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Abstract
Since 1991 we have been gaining experience in the surgical removal of submacular subretinal membranes in patients with presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS), idiopathic subretinal neovascularisation, myopia and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Seventeen patients were operated between 1991 and 1993. Significant improvement of vision was achieved in 4 out of 5 patients with POHS, 3 out of 5 with idiopathic neovascularisation, 2 out of 4 with myopia but none of 3 patients with AMD. The results suggest that subretinal neovascularisation can be successfully removed in POHS and in some forms of idiopathic neovascularisation and myopia but probably not in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maas
- Institute of Ophthalmology, St. Radboud Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Bischoff AMLC, Pauw RJ, Huygen PLM, Aandekerk AL, Kremer H, Cremers CWRJ, Cruysberg JRM. Vertical corneal striae in families with autosomal dominant hearing loss: DFNA9/COCH. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 143:847-852. [PMID: 17368553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigation of a possible association between vertical corneal striae and mutations in the COCH gene, observed in four DFNA9 families with autosomal dominant hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. DESIGN Prospective case series. METHODS Ophthalmologic examinations with photography of the cornea after instillation of fluorescein were performed in 98 family members with 61 mutation carriers of four DFNA9 families at the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre. Families 1 and 2 harbor the Pro51Ser mutation, and families 3 and 4 harbor the Gly88Glu and the Gly87Trp mutation, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed to find an association between the vertical corneal striae and the COCH mutation for each family and to test whether the four families were different in this respect. RESULTS The vertical corneal striae were exclusively visible after instillation of fluorescein. They caused minor problems, as dry eye symptoms, and were not present in the general Dutch ophthalmologic population. The striae were present from an age of 47 years in 32 individuals, of whom 27 individuals had a COCH mutation. Statistical analysis on the striae and the COCH mutations showed a significant association in families 1, 2, and 3 (P = .0006), but not in family 4 (P = .63). CONCLUSIONS Data analysis demonstrated a significant association between vertical corneal striae and the Pro51Ser and Gly88Glu mutations in the COCH gene in DFNA9 families 1, 2, and 3 with cochleovestibular dysfunction. Our findings suggest that the vertical corneal striae and cochleovestibular dysfunction may be caused by the same COCH mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M L C Bischoff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Cruysberg JRM, Eerola KU, Vrijland HR, Aandekerk AL, Kremer HPH, Deutman AF. Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia with bull's-eye macular dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 133:410-3. [PMID: 11860984 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In 1980, we published in the American Journal of Ophthalmology two siblings with hereditary ataxia and atrophic maculopathy. The report is cited in the literature as autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia with retinal degeneration. The purpose of the present study is to document the progression of the neurodegenerative disorder and to review the diagnosis. DESIGN Observational case report. METHODS Twenty years after the original publication, the 52-year-old male patient had new ocular and neurologic examinations, fluorescein angiography, molecular genetic analysis, and biochemical testing. RESULTS Fluorescein angiography showed marked progression of the macular dystrophy to a bull's-eye configuration. Genetic analysis of the patient did not show CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the various spinocerebellar ataxia genes. This excludes the diagnosis of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia with macular degeneration (ADCA type II) with mutation of the spinocerebellar ataxia 7 gene. Major causes of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia with retinal degeneration, including Friedreich ataxia and congenital disorders of glycosylation, were also excluded. CONCLUSION The two patients, previously published in the American Journal of Ophthalmology by Eerola and coworkers, did not suffer from presently recognized disorders with cerebellar ataxia and retinal degeneration. The Eerola syndrome probably represents a separate neurodegenerative entity characterized by autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia and progressive macular dystrophy with a bull's-eye pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes R M Cruysberg
- Institutes of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Willemsen MA, Cruysberg JR, Rotteveel JJ, Aandekerk AL, Van Domburg PH, Deutman AF. Juvenile macular dystrophy associated with deficient activity of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase in Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 130:782-9. [PMID: 11124298 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the ocular manifestations associated with the Sjögren-Larsson syndrome in a series of patients with proven fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. To emphasize the clinical importance of the ophthalmological features of the Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. To discuss the metabolic disturbances that might give rise to the ophthalmological picture. METHODS Fifteen patients with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome underwent a standardized ophthalmological examination. In patients of appropriate age, and who were able to cooperate, additional investigations were performed. RESULTS All patients exhibited bilateral, glistening yellow-white crystalline deposits that were located in the innermost retinal layers and appeared during the first 2 years of life. Repeated fundus photography in individual patients showed that the dots became more numerous as the patients got older. Photophobia, subnormal visual acuity, myopia, and astigmatism were found in most of the patients. Fluorescein angiography was performed in three patients and showed a mottled hyperfluorescence of the retinal pigment epithelium, without leakage. Color vision, electroretinography, and electro-oculography could be performed in only a small number of patients and showed no abnormalities. Visual evoked potentials were found to be abnormal in six of eight patients. CONCLUSIONS In Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, patients exhibit highly characteristic bilateral, glistening yellow-white retinal dots from the age of 1 to 2 years onward. The number of dots increases with age. The extent of the macular abnormality does not correlate with the severity of the ichthyosis or with the severity of the neurological abnormalities. A high percentage of patients shows additional ocular signs and symptoms, notably marked photophobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Willemsen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegan, The Netherlands.
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5
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Choroidal neovascularization infrequently occurs in patients affected by hereditary retinal dystrophies. METHODS We studied eight patients suffering from different hereditary retinal dystrophies (Best's disease, reticular dystrophy, butterfly-shaped dystrophy, gyrate atrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa) who developed choroidal neovascularization. All patients underwent complete ophthalmic evaluation, electrophysiology, colour vision testing, and fluorescein angiography. In some patients, ICG video-angiography was also performed. Laser treatment was carried out in only one patient. RESULTS The mean duration of follow-up was 41.7 months (range 6-148 months). At CNV diagnosis, the mean VA was 0.23 (range 0.02-0.6). At the last follow-up, mean VA was 0.34 (range HM to 0.9). At the last follow-up, fluorescein angiography showed a focal, atrophic scar in seven eyes, a fibrotic membrane in two eyes and a still active membrane in two cases. CONCLUSION We emphasize the relatively favourable visual prognosis in patients suffering from inherited retinal dystrophies complicated with choroidal neovascularization. Therapeutic approaches other than laser treatment could be attempted in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marano
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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6
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Tilanus MA, Pinckers AJ, Aandekerk AL. Anomaloscope examination in macular gliosis, macular holes and central serous choroidopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1998; 236:326-32. [PMID: 9602315 DOI: 10.1007/s004170050086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery for macular gliosis and macular holes has become increasingly successful with regard to anatomical outcome. Assessment of the damage to the receptors by these processes is still difficult, but is important in predicting functional outcome. METHODS Examination with the Nagel II or the Neitz OT anomaloscope was performed in 36 patients with macular gliosis, 23 patients with full-thickness macular holes and 47 patients with central serous choroidopathy. The anomaloscope matches were expressed as the quotient of anomaly. RESULTS In macular gliosis the mid-matching point is usually 1.0; there is no pseudoprotanomaly. In macular holes the mid-matching point is 1.0 when visual acuity is 0.3 or greater; in eyes with lower visual acuity there may be signs of diminished red sensitivity, but anomaloscope examination becomes difficult. In central serous choroidopathy the mid-matching point is shifted towards red, and pseudoprotanomaly is present, even when visual acuity is normal. CONCLUSIONS Diseases of the inner retina, in early stages, do not alter colour vision substantially, whereas diseases of the outer retina give rise to early colour vision deficiency. In macular gliosis and macular holes, anomaloscope examination enables estimation of macular receptor misalignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tilanus
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Marano F, Deutman AF, Pinckers AJ, Aandekerk AL, Rijneveld WJ. Reticular dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroidal neovascularization. A fluorescein and ICGV study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1997; 75:22-7. [PMID: 9088395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the clinical history of 2 patients affected with reticular dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and central choroidal neovascularization. With time, spontaneous reduction of the subretinal fluid associated with consequent improvement of the visual acuity has been noted in our first case. The second patient showed a stable fibrotic subfoveal choroidal neovascularization. Conventional fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green videoangiography findings are illustrated. The differential diagnosis between other reticular pigmented lesions often associated with choroidal neovascularization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marano
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Italy
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marano
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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9
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Abstract
The electro-oculogram (EOG) was studied in 156 normal patients, 103 patients with Best's disease, and 52 patients with dominant cystoid macular dystrophy (DCMD). Statistical analysis was performed by comparing the distribution of Lp/Dt ratios of the groups. Strength of association between Lp/Dt ratio and age was studied with correlation and regression analysis. In normal patients and in those with Best's disease, there was no significant correlation between age and Lp/Dt ratio. Obviously, the gene defect in Best's disease causes an altered light-sensitive slow oscillation that remains stable throughout life. In DCMD patients, there was a significant negative correlation between age and Lp/Dt ratio for the total sample and for the female subgroup. Likely, the gene defect in DCMD interferes with capillary permeability, that becomes susceptible to changes of the female hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinckers
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Marano F, Deutman AF, Aandekerk AL. Butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy of the fovea associated with subretinal neovascularization. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1996; 234:270-4. [PMID: 8964534 DOI: 10.1007/bf00430421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy of the fovea, an uncommon inherited macular disease, with subretinal neovascularization has rarely been reported in the literature. CASE REPORT We describe the clinical history of a patient affected with butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy of the fovea, myopia, and optic nerve head dysplasia. She was followed up for 23 years. During the course of the disease, bilateral subretinal neovascularization in the macular area occurred. Fluorescein angiography confirmed the diagnosis. Recently, indocyanine green (CG) videoangiography was also performed. Because of the bilateral subfoveal localization no laser treatment was advised. DISCUSSION Usually, good visual acuity is maintained in this uncommon inherited macular disease. However, acute visual loss can be caused by the ingrowth of subretinal new vessels. Therefore, if visual acuity decreases or metamorphopsia develops in these patients, careful biomicroscopic examination and fluorescein/ICG angiography is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marano
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Catania University, Italy
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11
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Gonçalves A, Cruysberg JR, Draaijer RW, Sellar PW, Aandekerk AL, Deutman AF. Vitreous haemorrhage and other ocular complications of a persistent hyaloid artery. Doc Ophthalmol 1996; 92:55-9. [PMID: 9181333 DOI: 10.1007/bf02583277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report ocular complications of a persistent hyaloid artery. METHODS We studied eight patients with persistent hyaloid artery. RESULTS Seven patients showed strabismus and very low visual acuity (< or = 0.12) of one eye. Despite correction of refractive errors, cataract surgery and occlusion therapy for amblyopia, visual acuity had not improved in these cases. Four patients showed nystagmus. Four had progression of unilateral cataract. In two cases, a 24-year-old women and a 4-months-old boy, a vitreous haemorrhage had occurred due to rupture of a hyaloid artery, in the woman's case probably due to a spontaneous posterior vitreous detachment. CONCLUSION A persistent hyaloid artery may be associated with strabismus, cataract, amblyopia and nystagmus. Despite amblyopia treatment, the prognosis of visual acuity of the involved eye is unfavourable. A persistent hyaloid artery may cause vitreous haemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gonçalves
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Pinckers A, van der Werf PJ, Aandekerk AL. Bull's eye maculopathy with trichorhexis nodosa. Ophthalmic Genet 1994; 15:141-3. [PMID: 7749668 DOI: 10.3109/13816819409057841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The authors report on a healthy young boy with a bull's eye maculopathy and trichorhexis nodosa. The combination, though hitherto unreported, is not unexpected because there exists an immunologic relationship between the retinal pigment epithelium and the hair bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinckers
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Bottoni FG, Aandekerk AL, Deutman AF. Clinical application of digital indocyanine green videoangiography in senile macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1994; 232:458-68. [PMID: 7523257 DOI: 10.1007/bf00195354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital indocyanine green videoangiography (ICGV) was done in 34 eyes of 24 patients with aging macular degeneration (AMD), including drusen, either alone (6 eyes) or in association with other AMD changes (9 eyes), geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (2 eyes), well-defined choroidal neovascularization (CNV; 3 eyes), occult CNV (12 eyes) and recurrent CNV (11 eyes). Of the 11 eyes with soft drusen, 10 showed abnormal fluorescence in the late ICGV picture. ICGV of the 4 eyes with hard drusen showed no abnormality. The geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris remained hypofluorescent with sharply demarcated boundaries throughout the study. ICGV confirmed the presence of CNV in all 3 eyes with well-defined CNV and in 11 of the 12 eyes with occult CNV. Additionally, all but 1 eye with primary occult CNV and 6 of the 8 eyes with recurrent occult CNV could be reclassified in this study as having well-defined CNV. Overall, ICGV yielded additional information in 17 of the 20 eyes with primary and recurrent occult CNV. Its clinical importance for the evaluation of early stages of AMD has still to be confirmed by future investigations. ICGV is recommended as a diagnostic examination in eyes with CNV poorly defined by fluorescein angiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Bottoni
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
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14
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Eight patients (four men, four women), with low visual acuity caused by autosomal dominant cystoid macular dystrophy, were treated daily with oral 250 mg dose acetazolamide. Treatment ranged from two to 17 months. None of these eight patients had improvement of visual acuity of more than 0.1. CONCLUSION Treatment with 250 mg acetazolamide appears not to be an effective therapy for cystoid macular oedema in dominant cystoid macular dystrophy. The electroretinography b-wave/a-wave ratio was normal. The primary lesion in dominant cystoid macular dystrophy remains obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinckers
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Tilanus MD, Hoyng C, Deutman AF, Cruysberg JR, Aandekerk AL. Congenital arteriovenous communications and the development of two types of leaking retinal macroaneurysms. Am J Ophthalmol 1991; 112:31-3. [PMID: 1882918 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)76208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We treated a patient with a rare combination of congenital arteriovenous communications and the development of leaking macroaneurysms of different types. Initially, leaking macroaneurysms developed in the shunt area of the arteriovenous communication; later, a preexistent fusiform macroaneurysm in the afferent arteriole of the congenital communication started leaking. Because exudates and fluid from the leaking macroaneurysms reached the fovea, laser treatment was performed to obliterate the macroaneurysms. We assume that after obliteration of the macroaneurysms with laser in the shunt area, the increase of hydrostatic pressure on the thin wall of the fusiform aneurysm of the afferent artery led to its leaking. We saw no signs of vascular occlusion after laser treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Tilanus
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
This article is the second part of a survey of ophthalmic photographic equipment available on the Dutch market. It concentrates on fundus cameras. On other markets there may be a larger choice of equipment. The lack of certain products on the Dutch market may be due to lack of representation or low sales potential. The first part of this survey which dealt with equipment for the anterior segment was published in a previous issue of this journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Aandekerk
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Aandekerk AL, Steenbergen EJ. Equipment for ophthalmological photography: Part 1. J Audiov Media Med 1989; 12:138-43. [PMID: 2621300 DOI: 10.3109/17453058909055087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This article is intended to be a survey of the ophthalmic photographic equipment available on the Dutch market. The lack of certain products on the Dutch market is due to the lack of representation and/or low saleability. The first part of this survey deals, in alphabetical order, with equipment for photography of the anterior segment, and the second part deals with the fundus camera, which follows in a later issue.
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18
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Abstract
Five cases of subretinal neovascular membranes in the macula associated with punched out chorioretinal scars and linear streaks were seen in five Dutch patients. Clinically the fundus lesions are consistent with those of presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) seen in the United States of America. Cutaneous serological testing for histoplasmin reactivity was negative in the three patients tested. Of special interest is the presence of linear streaks in association with POHS. They have not been previously described in patients from Europe with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Bottoni
- University Eye Clinic, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Pinckers A, Aandekerk AL, Renardel de Lavalette V, Eggink F. Contact lens induced severe epithelial disruption. A case report. Int Ophthalmol 1989; 13:229-32. [PMID: 2793319 DOI: 10.1007/bf02028216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe a patient with bilateral severe disruption of the epithelium while wearing MMA/VP70 contact lenses. Withdrawal of the contact lenses and the contact lens care system resulted in complete recovery. Later on Boston IV contact lenses with another care system were fitted successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinckers
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Radboudziekenhuis, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
The authors examined a patient presenting with congenital sensory neuropathy with selective loss of small myelinated nerve fibres. The appearance of (bilaterial) keratitis or corneal ulceration in early childhood is strongly suggestive of congenital corneal anaesthesia. Concomitant symptoms such as anisocoria, abnormal pupillary reaction, diminished tear production and disturbed sensibility to pain and temperature point to a generalized disease: one of the hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. In order to establish a definite diagnosis, elaborate neurological examination, including ultrastructural study of a muscle-nerve biopsy, is required. Tarsorrhaphy, therapeutic flushfitting PMMA scleral lenses and hydrophilic HEMA contact lenses are advocated, in order to protect the cornea. The results with high-water-content hydrophilic contact lenses are promising, those of keratoplasty limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinckers
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
Whitish dots in the stroma of the cornea resembling the cloudy dystrophy were observed in 4 patients wearing HEMA contact lenses; a lattice-like corneal pattern was seen in another patient wearing HEMA contact lenses. There were no complaints. Visual acuity was normal. Corneal sensitivity was normal or reduced. The pseudo-dystrophies vanished after replacement of the HEMA lenses by Boston IV material.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinckers
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Radboudziekenhuis, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Aandekerk AL, Steenbergen EJ. Less well-known methods for examination and photography of the corneal epithelium. J Audiov Media Med 1986; 9:141-3. [PMID: 3668172 DOI: 10.3109/17453058609156053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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