enquired about on a later occasion, there was no evidence for a unique role for a causal association with nausea in the human acquisition of food aversions. Furthermore, fear of the symptom was more prevalent than acquired sensory aversion when there was more precise recall of memories of the food being followed by nausea or vomiting and greater likelihood of there having been causal contingency rather than mere coincidence. Therefore, the more frequent invocation of nausea than of some other symptoms as the cause of a sensory aversion to a food may result from personal theory of the body, rather than from a veridically recalled occasion when nausea was contingent on eating the food---an event that must occur for aversion to arise from associative conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Knibb
- Nutritional Psychology Research Group, University of Birmingham, UK
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Armstrong AM, Foulkes R, Jennings G, Gannon C, Kirk SJ, Gardiner KR. Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors reduce the acute-phase response in hapten-induced colitis. Br J Surg 2001; 88:235-40. [PMID: 11167873 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2001.01646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of TNF to the pathogenesis of hapten-induced colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced in Wistar rats using intracolonic instillation of the hapten trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) in ethanol. Animals were treated with monoclonal anti-TNF antibody (cTN3), an idiotype control antibody (CB0006) or pentoxifylline. Colonic and systemic inflammation was assessed quantitatively. RESULTS The use of either TNF inhibitor attenuated the acute-phase response in the early stages of colitis. Median (interquartile range (i.q.r.)) alpha 2-macroglobulin levels were reduced in animals pretreated with cTN3 (421 (279-915) micromol/ml) or pentoxifylline (567 (253-1454) micromol/ml) compared with levels in untreated colitic animals (1552 (1406-1998) micromol/ml) (P < 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). In established colitis, administration of anti-TNF antibodies resulted in an increase in median (i.q.r.) weight gain (percentage change in body-weight): colitic animals -2.3 (- 5.5 to 9.2) per cent versus cTN3-treated rats 15 (7.5-16.7) per cent; P < 0.05. CONCLUSION The systemic response to TNBS-induced colitis appears to be at least partially dependent on TNF. This study did not provide evidence to support a role for TNF in the pathogenesis of colonic inflammation in this model. Presented in part to the 86th meeting of the Surgical Research Society in Nottingham, UK, 9-11 July 1997, and published in abstract form as Br J Surg 1997; 84: 1613
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Armstrong
- Department of Surgery, The Queen's University of Belfast, UK
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Armstrong AM, Campbell GR, Gannon C, Kirk SJ, Gardiner KR. Oral administration of inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors reduces nitric oxide synthesis but has no effect on the severity of experimental colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 35:832-8. [PMID: 10994622 DOI: 10.1080/003655200750023200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased concentrations of nitrate and nitrite (the breakdown products of nitric oxide) in the serum and faeces of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggests that increased synthesis of nitric oxide occurs in IBD. The aim of this study was to assess aminoguanidine (AMG), a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, with regard to its effectiveness as a nitric oxide inhibitor and as a modulator of inflammation in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colitis was induced in Wistar rats. Selective (AMG) and non-selective (1-nitroso-arginine methyl ester (1-NAME)) inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase were given in the drinking water. Colonic citrulline and arginine concentrations were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The severity of colitis was assessed by a macroscopic scoring system. RESULTS Both 1-NAME and AMG successfully reduced nitric oxide synthesis. There was no evidence of substrate depletion in the colonic wall. Neither of the agents reduced the severity of colonic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors reduced nitric oxide synthesis in the colonic wall. This study does not provide evidence to support a role for nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of colonic inflammation in TNBS colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Armstrong
- Dept. of Surgery, The Queens University of Belfast, Ireland
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Armstrong AM, Brunjes PC. Immunohistochemical changes in the anterior olfactory nucleus of the developing rat. Dev Psychobiol 1997; 31:181-92. [PMID: 9386920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) is located caudal to the olfactory bulb in the olfactory peduncle. Although this important structure is involved in the bilateral coordination of olfactory information, relatively little is known about its development, structure, or function. The present report details results from an immunohistochemical examination of specific neuronal (microtubule-associated protein-2: MAP2, calbindin D28-k, neuropeptide-Y: NPY) and glial (astrocytes: glial fibrillary-associated protein, or GFAP, oligodendrocytes; RIP) populations in postnatal Days 10, 20, and 30 rats. MAP2-immunoreactivity (-ir), was present throughout the AON, although most dense in the outer plexiform layer. Increases in labeling occurred from Day 10 to Day 30, reflecting the maturation of dendritic processes. Both temporal and regional differences in expression were found with the two neuronal markers. For example, although substantial numbers of calbindin-ir cells were observed as early as Day 10, relatively few cells exhibited NPY-ir. An apparent decline in the number of stained figures was observed from Days 20-30 with both markers. Most cells exhibiting calbindin- or NPY-ir were found in the inner half of the cellular zone of the AON. GFAP-ir was localized mainly to the subependymal zone and the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) at Day 10, with successive increases in staining in the cellular and plexiform layers at Days 20 and 30. Oligodendrocyte-ir was restricted to the anterior commissure and the LOT at Day 10, with dramatic increases in labeling of the cellular and plexiform layers observed by Days 20 and 30. These results represent some of the first analyses of the maturation of specific cellular phenotypes within this large neural region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Armstrong
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903, USA
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Armstrong AM, Gardiner KR, Kirk SJ, Halliday MI, Rowlands BJ. Tumour necrosis factor and inflammatory bowel disease. Br J Surg 1997; 84:1051-8. [PMID: 9278640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced largely by macrophages and T lymphocytes. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous immunoinflammatory processes. Recently, a number of studies have indicated that anti-TNF antibodies may be of value in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS The literature is reviewed regarding the role of TNF in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and the results of administering TNF inhibitors. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS TNF may have a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. The effects of TNF inhibitors are complex and incompletely understood. Anti-TNF antibody strategies may have a role in the treatment of acute exacerbations of the disease but are unlikely to be appropriate therapies for long-term management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Armstrong
- Department of Surgery, Queen's University of Belfast, Institute of Clinical Science, UK
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Abstract
The rostral migratory stream consists of a large number of cells migrating from the lateral ventricles to the rostral telencephalon, primarily the olfactory bulb. The pathway continually provides neuro- and glioblasts throughout life. The present paper indicates that a considerable number of cells undergo apoptotic cell death en route, even in young (day 3) rats when presumably many vacant sites are still available in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Brunjes
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903, USA.
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Armstrong AM, Chestnutt JE, Gormley MJ, Young IS. The effect of dietary treatment on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in newly diagnosed noninsulin dependent diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med 1996; 21:719-26. [PMID: 8891676 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(96)00169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant status may contribute to the development of complications in diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of dietary treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes on these parameters. Twenty patients with newly diagnosed noninsulin-dependent diabetes were recruited along with 20 age, sex, and smoking-status-matched control subjects. Dietary intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire and 24-h dietary recall and blood collected for biochemical analyses before and 2 months after dietary treatment was initiated. Carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake fell in patients following dietary advice. Among micronutrients, intakes of vitamins C, E, and A, carotene, selenium, copper, zinc, and iron were similar in patients and controls. Vitamin C intake in patients rose following dietary advice (44.6 +/- 11.7 vs. 49.5 +/- 5.5 mg/d, p < .05), while there was no change in intake of other micronutrients. Fasting plasma glucose in diabetic subjects fell from 13.6 +/- 1.1 mmol/l at recruitment to 9.7 +/- 1.1 mmol/l after diet (p < .01), and this was accompanied by a fall in hemoglobin Alc from 7.44 +/- 0.67% to 5.91 +/- 0.57% (p < .01). Serum malondialdehyde was higher in patients than controls at T0 (2.39 +/- 0.55 mumol/l vs. 1.48 +/- 0.33; p < .01), and fell following diet to 1.42 mumol/l (p < 0.01). Ascorbate was lower in patients than controls (1.27 +/- 2.9 mumol/k vs. 41.4 +/- 9.3; p < .01) at baseline and rose after diet to 27.8 +/- 6.4 (p < .01). beta-Carotene also rose after diet in patients (0.13 +/- 0.04 mumol/l vs. 0.17 +/- 0.04; p < 0.05), as did lipid corrected alpha-tocopherol (4.39 +/- 1.09 mumol/mmol cholesterol vs. 5.16 +/- 1.18; p < .05). Reduced lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant status may be one mechanism by which dietary treatment contributes to the prevention of diabetic complications.
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Gardiner KR, Armstrong AM, Halliday MI. Urinary excretion of TNF receptors. Gut 1996; 38:153-4. [PMID: 8566847 PMCID: PMC1382998 DOI: 10.1136/gut.38.1.153-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Abstract
Deaths of children in Liverpool under 16 years of age from injury and poisoning were examined for the period 1978-1987: 174 deaths occurred during the 10-year period. The commonest causes of death were road traffic accidents: 103 cases (60%). Of these 87 were of pedestrians struck by vehicles. Many of these children were very young and were unsupervised, or poorly supervised by other children. Drivers of vehicles were largely responsible for the accidents in 20 cases. The ability of children to cope in various traffic situations is discussed and responsibilities of parents and drivers are considered in relation to matters of accident prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Armstrong
- Accident and Emergency Department, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital
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Armstrong AM. When the stork doesn't call. Midwives Chron 1991; 104:222. [PMID: 1886496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
The notes of patients who re-attended the Accident and Emergency Department with a problem for which they had already been seen and treated were reviewed over a five-week period. Such patients comprised 2.5% of total attendances. The commonest reason for re-attendance was persistent pain following an injury and of such patients, about a half required a significant change in management. It was estimated that two-thirds of re-attendances were unavoidable. Twenty patients were admitted following re-attendance, and of these, two had serious medical conditions which were missed on initial presentation. The role of senior Accident and Emergency doctors is discussed in the light of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Armstrong
- Department of Accident and Emergency, Glasgow Royal Infirmary
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Abstract
A prospective clinical trial examining the benefits of using an absorbable suture for the closure of scalp wounds, is described. One hundred wounds were included, of which 50 were closed with chromic catgut, and 50 were closed with silk. On examination 5 days later, there were no complications in either group. The advantages of using an absorbable suture material in children's scalp wounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Start
- Accident and Emergency Department, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, Liverpool, England
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Holt PA, Armstrong AM, Norfolk GA, Sager JM. Toxic-shock syndrome due to staphylococcal infection of a burn. Br J Clin Pract 1987; 41:582-3. [PMID: 3663459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
A child with transient hyperphosphatasaemia of infancy is reported. The syndrome followed rotavirus infection. Reports of transient hyperphosphatasaemia of infancy are reviewed.
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