Evaluation of changes of anterior segment parameters in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome after cataract surgery using anterior segment optical coherence tomography

The aim of the study was to compare the anterior segment parameters after cataract surgery in pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) and control eyes. We conducted a prospective comparative study of 36 eyes (PEX group), 16 eyes (PEXG group) and 46 eyes (control group) of 98 patients after phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation. Before surgery, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months postoperatively, anterior chamber parameters were evaluated by swept source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Anterior chamber depth (ACD), angle opening distance (AOD500/750), trabecular-iris space area (TISA500/750), trabecular-iris angle (TIA500/750) and lens vault (LV) were assessed at each study visit. Preoperatively, ACD, AOD500/750 and TISA500/750 were significantly smaller, while LV was significantly greater in PEX and PEXG eyes than in controls. 3 months postoperatively all irido-corneal parameters and ACD were significantly greater in all study groups without intergroup differences. ACD and LV significantly increased in PEX group between 1 and 3 months after surgery while being stable in control group. Relative increases in ACD, AOD500, TISA750, TIA500/750 were significantly higher in PEX and PEXG groups than in controls. Our study finds that ACD and iridocorneal parameters in AS-OCT demonstrated significantly greater relative increases 3 months after phacoemulsification in PEX and PEXG groups than in control eyes. Significantly greater deepening of anterior chamber and opening of the irido-corneal angle may be a reason for different refractive outcomes and IOP control in patients with PEX and PEXG after routine cataract surgery.

Limbal Approach Phacovitrectomy to Treat Cataract with Clinically Significant Asteroid Hyalosis-Presentation of the Technique and Preliminary Results

Purpose: To assess preliminarily the efficacy and safety of a relatively new surgical modification of phacovitrectomy in eyes with cataract and visually significant asteroid hyalosis (AH). Materials and methods: Prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series of six eyes of six patients (mean age 75.6 years; 1 woman, 5 men) with cataract and visually significant AH treated with a novel surgical technique—a phacoemulsification with anterior vitrectomy through posterior capsulorhexis and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Main outcome measures were: best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), IOL centration, complications. Mean follow-up was 39.17 ± 4.31 months. Results: The mean BCVA (Snellen) improved from 0.26 ± 0.18 to 0.73 ± 0.33 at the end of the follow-up. IOP was in the normal range, and no problems with IOL fixation were observed at the end of the follow-up. No post-operative complications, retinal detachment, retinal tears, macular edema or prolonged inflammation were observed. Conclusions: The presented new surgical technique seems to be a safe and efficacious method to treat cataract with visually significant asteroid hyalosis.

The Interaction of Selective A1 and A2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonists with Magnesium and Zinc Ions in Mice: Behavioural, Biochemical and Molecular Studies

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the co-administration of Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ with selective A1 and A2A receptor antagonists might be an interesting antidepressant strategy. Forced swim, tail suspension, and spontaneous locomotor motility tests in mice were performed. Further, biochemical and molecular studies were conducted. The obtained results indicate the interaction of DPCPX and istradefylline with Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ manifested in an antidepressant-like effect. The reduction of the BDNF serum level after co-administration of DPCPX and istradefylline with Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ was noted. Additionally, Mg²⁺ or Zn²⁺, both alone and in combination with DPCPX or istradefylline, causes changes in Adora1 expression, DPCPX or istradefylline co-administered with Zn²⁺ increases Slc6a15 expression as compared to a single-drug treatment, co-administration of tested agents does not have a more favourable effect on Comt expression. Moreover, the changes obtained in Ogg1, MsrA, Nrf2 expression show that DPCPX-Mg²⁺, DPCPX-Zn²⁺, istradefylline-Mg²⁺ and istradefylline-Zn²⁺ co-treatment may have greater antioxidant capacity benefits than administration of DPCPX and istradefylline alone. It seems plausible that a combination of selective A1 as well as an A2A receptor antagonist and magnesium or zinc may be a new antidepressant therapeutic strategy.

Influence of the endocannabinoid system on the antidepressant activity of bupropion and moclobemide in the behavioural tests in mice

Background

Though there are several classes of antidepressant drugs available on the pharmaceutical market, depression that affects globally over 320 million people is still undertreated. Scientists have made attempts to develop novel therapeutical strategies to maximize effectiveness of therapy and minimize undesired reactions. One of the ideas is use of either dual-action agents or combined administration of two substances that affect diverse neurotransmissions. Thus, we investigated whether the selected CB receptor ligands (oleamide, AM251, JWH133, and AM630) can have an impact on the activity of bupropion and moclobemide. Bupropion belongs to the dual acting drugs, whereas moclobemide is an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase.

Methods

The mice forced swim test and the tail suspension test were applied in order to determine the potential antidepressant-like activity, whereas the HPLC method was used in order to assess the brain concentrations of the tested antidepressants.

Results

An intraperitoneal injection of sub-effective doses of oleamide (5 mg/kg), AM251 (0.25 mg/kg), and AM630 (0.25 mg/kg) increased activity of bupropion (10 mg/kg) in both behavioural tests. Effects of moclobemide (1.5 mg/kg) were potentiated only by AM251. These results were not influenced by the hypo- or hyperlocomotion of animals.

Conclusion

The outcomes of the present study revealed that particularly activation or inhibition of the CB₁ receptor function may augment the antidepressant activity of bupropion, whereas only inhibition of the CB₁ receptor function manages to increase activity of moclobemide. Most probably, an interplay between CB receptor ligands and bupropion or moclobemide takes place at the cellular level.

Phacotrabeculectomy using collagen matrix implant (Ologen® ) versus mitomycin C: a prospective randomized controlled trial

PURPOSE

To compare the efficacy and safety of collagen matrix implant (Ologen^® ; OLO) with mitomycin C (MMC) in phacotrabeculectomy.

METHODS

Prospective, single-centre, nonblinded, randomized controlled trial. A total of 53 eyes of 45 patients were enrolled in the study protocol with 27 eyes randomly assigned to OLO and 26 to MMC. The follow-up was 12 months. The primary outcome measure was mean change from baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) in both groups after 12 months. The secondary outcome measures were cumulative success rates at 12 months with Kaplan-Meier analysis, change in number of medications, change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and bleb morphology assessed using Moorfields Bleb Grading System and anterior segment swept-source optical coherence tomography.

RESULTS

The mean IOP decreased from 26.4 ± 6.1 mmHg to 13.7 ± 3.8 in the OLO group and from 23.4 ± 3.6 mmHg to 13.3 ± 2.8 in the MMC group at 1 year without significant intergroup differences. At 1 year, the overall success rates were 92.6% and 92.3% in the OLO and MMC groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in the overall success rates, BCVA, number of medications, morphology of the filtering blebs and rate of complications at the end of the follow-up.

CONCLUSION

Ologen (OLO) provides similar surgical outcomes in phacotrabeculectomy compared with adjunctive MMC. It may be a new, safe and effective alternative to MMC for combined phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy surgery.

Antidepressant-Like Activity of Typical Antidepressant Drugs in the Forced Swim Test and Tail Suspension Test in Mice Is Augmented by DMPX, an Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonist

Unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of currently used antidepressants force to search for new pharmacological treatment strategies. Recent research points to the relationship between depressive disorders and the adenosinergic system. Therefore, the main goal of our studies was to evaluate the effects of DMPX (3 mg/kg, i.p.), which possesses selectivity for adenosine A_2A receptors versus A₁ receptors, on the activity of imipramine (15 mg/kg, i.p.), escitalopram (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.), and reboxetine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) given in subtherapeutic doses. The studies carried out using the forced swim and tail suspension tests in mice showed that DMPX at a dose of 6 and 12 mg/kg exerts antidepressant-like effect and does not affect the locomotor activity. Co-administration of DMPX at a dose of 3 mg/kg with the studied antidepressant drugs caused the reduction of immobility time in both behavioral tests. The observed effect was not associated with an increase in the locomotor activity. To evaluate whether the observed effects were due to a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interaction, the levels of the antidepressants in blood and brain were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. It can be assumed that the interaction between DMPX and imipramine was exclusively pharmacodynamic in nature, whereas an increased antidepressant activity of escitalopram and reboxetine was at least partly related to its pharmacokinetic interaction with DMPX.

Zinc signaling and epilepsy

Evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies suggest the importance of zinc homeostasis in seizures/epilepsy. Undoubtedly, zinc, via modulation of a variety of targets, is necessary for maintaining the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition, while an imbalance between excitation and inhibition underlies seizures. However, the relationship between zinc signaling and seizures/epilepsy is complex as both extracellular and intracellular zinc may produce either protective or detrimental effects. This review provides an overview of preclinical/behavioral, functional and molecular studies, as well as clinical data on the involvement of zinc in the pathophysiology and treatment of seizures/epilepsy. Furthermore, the potential of targeting elements associated with zinc signaling or homeostasis and zinc levels as a therapeutic strategy for epilepsy is discussed.

DPCPX, a selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, enhances the antidepressant-like effects of imipramine, escitalopram, and reboxetine in mice behavioral tests

The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) antagonist — DPCPX — on depressive-like behavior in mice, as well as the effect of DPCPX on the activity of imipramine, escitalopram, and reboxetine, each at non-effective doses. The influence of DPCPX on behavior and its influence on the activity of selected antidepressants was evaluated in the forced swim test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST) in mice. Locomotor activity was measured to verify and exclude false-positive data obtained in the FST and TST. Moreover, serum and brain concentrations of tested antidepressants were determined using HPLC. DPCPX, at doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg, exhibited antidepressant activity in the FST and TST, which was not related to changes in the spontaneous locomotor activity. Co-administration of DPCPX with imipramine, escitalopram, or reboxetine, each at non-active doses, significantly reduced the immobilization period in the FST and TST in mice, which was not due to the increase in locomotor activity. Both antagonists of 5-HT receptors (WAY 100635 and ritanserin) completely antagonized the effect elicited by DPCPX in the behavioral tests. Results of assessment of the nature of the interaction between DPCPX and test drugs show that in the case of DPCPX and imipramine or reboxetine, there were pharmacodynamic interactions, whereas the DPCPX-escitalopram interaction is at least partially pharmacokinetic in nature. Presented outcomes indicate that an inhibition of A1Rs and an increase of monoaminergic transduction in the CNS may offer a novel strategy for the development of antidepressant drugs.

The influence of selective A1 and A2A receptor antagonists on the antidepressant-like activity of moclobemide, venlafaxine and bupropion in mice

Objective

The main goal of our study was to investigate whether a selective antagonism of the adenosine A1 or A2A receptors is able to enhance the antidepressant activity of commonly prescribed drugs.

Materials and methods

All experiments were carried out on male Albino Swiss mice. The forced swim test and the tail suspension test were used to evaluate the antidepressant-like potential. Drug concentrations in animals’ serum and brains were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Key findings

The antidepressant potential of moclobemide (1.5 mg/kg), venlafaxine (1 mg/kg) and bupropion (10 mg/kg) was enhanced by a co-administration with 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX; an antagonist of adenosine A2A receptors; 3 mg/kg) or 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (an antagonist of adenosine A1 receptors; 1 mg/kg). However, significant interactions between the tested substances were detected only in the experiments with DMPX. The nature of the observed interplays is rather pharmacodynamic than pharmacokinetic, because neither serum nor brain concentrations of the used drugs were significantly increased.

Conclusions

Blockage of the adenosine receptors (particularly the A2A subtypes) could be considered in future as a novel, promising part of the combined antidepressant therapy. However, further studies on this subject are needed.

CB1 cannabinoid receptor ligands augment the antidepressant-like activity of biometals (magnesium and zinc) in the behavioural tests

OBJECTIVE

During the last few decades, endocannabinoid system has emerged as a novel possible target for antidepressant treatment. Although the medical literature provides information on the mood-changing effects of CB₁ ligands, little is known about the possible interaction between the simultaneous activation or inhibition of the CB₁ receptor and administration of other agents that possess antidepressant potential. The main goal of our study was to evaluate the influence of the CB₁ cannabinoid receptor ligands (oleamide - an endogenous agonist and AM251 - an inverse agonist/antagonist) on the antidepressant-like activity of biometals (i.e. magnesium and zinc).

METHODS

The forced swim test and the tail suspension test in mice were used to determine the antidepressant-like activity.

KEY FINDINGS

Concomitant intraperitoneal administration of per se inactive doses of oleamide (5 mg/kg) or AM251 (0.25 mg/kg) and the tested biometals (i.e. magnesium, 10 mg/kg or zinc, 5 mg/kg) shortened the immobility time of animals in the forced swim test and the tail suspension test. The observed effect was not associated with an increase in spontaneous locomotor activity of mice.

CONCLUSIONS

The simultaneous modulation of the cannabinoid system and supplementation of magnesium or zinc produce at least additive antidepressant-like effect.

Withdrawal of caffeine after its chronic administration modifies the antidepressant-like activity of atypical antidepressants in mice. Changes in cortical expression of Comt, Slc6a15 and Adora1 genes

RATIONALE

Depressed patients often present increased consumption of caffeine.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to investigate the effects of chronic treatment with caffeine (5 mg/kg, twice daily for 14 days) on the activity of single, ineffective doses of agomelatine (20 mg/kg) or mianserin (10 mg/kg) given on day 15 alone or simultaneously with caffeine.

METHODS

We used the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and locomotor activity test in mice and quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the selected genes in the cerebral cortex (Cx).

RESULTS

There were no changes in the immobility time between mice that received saline and caffeine for 14 days. Administration of agomelatine or mianserin on day 15 did not produce an antidepressant-like effect, but such effect was observed after administration of agomelatine or mianserin simultaneously with caffeine on day 15, in both mice that received saline and caffeine for 14 days. In mice treated with caffeine for 14 days, joint administration of agomelatine or mianserin and caffeine on day 15 decreased solute carrier family 6, member 15 (Slc6a15), messenger RNA (mRNA) level in the Cx, compared to the group which received only the respective antidepressant on this day. Moreover, in mice treated with caffeine for 14 days, joint administration of mianserin and caffeine on day 15 decreased adenosine A1 receptor (Adora1) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (Comt) mRNA level in the Cx, compared to the group which received mianserin without caffeine on this day.

CONCLUSIONS

Withdrawal of caffeine after its chronic intake can modify the activity of antidepressants. Adora1, Slc6a15, and Comt may be involved in the antidepressant-like effect observed after joint administration of caffeine and mianserin or agomelatine, following chronic treatment with caffeine.

Arvanil, olvanil, AM 1172 and LY 2183240 (various cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists) increase the threshold for maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice

BACKGROUND

Recent evidence reveals therapeutic potential for cannabinoids to reduce seizure frequency, severity and duration. Animal models are useful tools to determine the potential antiseizure or antiepileptic effects of cannabinoids. The objective of this study was evaluation of the effect of arvanil, olvanil, AM 1172 and LY 2183240, the compounds interacted with endocannabinoid and/or endovanilloid systems, on convulsions in the commonly used model of convulsions in mice.

METHODS

Arvanil and olvanil were injected intraperitoneally (ip) 30min and AM 1172 and LY 2183240 were administered ip 60min before the maximal electroshock seizure threshold (MEST) test. The criterion for convulsant activity was tonic hindlimb extension.

RESULTS

Arvanil, olvanil, AM 1172 and LY 2183240 dose-dependently increased the electroconvulsive threshold in mice. The TID₂₀ (threshold increasing dose 20) values for arvanil, olvanil, AM 1172 and LY 2183240 were 0.9, 2.18, 2.48 and 3.56mgkg^-1, respectively, and the TID₅₀ (threshold increasing dose 50) values were 1.88, 6.45, 6.29 and 10.04mgkg^-1, respectively.

CONCLUSION

This study identified anticonvulsant effects of arvanil, olvanil, AM 1172 and LY 2183240. The order of the magnitude of the anticonvulsant effects of the examined compounds was following: arvanil>olvanil>AM 1172>LY 2183240.

Caffeine enhances the antidepressant-like activity of common antidepressant drugs in the forced swim test in mice

Caffeine is the most widely used behaviorally active drug in the world which exerts its activity on central nervous system through adenosine receptors. Worrying data indicate that excessive caffeine intake applies to patients suffering from mental disorders, including depression. The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the influence of caffeine on animals' behavior in forced swim test (FST) as well as the effect of caffeine (5 mg/kg) on the activity of six typical antidepressants, such as imipramine (15 mg/kg), desipramine (10 mg/kg), fluoxetine (5 mg/kg), paroxetine (0.5 mg/kg), escitalopram (2 mg/kg), and reboxetine (2.5 mg/kg). Locomotor activity was estimated to verify and exclude false-positive/negative results. In order to assess the influence of caffeine on the levels of antidepressant drugs studied, their concentrations were determined in murine serum and brains using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that caffeine at a dose of 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg exhibited antidepressant activity in the FST, and it was not related to changes in locomotor activity in the animals. Caffeine at a dose of 5 mg/kg potentiated the activity of all antidepressants, and the observed effects were not due to the increase in locomotor activity in the animals. The interactions between caffeine and desipramine, fluoxetine, escitalopram, and reboxetine were exclusively of pharmacodynamic character, because caffeine did not cause any changes in the concentrations of these drugs neither in blood serum nor in brain tissue. As a result of joint administration of caffeine and paroxetine, an increase in the antidepressant drug concentrations in serum was observed. No such change was noticed in the brain tissue. A decrease in the antidepressant drug concentrations in brain was observed in the case of imipramine administered together with caffeine. Therefore, it can be assumed that the interactions caffeine-paroxetine and caffeine-imipramine occur at least in part in the pharmacokinetic phase.

Anxiogenic- and antidepressant-like behavior in corneally kindled rats

BACKGROUND

Anxiety and depression affect epileptic patients much more often than individuals from the general population. We were interested in whether corneal kindling in rats, which is a model of complex partial seizures with secondary generalization, would influence animal behavior in models of anxiety and depression.

METHODS

Kindling was achieved by transcorneal electric stimulation and fully kindled rats were used in this study. Kindled and sham-stimulated rats were subjected to the elevated plus maze and forced swim test which are believed to be predictive models for anxiety and depression in humans, respectively.

RESULTS

Kindling significantly decreased the percentage of time spent by the rats in open arms relative to time spent in open plus closed arms and it reduced immobility time in the swim test as compared with sham-stimulated rats.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that corneal kindling produces antidepressant- and anxiety-like effects in rats and it may be a useful model to study epilepsy-associated anxiety.

The effects of ifenprodil on the activity of antidepressant drugs in the forced swim test in mice

BACKGROUND

According to reports in the literature, more than 30% of depressive patients fail to achieve remission. Therapy with the conventional antidepressant drugs may induce the serious adverse reactions. Moreover, its benefits may be seen at least 2-4 weeks after the first dose. Therefore, the alternative strategies for prevention and treatment of depression are sought. The main aim of our study was to assess the effects of ifenprodil given at a non-active dose (10mg/kg) on the activity of antidepressant agents from diverse pharmacological groups.

METHODS

The antidepressant-like effect was assessed by the forced swim test in mice.

RESULTS

Ifenprodil potentiated the antidepressant-like effect of imipramine (15mg/kg) and fluoxetine (5mg/kg) while did not reduce the immobility time of animals which simultaneously received reboxetine (2.5mg/kg) or tianeptine (15mg/kg).

CONCLUSION

The concomitant administration of certain commonly prescribed antidepressant drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmission (i.e., typical tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) with a negative modulator selectively binding to the GluN1/N2B subunits of the NMDA receptor complex (i.e., ifenprodil) may induce a more pronounced antidepressant-like effect than monotherapy. However, these findings still need to be confirmed in further experiments.

Effects of ifenprodil on the antidepressant-like activity of NMDA ligands in the forced swim test in mice

Multiple pre-clinical and clinical studies clearly displayed implication of the NMDA receptors in development of depressive disorders since a variety of NMDA receptor antagonists exhibit an antidepressant-like effect. The main aim of our study was to assess the influence of ifenprodil - an allosteric modulator selectively binding at the NR2B subunit on the performance in the forced swim test in mice of various NMDA receptor ligands interacting with distinct components of the NMDA receptor complex. Ifenprodil at a dose of 10mg/kg enhanced the antidepressant-like effect of CGP 37849 (a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, 0.312mg/kg), L-701,324 (an antagonist at glycine site, 1mg/kg), MK-801 (a non-competitive antagonist, 0.05mg/kg) and d-cycloserine (a partial agonist of a glycine site, 2.5mg/kg) but it did not shorten the immobility time of animals which concurrently received an inorganic modulator of the NMDA receptor complex, such as Zn(2+) (2.5mg/kg) or Mg(2+) (10mg/kg). On the other hand, the antidepressant-like effect of ifenprodil (20mg/kg) was reversed by N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (an agonist at the glutamate site, 75mg/kg) or d-serine (an agonist at the glycine site, 100nmol/mouse). In conclusion, the antidepressant-like potential of ifenprodil given concomitantly with NMDA ligands was either reinforced (in the case of both partial agonist and antagonists, except for magnesium and zinc) or diminished (in the case of conventional full agonists).

A complex interaction between glycine/NMDA receptors and serotonergic/noradrenergic antidepressants in the forced swim test in mice

Both clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate the antidepressant activity of the functional NMDA receptor antagonists. In this study, we assessed the effects of two glycine/NMDA receptor ligands, namely L-701,324 (antagonist) and d-cycloserine (a partial agonist) on the action of antidepressant drugs with different pharmacological profiles in the forced swim test in mice. Swim sessions were conducted by placing mice individually in glass cylinders filled with warmed water for 6 min. The duration of behavioral immobility during the last 4 min of the test was evaluated. The locomotor activity of mice was measured with photoresistor actimeters. L-701,324 and d-cycloserine given with reboxetine (administered in subeffective doses) did not change the behavior of animals in the forced swim test. A potentiating effect was seen when both tested glycine site ligands were given concomitantly with imipramine or fluoxetine in this test. The lesion of noradrenaline nerve terminals produced by DSP-4 neither altered the baseline activity nor influenced the antidepressant-like action of L-701,324 or d-cycloserine. The depletion of serotonin by p-CPA did not alter baseline activity in the forced swim test. However, it completely antagonized the antidepressant-like action produced by L-701,324 and d-cycloserine. Moreover, the antidepressant-like effects of imipramine, fluoxetine and reboxetine were abolished by d-serine, a full agonist of glycine/NMDA receptors. The present study demonstrates that glycine/NMDA receptor functional antagonists enhance the antidepressant-like action of serotonin, but not noradrenaline-based antidepressants and such their activity seems to depend on serotonin rather than noradrenaline pathway.

D-serine, a selective glycine/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist, antagonizes the antidepressant-like effects of magnesium and zinc in mice

Zinc and magnesium are potent inhibitors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex. Recent data demonstrate that both zinc and magnesium, like other NMDA receptor antagonists, exhibit antidepressant-like activity in rodent screening tests and depression models. In the present study, we investigated the effect of D-serine (agonist for the glycine(B) site of the NMDA receptor complex; 100 nmol/mouse, icv) on magnesium (30 mg/kg, ip)- and zinc (5 mg/kg, ip)-induced activity during a forced swim test (FST) in mice. The antidepressant-like effect observed during FST for both ions was abolished by D-serine co-treatment. The present study indicates that the NMDA receptor complex, especially the glycine(B) site, plays a role in the antidepressant-like activity of magnesium and zinc in the FST in mice.