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Pałka Ł, Nowakowska-Toporowska A, Dalewski B. Is Chlorhexidine in Dentistry an Ally or a Foe? A Narrative Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:764. [PMID: 35627901 PMCID: PMC9141996 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorhexidine has been one of the most effective and popular antiseptic substances used in medicine for decades. In dentistry, it has been used in endodontics, periodontology, surgery, and general dentistry. It is also widely used daily by patients in mouth rinses, gels, or toothpastes. Because of its multiple uses, we should follow all types of research reporting its potential adverse effects. This article aims to review the most up-to-date studies regarding chlorhexidine and its possible side effects, in the period of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, as the use of different antiseptic substances has rapidly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bartosz Dalewski
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;
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Raszewski Z, Kulbacka J, Nowakowska-Toporowska A. Mechanical Properties, Cytotoxicity, and Fluoride Ion Release Capacity of Bioactive Glass-Modified Methacrylate Resin Used in Three-Dimensional Printing Technology. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15031133. [PMID: 35161076 PMCID: PMC8838011 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Clinically, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is becoming a popular and efficient dental processing technology. Recently, there has been an increasing demand for dental materials that exhibit bioactive properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties, cytotoxicity, and fluoride ion release capacity of 3D-printed dental resins modified with bioactive glass. Materials and methods: The resin FotoDent splint used in the production of removable orthodontic splints, was modified by the addition of two types of bioactive glasses that are capable of releasing fluoride ions. The novel materials used for the production of dental splints were examined for their mechanical, physical, and biological properties (fracture resistance, sorption, solubility, elution of nonpolymeric substances, and release of fluoride ions over time) and cytotoxic effects on cell cultures. Results: Initially, the fracture toughness of the 3D-printed resin was found to be 55 MPa, but after modification with glass, the resistance was reduced to about 50 MPa. Sorption and solubility values of the materials (19.01 ÷ 21.23 µg/mm3 and 0.42 ÷ 1.12 µg/mm3, respectively) complied with the safety limits imposed by ISO standard. Modified resins were capable of releasing fluoride ions, and the maximum releasing effect was observed after 14 days of incubation. Both the modified resins, after four days of contact with human gingival fibroblasts, exhibited moderate cytotoxic properties. Conclusions: The experimental results showed that modification of methacrylate resin, used in 3D printing technology, with bioactive glasses produces novel dental materials that possess desirable bioactive properties. The findings of this study indicate the potential ability of modified polymethacrylate resins to release fluoride ions in the oral cavity environment. The modified materials are characterized with a moderate decrease in physical properties and mild cytotoxicity on direct contact with human fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Raszewski Z, Nowakowska-Toporowska A, Nowakowska D, Więckiewicz W. Update on acrylic resins used in dentistry. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:2130-2137. [PMID: 33634758 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210226151214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acrylic resins are the most commonly used materials in prosthetics and orthodontics until now. They have a well-documented history of use as biomaterials in the manufacture of different types of dental appliances. The objective of this study was to describe the properties of acrylic resins and the processing methods used for these materials in dentistry. The review depicts the most important achievements in this area, indicating that the resin technology evolved in different directions. The mechanical and biological properties of acrylic resins were improved by the addition of mineral or natural fibers, and/or fillers including nanofillers, as well as by poly(methyl methacrylate) surface modification. The presence of residual monomer was reduced as a result of postpolymerization activity. New types of acrylic resins were developed for processing Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing systems and three-dimensional printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Raszewski
- Department of Dental Techniques, Higher Management School, Białystok. Poland
| | | | - Danuta Nowakowska
- Department of Prosthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław. Poland
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Raszewski Z, Nowakowska-Toporowska A, Weżgowiec J, Nowakowska D, Więckiewicz W. Influence of silanized silica and silanized feldspar addition on the mechanical behavior of polymethyl methacrylate resin denture teeth. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 123:647.e1-647.e7. [PMID: 32115217 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Artificial denture teeth made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin have good adhesion to the denture base but are relatively soft and have limited wear resistance during function. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of the addition of 2 inorganic nanofillers on the flexural strength, maximal displacement, elastic modulus, Isolde impact resistance, and Brinell hardness of acrylic resin denture teeth. MATERIAL AND METHODS Heat polymerizing polymethyl methacrylate resin was mixed with silanized silica or silanized feldspar in concentrations of 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt%. The first test was conducted after 24 hours of storage in laboratory conditions, and the second assessment was conducted after 3 months of storage in distilled water at 37 °C. The Brinell hardness was evaluated, and the elastic modulus and maximal displacement at fracture were calculated. The flexural strength and Isolde impact resistance were measured with a 3-point flexural test. Acrylic resin specimens without filler addition were used as a control group. Statistical analysis included 2-way ANOVA for independent variables (α=.05) and the Student t test for time-dependent changes (α=.05). These were performed with Statistica 12 software. RESULTS The acrylic resin specimens modified with the addition of silanized feldspar had significantly higher Brinell hardness, elastic modulus, maximal displacement, and flexural strength and also had no adverse effect on Isolde impact resistance compared with the conventional acrylic resin. Silica filler increased the Brinell hardness and elastic modulus of acrylic resins but significantly reduced the flexural strength and Isolde impact resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Raszewski
- Research Assistant, Research and Development, Spofa Dental Kerr Company, Jičin, Czech Republic
| | | | - Joanna Weżgowiec
- Research Assistant, Department of Experimental Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Danuta Nowakowska
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Raszewski Z, Nowakowska-Toporowska A, Weżgowiec J, Nowakowska D. Design and characteristics of new experimental chlorhexidine dental gels with anti-staining properties. ADV CLIN EXP MED 2019; 28:885-890. [PMID: 30888120 DOI: 10.17219/acem/94152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorhexidine-based products are often used in medicine and dentistry as dental hygiene and therapeutic products, especially by patients with various oral tissue diseases. However, these products have disadvantages, such as low stability, as well as discoloration of the teeth and dental reconstruction materials. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to create and evaluate experimental chlorhexidine (CHX) gels with anti-staining properties and to compare them with 3 commercially available products. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this study, 4 new formulations containing 1% CHX and different anti-staining agents were developed. The properties of these gels were compared with 3 commercial CHX-based dental products. The pH, viscosity, disintegration in water, and anti-staining properties were evaluated. RESULTS The pH level of the 4 new CHX gels ranged from 5.92 to 6.33. The viscosity of the experimental gels was higher (85.7÷217.7 Pa∙s) than the commercial ones (11.6÷72.7 Pa∙s). Among the experimental formulations with 1% CHX, the formulation with 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and 0.2% citric acid and the formulation with 1% citric acid were the most stable in terms of pH and viscosity. The disintegration times of the experimental gels were longer (50-70 min) as compared with the commercial products (approx. 20 min). These 2 CHX gels caused less color change of glass ionomer cements in black tea solution. CONCLUSIONS To conclude, 2 new experimental dental gels based on 1% CHX, one with 1% citric acid and the second with 5% PVP and 0.2% citric acid, had the most favorable physicochemical properties. Further research is needed to evaluate their therapeutic potential in the treatment of diseases of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Raszewski
- Department of Dental Techniques, Higher Management School, Białystok, Poland
- SpofaDental, Kerr Company, Jičin, Czech Republic
| | | | - Joanna Weżgowiec
- Department of Experimental Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Danuta Nowakowska
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
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Raszewski Z, Nowakowska-Toporowska A, Weżgowiec J, Nowakowska D. Effect of water quantity and quality on the properties of alginate impression materials. Dent Med Probl 2018; 55:43-48. [PMID: 30152634 DOI: 10.17219/dmp/82179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alginates are impression materials commonly used in prosthodontics and orthodontics. However, all these materials have some disadvantages, such as limited elasticity, tearing resistance and low dimensional stability. OBJECTIVES The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of various water quantities and qualities on changes in the properties of alginates. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two alginates, Neocolloid and Tulip, were mixed with different volumes of water, water with calcium ions, or sparkling water with CO2. The dimensions, setting times, and hardness of the specimens were measured and Young's modulus was calculated. The significance of the difference between the mean values of different groups and the control group was assessed by Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS The dimensional stability changes of both alginate impression materials were statistically dependent on the quantity of water used for mixing. Sample storage over 24 h of samples prepared with +15% water led to 5.00% shrinkage for Neocolloid and 4.41% for Tulip. The setting times of Neocolloid and Tulip were significantly prolonged when the alginates were prepared with +15% water; the addition of calcium ions shortened the setting times of both alginates. Specimens mixed with the water containing Ca2+ ions were characterized by greater hardness and Young's modulus values when compared to the alginate mixed with distilled water. CONCLUSIONS For mixing alginates, it is necessary to use the manufacturers' recommended mixing ratios between powder and water. To obtain the right setting time, hardness and elasticity, the application of distilled or demineralized water is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanna Weżgowiec
- Department of Experimental Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Danuta Nowakowska
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
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Nowakowska-Toporowska A, Malecka K, Raszewski Z, Wieckiewicz W. Changes in hardness of addition-polymerizing silicone-resilient denture liners after storage in artificial saliva. J Prosthet Dent 2018; 121:317-321. [PMID: 30093127 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The hardness of silicone resilient denture liners was reported to be more stable than that of acrylic resin resilient denture liners. However, the changes in hardness of these materials in artificial saliva are unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate changes in the hardness of addition-polymerizing silicone-resilient denture liners for long-term use after storage in artificial saliva. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four addition-polymerizing silicone resilient denture liners were tested: GC Reline Soft, Elite Soft Relining, Megabase, and Mucopren Soft. All were long-term relining materials of the soft type. Fifteen disk-shaped specimens were prepared for each of the tested materials (40 mm in base diameter, 8 mm in thickness). Their initial hardness was assessed with a Shore A durometer, after which they were stored in artificial saliva at a temperature of 37°C. Hardness was examined after 7, 30, and 90 days. Statistical analysis was performed using parametric ANOVA for dependent and independent variables and Tukey honest significant difference (HSD) post hoc tests (α=.05). RESULTS All resilient denture liners increased in hardness during the experiment. The change was least for Elite Soft Relining, and GC Reline Soft was the hardest material. Initially, Megabase and Mucopren Soft were significantly softer than the other 2 materials, but their hardness increased rapidly after the first 7 days of specimen conditioning, achieving values close to Elite Soft Relining. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of the study, room temperature vulcanizing addition-polymerizing polyvinyl siloxanes of the soft type have different initial hardness, and this changes with storage time in artificial saliva at the temperature of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krystyna Malecka
- Research Associate Professor, Department of Drug Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Raszewski
- Laboratory Technician, Department of Prosthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Nowakowska-Toporowska A, Raszewski Z, Wieckiewicz W. Color change of soft silicone relining materials after storage in artificial saliva. J Prosthet Dent 2016; 115:377-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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