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Synthesis and Morphology Characteristics of New Highly Branched Polycaprolactone PCL. Molecules 2024; 29:991. [PMID: 38474503 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of biodegradable, highly branched polycaprolactone (PCL) is presented. The solvent-free (bulk) reaction was carried out via ring opening polymerization (ROP), catalyzed by tin octanoate Sn(Oct)2, and it employed hyperbranched polyamide (HPPA) as a macro-initiator. The core-shell structure of the obtained products (PCL-HPPA), with the hyperbranched HPPA core and linear PCL chains as shell, was in the focus of the product characterization. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and elemental analysis confirmed the covalent incorporation of the HPPA in the products, as well as a high degree of grafting conversion of its amino functional groups. Confocal Raman Micro spectroscopy, and especially Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, further supported the existence of a core-shell structure in the products. Direct observation of macromolecules by means of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, as well as gel permeation chromatography (GPC), suggested the existence of a minor 'aggregated' product fraction with multiple HPPA cores, which was attributed to transesterification reactions. Differential scanning calorimetry, as well as X-ray diffraction, demonstrated that the PCL-HPPA polymers displayed a similar degree of crystallinity to linear neat PCL, but that the branched products possessed smaller and less regular crystallites.
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Exceptionally Fast Temperature-Responsive, Mechanically Strong and Extensible Monolithic Non-Porous Hydrogels: Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Intercalated with Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose. Gels 2023; 9:926. [PMID: 38131912 PMCID: PMC10742870 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exceptionally fast temperature-responsive, mechanically strong, tough and extensible monolithic non-porous hydrogels were synthesized. They are based on divinyl-crosslinked poly(N-isopropyl-acrylamide) (PNIPAm) intercalated by hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). HPMC was largely extracted after polymerization, thus yielding a 'template-modified' PNIPAm network intercalated with a modest residue of HPMC. High contents of divinyl crosslinker and of HPMC caused a varying degree of micro-phase-separation in some products, but without detriment to mechanical or tensile properties. After extraction of non-fixed HPMC, the micro-phase-separated products combine superior mechanical properties with ultra-fast T-response (in 30 s). Their PNIPAm network was highly regular and extensible (intercalation effect), toughened by hydrogen bonds to HPMC, and interpenetrated by a network of nano-channels (left behind by extracted HPMC), which ensured the water transport rates needed for ultra-fast deswelling. Moreover, the T-response rate could be widely tuned by the degree of heterogeneity during synthesis. The fastest-responsive among our hydrogels could be of practical interest as soft actuators with very good mechanical properties (soft robotics), while the slower ones offer applications in drug delivery systems (as tested on the example of Theophylline), or in related biomedical engineering applications.
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Natural Rubber Composites Using Hydrothermally Carbonized Hardwood Waste Biomass as a Partial Reinforcing Filler-Part II: Mechanical, Thermal and Ageing (Chemical) Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102397. [PMID: 37242972 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber composites were reinforced by the co-fillers 'hydrochar' (HC), obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of hardwood sawdust and commercial carbon black (CB). The content of the combined fillers was kept constant while their ratio was varied. The aim was to test the suitability of HC as a partial filler in natural rubber. Due to its larger particle size and hence smaller specific surface area, large amounts of HC reduced the crosslinking density in the composites. On the other hand, due to its unsaturated organic character, HC was found to display interesting chemical effects: if it was used as the exclusive filler component, it displayed a very strong anti-oxidizing effect, which greatly stabilized the rubber composite against oxidative crosslinking (and hence embrittlement). HC also affected the vulcanization kinetics in different ways, depending on the HC/CB ratio. Composites with HC/CB ratios 20/30 and 10/40 displayed interesting chemical stabilization in combination with fairly good mechanical properties. The performed analyses included vulcanization kinetics, tensile properties, determination of density of permanent and reversible crosslinking in dry and swollen states, chemical stability tests including TGA, thermo-oxidative aging tests in air at 180 °C, simulated weathering in real use conditions ('Florida test'), and thermo-mechanical analyses of degraded samples. Generally, the results indicate that HC could be a promising filler material due to its specific reactivity.
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Temperature- and pH-Responsive Super-Absorbent Hydrogel Based on Grafted Cellulose and Capable of Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040296. [PMID: 37102908 PMCID: PMC10138026 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we prepared highly swelling, stimuli-responsive hydrogels capable of the highly efficient adsorption of inorganic pollutants. The hydrogels were based on hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) grafted with acrylamide (AM) and 3-sulfopropyl acrylate (SPA) and were synthesized via the growth (radical polymerization) of the grafted copolymer chains on HPMC, which was activated by radical oxidation. These grafted structures were crosslinked to an infinite network by a small amount of di-vinyl comonomer. HPMC was chosen as a cheap hydrophilic and naturally sourced polymer backbone, while AM and SPA were employed to preferentially bond coordinating and cationic inorganic pollutants, respectively. All the gels displayed a pronounced elastic character, as well as considerably high values of stress at break (several hundred %). The gel with the highest fraction of the ionic comonomer SPA (with an AM/SPA ratio = 0.5) displayed the highest equilibrium swelling ratio (12,100%), the highest volume response to temperature and pH, and the fastest swelling kinetics, but also the lowest modulus. The other gels (with AM/SPA = 1 and 2) displayed several times higher moduli but more modest pH responses and only very modest temperature sensitivity. Cr(VI) adsorption tests indicated that the prepared hydrogels removed this species from water very efficiently: between 90 and 96% in one step. The hydrogels with AM/SPA ratios of 0.5 and 1 appeared to be promising regenerable (via pH) materials for repeated Cr(VI) adsorption.
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Natural Rubber Composites Using Hydrothermally Carbonized Hardwood Waste Biomass as a Partial Reinforcing Filler- Part I: Structure, Morphology, and Rheological Effects during Vulcanization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051176. [PMID: 36904417 PMCID: PMC10007617 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A new generation biomass-based filler for natural rubber, 'hydrochar' (HC), was obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of hardwood waste (sawdust). It was intended as a potential partial replacement for the traditional carbon black (CB) filler. The HC particles were found (TEM) to be much larger (and less regular) than CB: 0.5-3 µm vs. 30-60 nm, but the specific surface areas were relatively close to each other (HC: 21.4 m2/g vs. CB: 77.8 m2/g), indicating a considerable porosity of HC. The carbon content of HC was 71%, up from 46% in sawdust feed. FTIR and 13C-NMR analyses indicated that HC preserved its organic character, but it strongly differs from both lignin and cellulose. Experimental rubber nanocomposites were prepared, in which the content of the combined fillers was set at 50 phr (31 wt.%), while the HC/CB ratios were varied between 40/10 and 0/50. Morphology investigations proved a fairly even distribution of HC and CB, as well as the disappearance of bubbles after vulcanization. Vulcanization rheology tests demonstrated that the HC filler does not hinder the process, but it significantly influences vulcanization chemistry, canceling scorch time on one hand and slowing down the reaction on the other. Generally, the results suggest that rubber composites in which 10-20 phr of CB are replaced by HC might be promising materials. The use of HC in the rubber industry would represent a high-tonnage application for hardwood waste.
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Morphology, Micromechanical, and Macromechanical Properties of Novel Waterborne Poly(urethane-urea)/Silica Nanocomposites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1767. [PMID: 36902884 PMCID: PMC10004705 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Morphology, macro-, and micromechanical properties of novel poly(urethane-urea)/silica nanocomposites were analyzed by electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and microindentation. The studied nanocomposites were based on a poly(urethane-urea) (PUU) matrix filled by nanosilica, and were prepared from waterborne dispersions of PUU (latex) and SiO2. The loading of nano-SiO2 was varied between 0 (neat matrix) and 40 wt% in the dry nanocomposite. The prepared materials were all formally in the rubbery state at room temperature, but they displayed complex elastoviscoplastic behavior, spanning from stiffer elastomeric type to semi-glassy. Because of the employed rigid and highly uniform spherical nanofiller, the materials are of great interest for model microindentation studies. Additionally, because of the polycarbonate-type elastic chains of the PUU matrix, hydrogen bonding in the studied nanocomposites was expected to be rich and diverse, ranging from very strong to weak. In micro- and macromechanical tests, all the elasticity-related properties correlated very strongly. The relations among the properties that related to energy dissipation were complex, and were highly affected by the existence of hydrogen bonding of broadly varied strength, by the distribution patterns of the fine nanofiller, as well as by the eventual locally endured larger deformations during the tests, and the tendency of the materials to cold flow.
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Novel Tough and Transparent Ultra-Extensible Nanocomposite Elastomers Based on Poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate) and Their Switching between Plasto-Elasticity and Viscoelasticity. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234254. [PMID: 34883757 PMCID: PMC8659642 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel stiff, tough, highly transparent and ultra-extensible self-assembled nanocomposite elastomers based on poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate) (polyMEA) were synthesized. The materials are physically crosslinked by small in-situ-formed silica nanospheres, sized 3-5 nm, which proved to be a very efficient macro-crosslinker in the self-assembled network architecture. Very high values of yield stress (2.3 MPa), tensile strength (3.0 MPa), and modulus (typically 10 MPa), were achieved in combination with ultra-extensibility: the stiffest sample was breaking at 1610% of elongation. Related nanocomposites doubly filled with nano-silica and clay nano-platelets were also prepared, which displayed interesting synergy effects of the fillers at some compositions. All the nanocomposites exhibit 'plasto-elastic' tensile behaviour in the 'as prepared' state: they display considerable energy absorption (and also 'necking' like plastics), but at the same time a large but not complete (50%) retraction of deformation. However, after the first large tensile deformation, the materials irreversibly switch to 'real elastomeric' tensile behaviour (with some creep). The initial 'plasto-elastic' stretching thus causes an internal rearrangement. The studied materials, which additionally are valuable due to their high transparency, could be of application interest as advanced structural materials in soft robotics, in implant technology, or in regenerative medicine. The presented study focuses on structure-property relationships, and on their effects on physical properties, especially on the complex tensile, elastic and viscoelastic behaviour of the polyMEA nanocomposites.
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High-strength nanocomposite self-regenerating hydrogels reinforced by additional crosslinking with trivalent metal cations. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ultra‐extensible solvent‐free elastomers based on nanocomposite poly(2‐methoxyethylacrylate)/clay xerogels. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Achieving structural anisotropy of liquid crystalline epoxy by manipulation with
crosslinking parameters. EXPRESS POLYM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2021.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Meltable copolymeric elastomers based on polydimethylsiloxane with multiplets of pendant liquid-crystalline groups as physical crosslinker: A self-healing structural material with a potential for smart applications. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Porous hybrid poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels with very fast volume response to temperature and pH. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Monolithic intercalated PNIPAm/starch hydrogels with very fast and extensive one-way volume and swelling responses to temperature and pH: prospective actuators and drug release systems. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:752-769. [PMID: 30633299 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02153h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable monolithic (non-porous) hydrogels based on poly(NIPAm-co-sodium methacrylate) intercalated by starch were prepared, and were found to display very fast and extensive one-way solvent (water) release, induced by both pH and temperature. With centimeter-sized 3D specimens, the achieved response times were as short as 4 min (for 70% water release), in combination with very large volume responses (shrinking ratios up to 15). The response time can be tuned from minutes, over tens of minutes, up to hours. The pH-induced deswelling is always slower than the temperature-induced one, but at the highest starch content, ca. 5.5 min are needed for 70% completion of the pH-triggered process. Simultaneous temperature- and pH-stimuli expectedly also lead to very fast water release. The unique intercalated structure and the temperature-dependent hydrogen bridging between the intercalated phases, as well as between these phases and water, were found to play the key role in the ability of the gels to rapidly release water and shrink, which was deeper elucidated in this work. The hydrogels are of interest as soft actuators, but also for chemical release systems or for drug release applications. The latter was successfully tested with theophylline as the drug.
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Synthesis and self-assembly of a carborane-containing ABC triblock terpolymer: morphology control on a dual-stimuli responsive system. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00518h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic triblock terpolymers have attractive applications in the preparation of nanoparticles with controlled morphology.
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Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-SiO2 nanocomposites interpenetrated by starch: Stimuli-responsive hydrogels with attractive tensile properties. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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The orientation-enhancing effect of diphenyl aluminium phosphate nanorods in a liquid-crystalline epoxy matrix ordered by magnetic field. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Reactivity of the tin homolog of POSS, butylstannoxane dodecamer, in oxygen-induced crosslinking reactions with an organic polymer matrix: Study of long-time behavior. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tin-based “super-POSS” building blocks in epoxy nanocomposites with highly improved oxidation resistance. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Behavior of Tin-Based “Super-POSS” Incorporated in Different Bonding Situations in Hybrid Epoxy Resins. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500507j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Fast temperature-responsive nanocomposite PNIPAM hydrogels with controlled pore wall thickness: Force and rate of T-response. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Aliphatic polycarbonate-based polyurethane elastomers and nanocomposites. II. Mechanical, thermal, and gas transport properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Effect of amine-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile/clay combinations on the structure and properties of epoxy nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Preparation of Novel, Nanocomposite Stannoxane-Based Organic–Inorganic Epoxy Polymers containing Ionic bonds. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201178j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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29
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Synthesis of Novel Low-Bandgap Organic Semiconductors: Azulene-1,3-diyl-vinylene Oligomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200850814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Epoxy Networks Reinforced with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes: Structure and Segmental Dynamics as Studied by Solid-State NMR. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma702140g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Formation of nanostructured epoxy networks containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) blocks. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Super porous organic–inorganic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based hydrogel with a very fast temperature response. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Epoxy Networks Reinforced with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (POSS). Thermomechanical Properties. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma048448y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Epoxy Networks Reinforced with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (POSS). Structure and Morphology. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0484577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Preparation and characterization of hybrid organic-inorganic epoxide-based films and coatings prepared by the sol-gel process. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Self-Organization, Structure, Dynamic Properties, and Surface Morphology of Silica/Epoxy Films As Seen by Solid-State NMR, SAXS, and AFM. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035608h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Formation and transformation of hierarchical structure of β-nucleated polypropylene characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Homologous Series of 2,5-Diheptyloxy-p-Phenylene Vinylene (DHepO-PV) Oligomers with Vinyl or 1-Butenyl End Groups: Synthesis, Isolation, and Microstructure. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200350006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Synthesis of soluble all-trans oligomers of 2,5-diheptyloxy-p-phenylenevinylene via olefin metathesis. Macromol Rapid Commun 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.1998.030190413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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