[Comparative economic evaluation of renal replacement therapies in Argentina, Costa Rica, and UruguayAvaliação econômica comparativa de terapias de substituição renal na Argentina, na Costa Rica e no Uruguai]

Objetivo.

Evaluar las diferencias de costos y prevalencia de las terapias de remplazo renal (TRR) como el trasplante, la diálisis peritoneal y la hemodiálisis en Argentina, Costa Rica y Uruguay, mediante estrategias costo-efectivas de difusión.

Métodos.

Costos y prevalencia de principales financiadores y prestadores por país, y análisis de costo-efectividad mediante modelo de Markov a 5 años, evaluando estrategias de asignación de recursos expresadas por razón incremental de costo-efectividad en costo por año de vida ajustado por calidad.

Resultados.

Se observa dispersión entre los países en el acceso y los valores prestacionales de TRR, que afectan su prevalencia y el punto de equilibrio monetario. Desde el punto de vista de los costos, es más eficiente promover la realización de trasplantes y de diálisis peritoneal, y desalentar la indicación de hemodiálisis, aunque la disponibilidad de cada TRR por país requirió evaluaciones particulares.

Conclusiones.

Promover la realización de trasplantes ahorra costos, aunque los puntos de equilibrio variables requieren determinar diferentes umbrales de costo-efectividad por país. En Argentina y Uruguay, la administración de TRR mejoraría su eficiencia si se aumentan la cantidad de pacientes en diálisis peritoneal y las tasas de donación para trasplantes. En Costa Rica (donde hay tasas elevadas de trasplantes y margen presupuestario), la incorporación de técnicas dialíticas se ajusta por demanda e incidencia de pacientes con ERCT.

Strengthening and implementing health technology assessment and the decision-making process in the Region of the Americas

Objective.

Health technology assessment (HTA) has been adopted by countries in order to improve allocative efficiency in their health systems. This study aimed to describe and analyze the HTA decision-making process in the Region of the Americas.

Methods.

A literature review was done to better understand the HTA situation in the Region. Also, in 2014 and 2015, individuals responsible for conducting HTA in countries of the Americas were identified and received a questionnaire on HTA and the decision-making process.

Results.

A total of 46 questionnaire responses were obtained, from 30 countries. The respondents were similar in terms of their institutions, main funding sources, and technology types assessed. Of the 46 respondents, 23 (50%) work for their respective ministry of health. Also, 36 (78%) undertake and/or coordinate HTA through coverage and reimbursement/pricing decisions and other HTA-related activities, while 24 (52%) use HTA for emerging technologies. While some countries in the Region have created formal HTA units, there is a weak link between the HTA process and decision-making. Most of the countries with recognized HTA institutions are members of the Health Technology Assessment Network of the Americas (RedETSA). Despite the advances in the Region overall, most countries in Central America and the Caribbean are still at the early stages of implementing HTA to support decision-making.

Conclusions.

Many countries in the Americas have benefited from the exchange and capacity-building opportunities within RedETSA. However, there are still many challenges to overcome in the Region in terms of the discussion and creation of HTA-related policies.

Health technology assessment process of a cardiovascular medical device in four different settings

AIM

Health technology assessment (HTA) is a tool to help the decision-making process. The aim is to describe methods and processes used in the reimbursement decision making for drug-eluting stents (DES) in four different settings.

METHODS

DES as a technology under study was selected according to different criteria, all of them agreed by a working group. A survey of key informants was designed.

RESULTS

DES was evaluated following well-structured HTA processes. Nonetheless, scope for improvement was observed in relation to the data considered for the final decision, the transparency and inclusiveness of the process as well as in the methods employed.

CONCLUSION

An attempt to describe the HTA processes of a well-known medical device.

Adoption of the HPV vaccine: a case study of three emerging countries

Background: The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has recently attracted considerable attention in emerging countries, due to its potential to reduce the impact of HPV-related diseases. This case study sheds new light about the variety of HTA arrangements, methods and processes involved in the adoption and use of HPV vaccines in a selected sample of central, eastern and southern Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean, all of them emerging in the use of HTA. Materials & Methods: A multi-country case study was designed. Mixed methods, document review, semi-structured surveys and personal communication with experts, were used for data collection and triangulation. Results: This study shows that common elements of good practice exist in the processes and methods used, with all countries arriving at the same appraisal recommendations. However, the influence of socio-politico-economic factors appears to be determinant on the final decisions and restrictions to access made. Conclusion: This case study intends to draw useful lessons for policymakers in emerging settings interested in the adoption of the HPV vaccine supported by evidence-informed processes, such as those offered by institutionalized HTA. Future studies are also recommended to elucidate the specific roles that social values and uncertainties play in vaccine decision-making across different societies.

Adoption of trastuzumab for breast cancer in four emerging countries in the use of health technology assessment: a case study

AIM

To describe processes for the adoption of trastuzumab in four countries in the use of health technology assessment (HTA): Poland, Albania, Brazil and Colombia.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Mixed methods were used for collection and triangulation of data. Data were examined following a conceptual framework connecting HTA process steps and key principles.

RESULTS

Trastuzumab was generally assessed following well-structured HTA processes. Nonetheless, areas of improvement were detected in terms of transparency and inclusiveness, as well as in methods used. The extent to which different criteria influenced decisions was unclear.

CONCLUSION

This study covers an area in which information may not always be available, and sets the example for emerging countries interested in HTA. Further studies to gain a better understanding on decision-making across settings are warranted.

[Regulation of medical devices in the Region of the Americas]

Objective To describe and analyze the current status of and the challenges involved in the regulation of medical devices in the Region of the Americas and to present the results of the regional mapping exercise, progress toward the development of advanced assessment indicators, and the achievements of the Regional Working Group. Methods Creating a regional profile on the regulation of medical devices in the Americas is a priority for the Working Group. To this end a tool composed of 45 questions organized into six sections was developed and distributed among 15 countries for self-assessment (the participation rate was 100%). Based on the data received, nine basic indicators were established and an agreement was reached to develop advanced indicators for measuring the extent to which regulatory programs for medical devices were being implemented. Results Of the 15 countries, 93% have an agency in charge of regulating medical devices. An analysis of individual country performance shows wide variability, with some countries meeting all indicators and others meeting as few as 11%. The mapping also made it possible to generate information on collaborative partnerships, training, and regulation. Conclusions The results show significant heterogeneity at the regional level. Implementation of advanced indicators will help to identify areas of opportunity and strengths for the development of the regulatory profile. Although progress has been made toward strengthening regulatory programs for medical devices, remaining gaps need to be bridged through strategies and initiatives to be led by the Working Group.