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Tong T, Xu A, Tan S, Jiang H, Liu L, Deng S, Wang H. Biological Effects and Biomedical Applications of Areca Nut and Its Extract. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:228. [PMID: 38399443 PMCID: PMC10893415 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The dried, mature fruit of the palm tree species Areca catechu L. is known as the areca nut (AN) or betel nut. It is widely cultivated in the tropical regions. In many nations, AN is utilized for traditional herbal treatments or social activities. AN has historically been used to address various health issues, such as diarrhea, arthritis, dyspepsia, malaria, and so on. In this review, we have conducted a comprehensive summary of the biological effects and biomedical applications of AN and its extracts. Initially, we provided an overview of the constituents in AN extract. Subsequently, we summarized the biological effects of AN and its extracts on the digestive system, nervous system, and circulatory system. And we elucidated the contributions of AN and its extracts in antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial applications. Finally, we have discussed the challenges and future perspectives regarding the utilization of AN and its extracts as emerging pharmaceuticals or valuable adjuncts within the pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Aiqing Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Shuhua Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Hengzhi Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Senwen Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Haihua Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
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Song W, Xing R, Yang H, Liu S, Yu H, Li P. Therapeutic potential of enzymatically extracted eumelanin from squid ink in type 2 diabetes mellitus ICR mice: Multifaceted intervention against hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and depression. J Sci Food Agric 2024; 104:993-1007. [PMID: 37715565 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disease that poses significant health risks due to its numerous complications. However, the effects of eumelanin on oxidative stress, hyperglycemia and depression in diabetic mice have not been extensively studied. RESULTS Our study employed an enzymatic approach to extract eumelanin from squid ink and characterized it using spectroscopic techniques. Remarkably, eumelanin extracted with alkaline-neutral-flavor protease (ANF) displayed superior inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, while enhancing glucose utilization and hepatic glycogen synthesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) insulin resistance model. Further evaluation of ANF in a T2DM ICR mouse model demonstrated its significant potential in alleviating hyperglycemia, reducing glycosylated serum protein levels, improving glucose tolerance and modulating total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels, as well as antioxidant indices at a dosage of 0.04 g kg-1 . Additionally, ANF exhibited positive effects on energy levels and reduced immobility time in antidepressant behavioral experiments. Moreover, ANF positively influenced the density and infiltration state of renal cells, while mitigating inflammatory enlargement and deformation of liver cells, without inducing any adverse effects in mice. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings underscore the significant therapeutic potential of ANF in the treatment of T2DM and its associated complications. By augmenting lipid and glucose metabolism, mitigating oxidative stress and alleviating depression, ANF emerges as a promising candidate for multifaceted intervention. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- CAS and Shandong Province Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Haoyue Yang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
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Borozdenko DA, Gonchar DI, Bogorodova VI, Tarasenko DV, Kramarova EP, Khovanova SS, Golubev YV, Kiseleva NM, Shmigol TA, Ezdoglian AA, Sobyanin KA, Negrebetsky VV, Baukov YI. The Antidepressant Activity of a Taurine-Containing Derivative of 4-Phenylpyrrolidone-2 in a Model of Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16564. [PMID: 38068887 PMCID: PMC10705968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a new compound, potassium 2-[2-(2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamido]ethanesulfonate (Compound I), in depression. Willner's chronic unpredictable mild stress model of male Wistar rats was used as a depression model. The rats were randomized into four groups, including an intact group, a Compound I group, a Fluoxetine group, and a control group with saline. Behavioral tests, such as the Porsolt forced swim test, hole-board test, elevated plus maze test, and light-dark box, were used to assess the animals' conditions. Our results demonstrated that Compound I effectively reduced the immobilization time of rats in the forced swim test, increased orientation and exploratory behavior, and decreased the latency period of going into the dark compartment compared to the control group. Hippocampal and striatal serotonin concentrations were increased in the Compound I group, and the compound also reduced the level of corticosterone in the blood plasma of rats compared to the intact animals. These results suggest that Compound I has reliable antidepressant activity, comparable to that of the reference antidepressant Fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuri I. Baukov
- Institute of Pharmacy and Medicinal Chemistry, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.B.); (D.I.G.); (V.I.B.); (D.V.T.); (E.P.K.); (S.S.K.); (Y.V.G.); (N.M.K.); (T.A.S.); (A.A.E.); (K.A.S.); (V.V.N.)
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Gulshan S, Shah S, Shah PA, Irfan M, Saadullah M, Abbas G, Hanif M, Rasul A, Ahmad N, Mahmood A, Basheer E, Habib MO, Alotaibi HF, Obaidullah AJ, Alsabhan JF, Alwassil OL. Development and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Novasomes for the Trans-nasal Delivery of Fluvoxamine Using Arachidonic Acid-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Conjugate. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2259. [PMID: 37765228 PMCID: PMC10535484 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is the major mental illness which causes along with loss of interest in daily life, a feeling of hopelessness, appetite or weight changes, anger and irritability. Due to the hepatic first-pass metabolism, the absolute bioavailability of fluvoxamine (FVM) after oral administration is about 50%. By avoiding the pre-systemic metabolism, nasal delivery would boost bioavailability of FVM. Additionally, the absorption is anticipated to occur more quickly than it would via the oral route because of the existence of microvilli and high vasculature. A nonionic surfactant, cholesterol and an arachidonic acid-carboxymethyl chitosan (AA-CMCS) conjugate were used to develop FVM-loaded novasomes. To investigate the effects of surfactant concentration, AA-CMCS conjugate concentration and stirring speed on the novasomes' characteristics, a Box-Behnken design was used. The dependent variables chosen were zeta potential, polydispersity index and particle size. The AA-CMCS conjugate was confirmed by 1H-NMR and FTIR. Using Design Expert software (version 7; Stat-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA), novasomes were further optimized. The chosen optimal formulation (NAC8) was made up of AA-CMCS conjugate, Span 60 and cholesterol. Particle size, zeta potential and PDI values for NAC8 formulation were 101 nm, -35 mV and 0.263, respectively. The NAC8 formulation's DSC and TGA analysis demonstrated that the medication had been uniformly and amorphously distributed throughout the novasomes. The NAC8 formulation showed 99% and 90% FVM release and permeation, respectively, and the novasome adherence time was 24 h. An improved antidepressant effect along with five-fold increase in bioavailability of FVM was observed after trans-nasal administration of NAC8 formulation compared to the reference commercially available Flumin® tablets. FVM-loaded novasomes administered via the nasal route may therefore constitute an advancement in the management of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Gulshan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.G.); (M.I.); (A.R.); (M.O.H.)
| | - Shahid Shah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | | | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.G.); (M.I.); (A.R.); (M.O.H.)
| | - Malik Saadullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.G.); (M.I.); (A.R.); (M.O.H.)
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Rasul
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.G.); (M.I.); (A.R.); (M.O.H.)
| | - Nabeel Ahmad
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 24090, Pakistan;
| | - Abid Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Ejaz Basheer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Mohammad Omer Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.G.); (M.I.); (A.R.); (M.O.H.)
| | - Hadil Faris Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint AbdulRahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmad J. Obaidullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jawza F. Alsabhan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Osama l. Alwassil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia;
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Alghamdi A, Almuqbil M, Alrofaidi MA, Burzangi AS, Alshamrani AA, Alzahrani AR, Kamal M, Imran M, Alshehri S, Mannasaheb BA, Alomar NF, Asdaq SMB. Potential Antioxidant Activity of Apigenin in the Obviating Stress-Mediated Depressive Symptoms of Experimental Mice. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27249055. [PMID: 36558188 PMCID: PMC9787100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27249055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the antidepressant properties of apigenin in an experimental mouse model of chronic mild stress (CMS). Three weeks following CMS, albino mice of either sex were tested for their antidepressant effects using the tail suspension test (TST) and the sucrose preference test. The percentage preference for sucrose solution and the amount of time spent immobile in the TST were calculated. The brain malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, catalase activity, and reduced glutathione levels were checked to determine the antioxidant potential of treatments. When compared to the control, animals treated with apigenin during the CMS periods showed significantly shorter TST immobility times. Apigenin administration raised the percentage preference for sucrose solution in a dose-dependent manner, which put it on par with the widely used antidepressant imipramine. Animals treated with apigenin displayed a significantly (p ˂ 0.05) greater spontaneous locomotor count (281) when compared to the vehicle-treated group (245). Apigenin was also highly effective in significantly (p ˂ 0.01) lowering plasma corticosterone levels (17 vs. 28 µg/mL) and nitrite (19 vs. 33 µg/mL) produced by CMS in comparison to the control group. During CMS, a high dose (50 mg/kg) of apigenin was given, which greatly increased the reduced glutathione level while significantly decreasing the brain's MDA and catalase activity when compared to the control group. As a result, we infer that high doses of apigenin may have potential antidepressant effects in animal models via various mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Alghamdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, P.O. Box 1988, Al Baha 65528, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Almuqbil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Alrofaidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, P.O. Box 1988, Al Baha 65528, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhadi S. Burzangi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Alshamrani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah R. Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abidiyah, P.O. Box 13578, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
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Tan QW, He LY, Zhang SS, He ZW, Liu WH, Zhang L, Guan LP, Wang SH. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Chalcone Analogs Containing 4-Phenylquinolin and Benzohydrazide. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100610. [PMID: 35083851 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of chalcone derivatives (3a-3m) containing 4-phenylquinoline and benzohydrazide were designed and synthesized, and their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidepressant activities were evaluated. Using the classic antidepressant model, except for compounds 3a and 3d, 11 compounds all showed certain antidepressant activity at a dose of 100 mg/kg, among which compounds 3f, 3h, and 3m showed good antidepressant activity (inhibition rate, respectively 63.0 %, 73.2 %, and 76.4 %), which was equivalent to the positive control fluoxetine (inhibition rate of 70.0 %). Secondly, the inhibitory activity of these compounds on mouse MAOA was evaluated. At 10 mM, compounds 3f and 3j showed a certain selective inhibitory effect on mouse MAOA , while compounds 3b, 3d, 3g, 3i, and 3m had a good inhibitory effect on mouse MAOA (inhibition rate is 42.3-71.4 %). The mouse ear edema model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 3a-3m. At 30 mg/kg, compounds 3b, 3c, 3e, 3f, 3g, and 3m showed certain anti-inflammatory effects (inhibition rate of 51.5-99.9 %), which was equivalent to the positive control indomethacin (inhibition rate of 69.7 %). Results of the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test showed that, at 30 mg/kg, excepted for compounds 3a, 3b and 3d, all the other 10 compounds can show certain analgesic activity (inhibition rate 67-99.9 %). The use of Auto dock Vina (simina) to simulate molecular target docking shows that the development of quinoline and benzohydrazide groups is of great significance to MAOA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Wan Tan
- Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316022, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ya He
- Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316022, P. R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhang
- Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316022, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Wen He
- Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316022, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Liu
- Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316022, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316022, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Guan
- Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316022, P. R. China
| | - Si-Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Jilin Yanji, 133000, P. R. China
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Romeo I, Vallarino G, Turrini F, Roggeri A, Olivero G, Boggia R, Alcaro S, Costa G, Pittaluga A. Presynaptic Release-Regulating Alpha2 Autoreceptors: Potential Molecular Target for Ellagic Acid Nutraceutical Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1759. [PMID: 34829630 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol ellagic acid (EA) possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic and cardio protection activities, making it an interesting multi-targeting profile. EA also controls the central nervous system (CNS), since it was proven to reduce the immobility time of mice in both the forced swimming and the tail-suspension tests, with an efficiency comparable to that of classic antidepressants. Interestingly, the anti-depressant-like effect was almost nulled by the concomitant administration of selective antagonists of the noradrenergic receptors, suggesting the involvement of these cellular targets in the central effects elicited by EA and its derivatives. By in silico and in vitro studies, we discuss how EA engages with human α2A-ARs and α2C-AR catalytic pockets, comparing EA behaviour with that of known agonists and antagonists. Structurally, the hydrophobic residues surrounding the α2A-AR pocket confer specificity on the intermolecular interactions and hence lead to favourable binding of EA in the α2A-AR, with respect to α2C-AR. Moreover, EA seems to better accommodate within α2A-ARs into the TM5 area, close to S200 and S204, which play a crucial role for activation of aminergic GPCRs such as the α2-AR, highlighting its promising role as a partial agonist. Consistently, EA mimics clonidine in inhibiting noradrenaline exocytosis from hippocampal nerve endings in a yohimbine-sensitive fashion that confirms the engagement of naïve α2-ARs in the EA-mediated effect.
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Szopa A, Bogatko K, Herbet M, Serefko A, Ostrowska M, Wośko S, Świąder K, Szewczyk B, Wlaź A, Skałecki P, Wróbel A, Mandziuk S, Pochodyła A, Kudela A, Dudka J, Radziwoń-Zaleska M, Wlaź P, Poleszak E. The Interaction of Selective A1 and A2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonists with Magnesium and Zinc Ions in Mice: Behavioural, Biochemical and Molecular Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041840. [PMID: 33673282 PMCID: PMC7918707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the co-administration of Mg2+ and Zn2+ with selective A1 and A2A receptor antagonists might be an interesting antidepressant strategy. Forced swim, tail suspension, and spontaneous locomotor motility tests in mice were performed. Further, biochemical and molecular studies were conducted. The obtained results indicate the interaction of DPCPX and istradefylline with Mg2+ and Zn2+ manifested in an antidepressant-like effect. The reduction of the BDNF serum level after co-administration of DPCPX and istradefylline with Mg2+ and Zn2+ was noted. Additionally, Mg2+ or Zn2+, both alone and in combination with DPCPX or istradefylline, causes changes in Adora1 expression, DPCPX or istradefylline co-administered with Zn2+ increases Slc6a15 expression as compared to a single-drug treatment, co-administration of tested agents does not have a more favourable effect on Comt expression. Moreover, the changes obtained in Ogg1, MsrA, Nrf2 expression show that DPCPX-Mg2+, DPCPX-Zn2+, istradefylline-Mg2+ and istradefylline-Zn2+ co-treatment may have greater antioxidant capacity benefits than administration of DPCPX and istradefylline alone. It seems plausible that a combination of selective A1 as well as an A2A receptor antagonist and magnesium or zinc may be a new antidepressant therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szopa
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (K.B.); (A.S.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Karolina Bogatko
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (K.B.); (A.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Mariola Herbet
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (M.O.); (A.K.) (J.D.)
| | - Anna Serefko
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (K.B.); (A.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Marta Ostrowska
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (M.O.); (A.K.) (J.D.)
| | - Sylwia Wośko
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (K.B.); (A.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Świąder
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (K.Ś.); (A.P.)
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smętna Street, PL 31–343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Wlaź
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewskiego Street, PL 20–090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piotr Skałecki
- Department of Commodity Science and Processing of Raw Animal Materials, University of Life Sciences, 13 Akademicka Street, PL 20–950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Wróbel
- Second Department of Gynecology, 8 Jaczewskiego Street, PL 20–090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Mandziuk
- Department of Pneumology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewskiego Street, PL 20–090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Pochodyła
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (K.Ś.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Kudela
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (M.O.); (A.K.) (J.D.)
| | - Jarosław Dudka
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.); (M.O.); (A.K.) (J.D.)
| | - Maria Radziwoń-Zaleska
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 27 Nowowiejska Street, PL 00–665 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie–Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20–033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Poleszak
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, PL 20–093 Lublin, Poland; (K.B.); (A.S.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (E.P.)
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Yuan ZY, Li ZY, Zhao HQ, Gao C, Xiao MW, Jiang XM, Zhu JP, Huang HY, Xu GM, Xie MZ. Effects of different drying methods on the chemical constituents of Lilium lancifolium Thunb. based on UHPLC-MS analysis and antidepressant activity of the main chemical component regaloside A. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:992-1004. [PMID: 33352011 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Lilium lancifolium Thunb. is a herb with multiple functions in both medicine and food in China, and its extracts have shown antidepressant effects. In this study, fresh bulbs of Lilium lancifolium Thunb. were processed to study the effects of different drying processes on changes in its main chemical components. We found that different drying methods can affect the chemical constituents of the herb. Among these components, Regaloside A has been found as the characteristic component. Here, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and Western blotting were used to evaluate the neuroprotective antidepressant effects of Regaloside A. The results showed the cell survival rate was improved, the phosphorylation levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tyrosine kinase receptor B, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, protein kinase B, and mammalian target of rapamycin were increased after Regaloside A treatment. In general, different drying methods have a significant influence on the chemical composition of the herb, and Regaloside A may be the main chemical component of the herb. It can alleviate the damage of corticosterone in SH-SY5Y cells, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase receptor B may play an important role in the neuroprotective antidepressant effects of Regaloside A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ying Yuan
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P. R. China.,Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Yi Li
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Qing Zhao
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Gao
- Hunan Agricultural Products Processing Institute, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Wu Xiao
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P. R. China
| | | | - Jian-Ping Zhu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Yong Huang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Ming Xu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P. R. China.,Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Zhou Xie
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of TCM Heart and Lung Syndrome Differentiation & Medicated Diet and Dietotherapy, Changsha, P. R. China
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10
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Sharma H, Chawla PA, Bhatia R. 1,3,5-Pyrazoline Derivatives in CNS Disorders: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Structural Insights through Molecular Docking. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:448-465. [PMID: 32811418 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319999200818182249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety and oxidative stress are the common disorders prevailing in the modern age. Many new pyrazoline derivatives have been synthesized and patented, but there is still continuous research in progress to explore antidepressant and antioxidant potential of pyrazoline scaffold. OBJECTIVES The present work was carried out to synthesize, characterize and evaluate the pharmacological potential of 1,3,5-Pyrazoline derivatives. METHODS Ten new 1,3,5-Pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized and characterized by IR, 1HNMR and mass spectral techniques. The synthesized pyrazoline derivatives were investigated for their in vivo antidepressant activity by Tail Suspension Test (TST) and in vitro antioxidant activity by FRAP and DPPH assay methods. The docking studies and in silico ADME and toxicity characteristics were also evaluated. RESULTS Among the synthesized analogues, IVh showed the highest antidepressant activity with a significant reduction in the duration of immobility. The compound IVh emerged as the most potent antioxidant compound due to the presence of an electron releasing hydroxyl group. Docking studies of most potent compounds revealed good interaction points with the MAO-A enzyme. The compounds were found to obey Lipinski's Rule of Five and displayed the least in silico toxicity profile. CONCLUSION The synthesized compounds were found to possess great potential in decreasing the duration of immobility in Swiss albino mice and scavenging free radicals. These compounds may serve as new leads for further drug exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology
and Management, Lucknow-226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology
and Management, Lucknow-226028, Uttar Pradesh, India,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
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11
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Kerzare DR, Menghani SS, Rarokar NR, Khedekar PB. Development of novel indole-linked pyrazoles as anticonvulsant agents: A molecular hybridization approach. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 354:e2000100. [PMID: 32909304 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-{2-[1-acetyl-5-(substitutedphenyl)-4,5-dihydropyrazol-3-yl]hydrazinylidene}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-ones 24-43 was synthesized using an appropriate synthetic route and evaluated experimentally by the maximal electroshock test. These compounds were evaluated for antidepressant and antianxiety activities. The most active compound, 3-{2-[1-acetyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydropyrazol-3-yl]hydrazinylidene}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one 25, exhibited an ED50 of 13.19 mmol/kg, a TD50 of 43.49 mmol/kg, and a high protective index of 3.29, compared with the standard drug diazepam. To get insights into the intermolecular interactions, molecular docking studies were performed at the active site of the GABAA receptor and the MAO-A enzyme. Molecular docking studies are also in agreement with the pharmacological evaluation with potent compounds, exhibiting docking scores of -1.5180 and 0.7458 for the GABAA receptor and MAO-A, respectively. The 3D-QSAR analysis was carried out by Vlife MDS engine 4.3.1, and a statistically reliable model with good predictive power (r2 = 0.7523, q2 = 0.3773) was achieved. The 3D-QSAR plots gave insights into the structure-activity relationship of these compounds, which may aid in the design of potent benzopyrrole derivatives as anticonvulsant agents. So, our research can make a great impact on those medicinal chemists who work on the development of anticonvulsant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deweshri R Kerzare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kamla Nehru College of Pharmacy, Butibori, Nagpur, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Sunil S Menghani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Yenepoya Pharmacy College and Research Centre Yenepoya, Derlakatte, Mangalore, India
| | - Nilesh R Rarokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Pramod B Khedekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
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12
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Rakib A, Ahmed S, Islam MA, Uddin MMN, Paul A, Chy MNU, Emran TB, Seidel V. Pharmacological studies on the antinociceptive, anxiolytic and antidepressant activity of Tinospora crispa. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2978-2984. [PMID: 32430999 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological studies were performed in mice on the methanol extract of Tinospora crispa (TC), and of its hexane (HF) and chloroform (CF) fractions. Significant antinociceptive activity was observed for TC, HF, and CF in the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking tests. Anxiolytic and antidepressant activities were assessed using the open field, hole board, and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. TC, HF, and CF demonstrated a significant decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity. They also showed an increase in the number of head-dippings in the hole-board test, suggesting decreased fearfulness. TC, and most of its fractions, showed a significant increase of the time spent in the opened arm of the EPM, indicating reduced anxiety. This study provides some support to explain the traditional use of T. crispa as a remedy for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashiqul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mir Muhammad Nasir Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Arkajyoti Paul
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong, Bangladesh.,Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazim Uddin Chy
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong, Bangladesh.,Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Laboratories, Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong, Bangladesh.,Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Veronique Seidel
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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AlHussain F, AlRuthia Y, Al-Mandeel H, Bellahwal A, Alharbi F, Almogbel Y, Awwad O, Dala'een R, Alharbi FA. Metformin Improves the Depression Symptoms of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in a Lifestyle Modification Program. Patient Prefer Adherence 2020; 14:737-746. [PMID: 32346286 PMCID: PMC7167265 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s244273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin is commonly prescribed to manage polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is one of the most common endocrine disorders among women of childbearing age and is associated with high prevalence rates of depression and anxiety. OBJECTIVE This study's objective was to determine the impact of prescribed metformin on depression and anxiety levels of patients with PCOS. METHODS This prospective, multi-center, cohort study examined the impact of prescribed metformin on the depression and anxiety of women with PCOS in four gynecology clinics in Saudi Arabia and Jordan. The women had recently been prescribed metformin along with lifestyle modifications, such as diet and exercise, and were compared to another group of women with PCOS who were prescribed lifestyle modifications only. Depression and anxiety were assessed at baseline and three months later using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale, respectively. Health-related quality of life was measured using the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the impact of metformin on depression and anxiety. RESULTS Eighty-six women participated in the study: 53 were prescribed metformin with lifestyle modifications, and 33 were prescribed lifestyle modifications only. The women on metformin had 70% lower odds of having major depression (PHQ-9≥10) (OR=0.302, P=0.045); however, no significant effect of metformin on anxiety (GAD-7≥10) was found. CONCLUSION Metformin may have a role in the management of depression symptoms among patients with PCOS; however, its potential antidepressant effect should be further examined in randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah AlHussain
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Drug Pricing, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazed AlRuthia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacoeconomics Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Yazed AlRuthia Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaTel +996 114677483Fax +966 114677480 Email
| | - Hazem Al-Mandeel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Bellahwal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadia Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Almogbel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oriana Awwad
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Roua Dala'een
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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14
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Thakare VN, Patil RR, Oswal RJ, Dhakane VD, Aswar MK, Patel BM. Therapeutic potential of silymarin in chronic unpredictable mild stress induced depressive-like behavior in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:223-235. [PMID: 29215318 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117742666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin, a plant-derived polyphenolic flavonoid of Silybum marianum, elicited significant antidepressant-like activity in an acute restraint stress model of depression. It improved monoamines, mainly 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in the cortex, dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) in the cerebellum in mice. The present study was undertaken to explore the antidepressant potential of silymarin in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) induced depressive-like behavior in mice, and to find out its probable mechanism(s) of action, mainly neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, and/or oxidative stress. The mice were subjected to CUMS for 28 days (4 weeks) and administered with silymarin (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg), or fluoxetine or vehicle from days 8 to 28 (3 weeks simultaneously). Animals were evaluated for behavioral changes, such as anhedonia by sucrose preference test, behavioral despair by forced swim test, and exploratory behaviors by an open field test. In addition, neurobiochemical alterations, mainly monoamines, 5-HT, NE, DA, neurotrophic factor BDNF, and cytokines, IL-6, TNF-α, oxidant-antioxidant parameters by determining the malondialdehyde formation (an index of lipid peroxidation process), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity in hippocampus and cerebral cortex along with serum corticosterone were investigated. Our findings reveal that mice subjected to CUMS exhibited lower sucrose preference, increase immobility time without affecting general locomotion of the animals, and reduce BDNF, 5-HT, NE, and DA level, increased serum corticosterone, IL-6 and TNF-α along with an oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Silymarin significantly reversed the CUMS-induced changes in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex in mice. Thus, the possible mechanism involved in the antidepressant-like activity of silymarin is correlated to the alleviation of monoaminergic, neurogenesis (enhancing 5-HT, NE, and BDNF levels), and attenuation of inflammatory cytokines system and oxidative stress by modulation of corticosterone response, restoration of antioxidant defense system in cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu N Thakare
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lonavala, India.,4 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rajesh R Patil
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lonavala, India
| | - Rajesh J Oswal
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lonavala, India
| | | | - Manoj K Aswar
- 3 Department of Pharmacology, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Nerhe, Pune, India
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- 4 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
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15
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Evranos-Aksoz B, Ucar G, Tas ST, Aksoz E, Yelekci K, Erikci A, Sara Y, Iskit AB. New Human Monoamine Oxidase A Inhibitors with Potential Anti- Depressant Activity: Design, Synthesis, Biological Screening and Evaluation of Pharmacological Activity. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2017; 20:461-473. [PMID: 28474547 DOI: 10.2174/1386207320666170504113158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE Depression is a momentous disease that can greatly reduce the quality of life and cause death. In depression, neurotransmitter levels such as serotonine, dopamine and noradrenaline are impaired. Monoamine oxidases (MAO) are responsible for oxidative catalysis of these monoamine neurotransmitters. Because of this relation, MAO-A inhibitors show antidepressant activity by regulating neurotransmitter levels. This study was carried out to investigate the design, synthesis and activity of new antidepressant compounds in pyrazoline and hydrazone structure. MATERIAL AND METHOD Chalcones and hydrazides were heated under reflux to give new pyrazoline and hydrazone derivatives. Docking simulations were performed using AutoDock4.2. hMAO activities were determined by a fluorimetric method. To determine cell viability, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used. Behavioral activities of the three compounds were determined by using Forced Swim Test, Step-Through Passive Avoidance Test, Elevated Plus Maze and Open Field Arena Tests. RESULTS According to in vitro tests, all of the synthesized compounds were found more potent than moclobemide and six of the synthesized compounds were found more selective than moclobemide. Three of the synthesized compounds were investigated for their behavioral activities comparing with moclobemide after 7 days of i.p. treatment at 30 mg/kg. One of the three compounds elicited significant antidepressant properties. CONCLUSION All of the synthesized compounds were found potent hMAO-A inhibitors in in vitro screening tests. Only one of the in vivo tested three compounds, (3-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-5- p-tolyl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)(pyridin-4-yl) methanone indicated significant antidepressant activity. This article opens a window for further development of new pyrazoline and hydrazone derivatives as antidepressant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begum Evranos-Aksoz
- Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Analyses and Control Laboratories, Sıhhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulberk Ucar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sıhhıye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sadik Taskin Tas
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Altindag, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Erkan Aksoz
- Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Analyses and Control Laboratories, Sıhhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kemal Yelekci
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics (Head) Cibali Campus, Kadir Has University, Fatih 34083, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Acelya Erikci
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sıhhıye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yildirim Sara
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Altindag, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Alper Bektas Iskit
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Altindag, Ankara 06100, Turkey
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16
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Siddiqui PJA, Khan A, Uddin N, Khaliq S, Rasheed M, Nawaz S, Hanif M, Dar A. Antidepressant-like deliverables from the sea: evidence on the efficacy of three different brown seaweeds via involvement of monoaminergic system. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1369-1378. [PMID: 28406051 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1313697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brown seaweeds exhibit several health benefits in treating and managing wide array of ailments. In this study, the antidepressant-like effect of methaolic extracts from Sargassum swartzii (SS), Stoechospermum marginatum (SM), and Nizamuddinia zanardinii (NZ) was examined in forced swimming test (FST), in rats. Oral administration of SS, SM, and NZ extract (30-60 mg/kg) exhibited antidepressant-like activity in FST by reducing immobility time as compared to control group, without inducing significant change in ambulatory behavior in open field test. In order to evaluate the involvement of monoaminergic system, rats were pretreated with the inhibitor of brain serotonin stores p-chlorophenylalanin (PCPA), dopamine (SCH23390 and sulpiride), and adrenoceptor (prazosin and propranolol) antagonists. Rats receiving treatment for 28 days were decapitated and brains were analyzed for monoamine levels. It may be concluded that the extracts of SS, SM, and NZ produces antidepressant-like activity via modulation of brain monoaminergic system in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adnan Khan
- a Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
- b Karachi Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (KIRAN) , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Nizam Uddin
- a Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
- e Batterje Medical College for Science & Technology , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Saima Khaliq
- c Department of Biochemistry , Federal Urdu University , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Munawwer Rasheed
- a Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Shazia Nawaz
- c Department of Biochemistry , Federal Urdu University , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- b Karachi Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (KIRAN) , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Ahsana Dar
- d International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
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17
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Ghabrash MF, Comai S, Tabaka J, Saint-Laurent M, Booij L, Gobbi G. Valproate augmentation in a subgroup of patients with treatment-resistant unipolar depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016; 17:165-70. [PMID: 26444701 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1073856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES About 50% of patients with unipolar depression suffer from treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Animal studies have suggested potential antidepressant properties of valproate (VPA) possibly due to its implication in epigenetic programming. METHODS Fourteen TRD patients (seven males and seven females; age 19-59) received VPA (375-1000 mg/day) in addition to their treatment regimen after previously failing to respond to two or more antidepressant trials and/or different combinations. Clinical response to VPA was investigated prior the treatment (T-0) and after 1 (T-1), 4 (T-4) and 7 (T-7) months of therapy using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI). RESULTS Compared to T-0, VPA significantly decreased MADRS score at T-1 (P < 0.001), T-4 (P < 0.001) and T-7 (P < 0.001) (partial η(2)=0.86). Importantly, MADRS score at T-7 (13.6 ± 1.6, mean ± SEM) was closer to the reported value of remission (MADRS <10), and none of the patients relapsed during the observational period. Compared to T-0, VPA also decreased CGI-Severity of illness score at T-1 (p = 0.03), T-4 (p < 0.001) and T-7 (p < 0.001) (partial η(2) = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS Antidepressant augmentation with VPA provided substantial clinical improvement and maintenance over a relatively long-term period in a subgroup of patients with severe TRD. VPA thus deserves further exploration in large double-blind clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel F Ghabrash
- a Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry , McGill University Health Center, McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Mood Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry , McGill University Health Center, McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Stefano Comai
- a Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry , McGill University Health Center, McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - John Tabaka
- a Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry , McGill University Health Center, McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Mood Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry , McGill University Health Center, McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Marie Saint-Laurent
- b Mood Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry , McGill University Health Center, McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- c Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center & University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC., Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montréal, and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- a Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry , McGill University Health Center, McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Mood Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry , McGill University Health Center, McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
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18
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Chilmonczyk Z, Bojarski AJ, Pilc A, Sylte I. Functional Selectivity and Antidepressant Activity of Serotonin 1A Receptor Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:18474-506. [PMID: 26262615 PMCID: PMC4581256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160818474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays an important role in physiological functions. 5-HT has been implicated in sleep, feeding, sexual behavior, temperature regulation, pain, and cognition as well as in pathological states including disorders connected to mood, anxiety, psychosis and pain. 5-HT1A receptors have for a long time been considered as an interesting target for the action of antidepressant drugs. It was postulated that postsynaptic 5-HT1A agonists could form a new class of antidepressant drugs, and mixed 5-HT1A receptor ligands/serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitors seem to possess an interesting pharmacological profile. It should, however, be noted that 5-HT1A receptors can activate several different biochemical pathways and signal through both G protein-dependent and G protein-independent pathways. The variables that affect the multiplicity of 5-HT1A receptor signaling pathways would thus result from the summation of effects specific to the host cell milieu. Moreover, receptor trafficking appears different at pre- and postsynaptic sites. It should also be noted that the 5-HT1A receptor cooperates with other signal transduction systems (like the 5-HT1B or 5-HT2A/2B/2C receptors, the GABAergic and the glutaminergic systems), which also contribute to its antidepressant and/or anxiolytic activity. Thus identifying brain specific molecular targets for 5-HT1A receptor ligands may result in a better targeting, raising a hope for more effective medicines for various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdzisław Chilmonczyk
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland.
- Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Rzeszów, W. Kopisto 2A, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Jacek Bojarski
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Pilc
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, No-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Rane RA, Napahde S, Bangalore PK, Sahu NU, Shah N, Kulkarni YA, Barve K, Lokare L, Karpoormath R. Synthesis and evaluation of novel marine bromopyrrole alkaloid-based derivatives as potential antidepressant agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:593-602. [PMID: 24797717 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report synthesis and screening of a series of twenty derivatives of bromopyrrole alkaloids with aroyl hydrazone feature for antidepressant activity by forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and actophotometer method. The molecules were further evaluated for in vitro human MAO's inhibitory activities. The tested compounds exhibited moderate to good antidepressant activity compared with standard fluoxetine. Among these, most promising antidepressant derivatives 5b (%DID = 60.48), 5e (%DID = 59), and 5j (%DID = 74.86) reduced immobility duration of 50-70% at 30 mg/kg dose levels in FST. Further, derivative 5b, 5e, and 5j displayed good antidepressant activity with %DID value of 47.50, 46.62, and 52.49, respectively, in TST compared with standard fluoxetine (66.56% DID). Compound 5b showed high in vitro MAO-A potency and selectivity (Ki MAO-A (μM) = 2.4 ± 0.99, SI = 0.06) with promising pharmacological activity recognizing its potential as antidepressant lead candidate for further drug development. Study revealed that the presence of halogen atoms such as chlorine and fluorine at ortho- and/or para-position of phenyl ring and N-alkylation of pyrrole core is favored features for antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh A Rane
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Seredenin S, Voronina T, Gudasheva T, Garibova T, Molodavkin G, Litvinova S, Elizarova E, Poseva V. Antidepressant Effect of Dimeric Dipeptide GSB-106, an Original Low-Molecular-Weight Mimetic of BDNF. Acta Naturae 2013; 5:105-9. [PMID: 24455189 PMCID: PMC3890995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A large amount of clinical and experimental data suggest the involvement of neurotrophins, in particular the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in depression pathogenesis. However, the therapeutic use of BDNF is limited because of its instability in biological fluids, poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and the presence of side effects. A low-molecular-weight mimetic GSB-106, which is a substituted dimeric dipeptide bis(N-monosuccinyl-L-seryl-L-lysine)hexamethylenediamide, was designed and synthesized based on the BDNF fourth loop structure at the V.V. Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology (RAMS). GSB-106 was found to exhibit an antidepressant activity in various models of depressive-like state when administered intraperitoneally to outbred mice and rats. An effect for the substance, when administered daily for 4-5 days, was detected in the Porsolt forced swimming test (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) and in the tail suspension test in mice (1.0 and 1.5 mg/ kg). An effect for GSB-106 at doses of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg was observed after a single application in experiments on rats in the Nomura water wheel test. The obtained evidence supports the hypothesis on the involvement of BDNF in the pathogenesis of various depression conditions, thus opening prospects for searching for new original antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.B. Seredenin
- V.V.Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Baltiyskaya Str., 8, Moscow, Russia, 125315
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Kumar D, Sharma VK, Kumar R, Singh T, Singh H, Singh AD, Roy R. Design, synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of some new 5,7-dibromoisatin semicarbazone derivatives. EXCLI J 2013; 12:628-40. [PMID: 26609284 PMCID: PMC4657530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5,7-dibromoisatin semicarbazones have been synthesized in good yield, involving aryl urea and aryl semicarbazide formation. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of their spectral data. All the compounds were evaluated for anticonvulsant and CNS depressant activities. Anticonvulsant activity was determined after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration to mice by maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizure method and minimal motor impairment was determined by rotarod test. A computational study was carried out for prediction of pharmacokinetic properties and making them potentially promising agents for the treatment of epilepsy. Compounds (Z)-1-(5,7-dibromo-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)semicarbazide (DH-05), (Z)-1-(5,7-dibromo-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)semicarbazide (DH-11) and (Z)-1-(5,7-dibromo-1-methyl-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)semicarbazide (DH-12) exhibited prominent anticonvulsant effect in the series with little or no neurotoxicity and little CNS depressant effect as compared to standard drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Kumar
- Dr. K. N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Inside Cotton Mill Compound, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Pin-201201, U. P., India
| | - Vijay Kumar Sharma
- Dr. K. N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Inside Cotton Mill Compound, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Pin-201201, U. P., India
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Dr. K. N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Inside Cotton Mill Compound, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Pin-201201, U. P., India,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Rajeev Kumar, Dr. K. N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Inside Cotton Mill Compound, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Pin-201201, U. P., India; Phone No.: +91-9528204982, +91-9045217932, E-mail:
| | - Tejendra Singh
- Dr. K. N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Inside Cotton Mill Compound, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Pin-201201, U. P., India
| | - Hariram Singh
- Dr. K. N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Inside Cotton Mill Compound, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Pin-201201, U. P., India
| | - Amar Deep Singh
- Dr. K. N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Inside Cotton Mill Compound, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Pin-201201, U. P., India
| | - R.K. Roy
- Dr. K. N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Inside Cotton Mill Compound, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Pin-201201, U. P., India
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Youdim MBH. Multi target neuroprotective and neurorestorative anti-Parkinson and anti-Alzheimer drugs ladostigil and m30 derived from rasagiline. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:1-10. [PMID: 23585716 PMCID: PMC3620452 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Present anti-PD and -AD drugs have limited symptomatic activity and devoid of neuroprotective and neurorestorative property that is needed for disease modifying action. The complex pathology of PD and AD led us to develop several multi-target neuroprotective and neurorestorative drugs with several CNS targets with the ability for possible disease modifying activity. Employing the pharmacophore of our anti-parkinson drug rasagiline (Azilect, N-propagrgyl-1-R-aminoindan), we have developed a series of novel multi-functional neuroprotective drugs (A) [TV-3326 (N-propargyl-3R-aminoindan-5yl)-ethyl methylcarbamate)], with both cholinesterase-butyrylesterase and brain selective monoamine-oxidase (MAO) A/B inhibitory activities and (B) the iron chelator-radical scavenging-brain selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) A/B inhibitor and M30 possessing the neuroprotective and neurorescuing propargyl moiety of rasagiline, as potential treatment of AD, DLB and PD with dementia. Another series of multi-target drugs (M30, HLA-20 series) which are brain permeable iron chelators and potent selective brain MAO inhibitors were also developed. These series of drugs have the ability of regulating and processing amyloid precursor protein (APP) since APP and alpha-synuclein are metaloproteins (iron-regulated proteins), with an iron responsive element 5"UTR mRNA similar to transferring and ferritin. Ladostigil inhibits brain acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase in rats after oral doses. After chronic but not acute treatment, it inhibits MAO-A and -B in the brain. Ladostigil acts like an anti-depressant in the forced swim test in rats, indicating a potential for anti-depressant activity. Ladostigil prevents the destruction of nigrostriatal neurons induced by infusion of neurotoxin MPTP in mice. The propargylamine moiety of ladostigil confers neuroprotective activity against cytotoxicity induced by ischemia and peroxynitrite in cultured neuronal cells. The multi-target iron chelator M30 has all the properties of ladostigil and similar neuroprotective activity to ladostigil, but is not a ChE inhibitor. M30 has a neurorestorative activity in post-lesion of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in MPTP, lacatcystin and 6-hydroxydopamine animal models of PD. The neurorestorative activity is related to the ability of the drug to activate hypoxia inducing factor (HIF) which induces the production of such neurotrophins as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin as well as glia-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). The unique multiple actions of ladostigil and M30 make the potentially useful drugs for the treatment of dementia with Parkinsonian-like symptoms and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa B H Youdim
- Technion Rappaort Faculty of Medicine, Eve Topf and NPF Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Haifa, Haifa 30196, Israel. ; Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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