1
|
Melgar-Rodríguez S, Polanco A, Ríos-Muñoz J, García M, Sierra-Cristancho A, González-Osuna L, Díaz-Zúñiga J, Carvajal P, Vernal R, Bravo D. Differential Response of Human Dendritic Cells upon Stimulation with Encapsulated or Non-Encapsulated Isogenic Strains of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4510. [PMID: 38674095 PMCID: PMC11049913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During periodontitis, the extracellular capsule of Porphyromonas gingivalis favors alveolar bone loss by inducing Th1 and Th17 patterns of lymphocyte response in the infected periodontium. Dendritic cells recognize bacterial antigens and present them to T lymphocytes, defining their activation and polarization. Thus, dendritic cells could be involved in the Th1 and Th17 response induced against the P. gingivalis capsule. Herein, monocyte-derived dendritic cells were obtained from healthy individuals and then stimulated with different encapsulated strains of P. gingivalis or two non-encapsulated isogenic mutants. Dendritic cell differentiation and maturation were analyzed by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression levels for distinct Th1-, Th17-, or T-regulatory-related cytokines and transcription factors, as well as TLR2 and TLR4, were assessed by qPCR. In addition, the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, and TNF-α was analyzed by ELISA. The encapsulated strains and non-encapsulated mutants of P. gingivalis induced dendritic cell maturation to a similar extent; however, the pattern of dendritic cell response was different. In particular, the encapsulated strains of P. gingivalis induced higher expression of IRF4 and NOTCH2 and production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, and TNF-α compared with the non-encapsulated mutants, and thus, they showed an increased capacity to trigger Th1 and Th17-type responses in human dendritic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Melgar-Rodríguez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.M.-R.); (A.P.); (J.R.-M.); (M.G.); (A.S.-C.); (L.G.-O.); (J.D.-Z.); (P.C.)
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Alan Polanco
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.M.-R.); (A.P.); (J.R.-M.); (M.G.); (A.S.-C.); (L.G.-O.); (J.D.-Z.); (P.C.)
| | - Jearitza Ríos-Muñoz
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.M.-R.); (A.P.); (J.R.-M.); (M.G.); (A.S.-C.); (L.G.-O.); (J.D.-Z.); (P.C.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Michelle García
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.M.-R.); (A.P.); (J.R.-M.); (M.G.); (A.S.-C.); (L.G.-O.); (J.D.-Z.); (P.C.)
| | - Alfredo Sierra-Cristancho
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.M.-R.); (A.P.); (J.R.-M.); (M.G.); (A.S.-C.); (L.G.-O.); (J.D.-Z.); (P.C.)
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370035, Chile
| | - Luis González-Osuna
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.M.-R.); (A.P.); (J.R.-M.); (M.G.); (A.S.-C.); (L.G.-O.); (J.D.-Z.); (P.C.)
| | - Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.M.-R.); (A.P.); (J.R.-M.); (M.G.); (A.S.-C.); (L.G.-O.); (J.D.-Z.); (P.C.)
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Paola Carvajal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.M.-R.); (A.P.); (J.R.-M.); (M.G.); (A.S.-C.); (L.G.-O.); (J.D.-Z.); (P.C.)
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.M.-R.); (A.P.); (J.R.-M.); (M.G.); (A.S.-C.); (L.G.-O.); (J.D.-Z.); (P.C.)
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Denisse Bravo
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Microbianas, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370035, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marceliano-Alves MF, Amoroso-Silva P, Alves FRF, Soimu G, Provenzano JC, Campello AF, Duarte ML, Moreno JO, Sierra-Cristancho A, Calle JT, Rôças IN, Siqueira JF. Multipopulation evaluation of the internal morphology of mandibular first premolars from different South American countries. A micro-computed tomography study. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 156:105809. [PMID: 37832245 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare several anatomical parameters of mandibular first premolars from individuals from different Latin American countries using micro-computed tomography. DESIGN Five hundred extracted mandibular first premolars from Brazilian, Argentinian, Chilean, Colombian, and Ecuadorian individuals were scanned using micro-computed tomography (n = 100 teeth/country). Root canal configurations were classified according to established parameters. Analyses also included: canal volume and surface area, structure model index, distances from the apical foramen to the root apex or the cementoenamel junction, major/minor apical canal diameters, canal orifice shape, and prevalence of ramifications. RESULTS A single root was the most common anatomy in all countries (range, 97%-100%). Vertucci's type-I canal was the most frequent configuration (range, 36%-66%), followed by C-shaped and type-V canals. The oval-shaped canal orifice was the most predominant in all countries (range, 34%-58%), followed by the circular shape (range, 16%-47%). C-shaped canals occurred in all subpopulations (range, 14%-26%), always associated with radicular grooves. Ranges for canal ramifications were as follows: accessory canals, 36%-73%; lateral canals, 4%-12%; and apical delta, 4%-14% of the teeth. Many anatomic parameters differed significantly between countries (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Vertucci's types-I and -V, and C-shaped canals were the most prevalent configurations in the subpopulations investigated. Accessory canals and several complex anatomies were found, with some significantly different frequencies between countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Amoroso-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávio R F Alves
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Giuliana Soimu
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José C Provenzano
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea F Campello
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Jaime O Moreno
- Dental School, Santo Tomás University, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | | | | | - Isabela N Rôças
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sierra-Cristancho A, González-Osuna L, Balanta-Melo J, Cafferata EA, Rojas C, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Carvajal P, Vernal R. A micro-CT analysis of radicular dentine thickness in mandibular first premolars presenting C-shaped root canals: Identification of potential danger zones. Int Endod J 2022; 55:672-684. [PMID: 35344612 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the radicular dentine thickness in mandibular first premolars presenting C-shaped root canals, in order to identify the canal walls with less thickness as potential danger zones. In addition, to describe the internal and external anatomical characteristics of these teeth and to associate them to the dentine thickness. METHODOLOGY A total of 70 mandibular first premolars presenting C-shaped root canals were examined. Their internal morphology was analyzed using Vertucci´s and Fan´s criteria, and their external morphology was analyzed using the ASUDAS score. Besides, the dentine thickness around the root canals was two/three-dimensionally determined at five root planes and quantified in the distal and the mesial aspects. RESULTS According to Fan´s, ASUDAS, and Vertucci´s classifications, the most common canal configurations were category C3, grade 3, and type V, respectively. In Vertucci's type III anatomy, the mesial root wall of the lingual canal showed significantly less dentine thickness than the distal wall in the middle plane (p = 0.031). Similarly, in Vertucci's type V anatomy, significantly less dentine thickness was observed in the mesial root wall of the buccal and lingual canals in the middle plane (p < 0.001) and the buccal canal in the middle-apical plane (p = 0.014) than the distal root wall of these canals. In teeth with ASUDAS grade 3 and 4 scores, significantly less dentine thickness was observed in the mesial in comparison with the distal root wall of these canals. These differences were demonstrated in the middle and middle-apical planes (p < 0.001) of grade 3 teeth and the middle-apical plane (p < 0.001) of grade 4 teeth. In these root planes, the Ver1-AS3 and VerV-AS3 combinations presented a 4-times greater risk of presenting walls with a critical dentine thickness of 0.6 mm (OR=4, p = 0.025) than the combinations Ver1-AS2, VerV-AS2, VerV-AS4, and VerIII-AS3. CONCLUSIONS The root canal system configuration of mandibular first premolars with C-shaped canals showed a wide range of anatomical variations. The lowest dentine thickness was located in the mesial wall of the canals in the middle and apical root thirds of Vertucci´s type III and V anatomies and in teeth with deep radicular grooves scored as ASUDAS grade 3 and 4. In the middle and middle-apical planes, the presence of the combinations Ver1-AS3 and VerV-AS3 showed a high risk of presenting a critical dentine thickness of 0.6 mm. Therefore, these root canal walls with less dentine thickness represent potential instrumentation danger zones in mandibular first premolars with C-shaped canals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sierra-Cristancho
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - L González-Osuna
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Balanta-Melo
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - E A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima
| | - C Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Melgar-Rodríguez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Carvajal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
González-Osuna L, Sierra-Cristancho A, Cafferata EA, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Rojas C, Carvajal P, Cortez C, Vernal R. Senescent CD4 +CD28 - T Lymphocytes as a Potential Driver of Th17/Treg Imbalance and Alveolar Bone Resorption during Periodontitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052543. [PMID: 35269683 PMCID: PMC8910032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells express a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) with a pro-inflammatory bias, which contributes to the chronicity of inflammation. During chronic inflammatory diseases, infiltrating CD4+ T lymphocytes can undergo cellular senescence and arrest the surface expression of CD28, have a response biased towards T-helper type-17 (Th17) of immunity, and show a remarkable ability to induce osteoclastogenesis. As a cellular counterpart, T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs) can also undergo cellular senescence, and CD28− Tregs are able to express an SASP secretome, thus severely altering their immunosuppressive capacities. During periodontitis, the persistent microbial challenge and chronic inflammation favor the induction of cellular senescence. Therefore, senescence of Th17 and Treg lymphocytes could contribute to Th17/Treg imbalance and favor the tooth-supporting alveolar bone loss characteristic of the disease. In the present review, we describe the concept of cellular senescence; particularly, the one produced during chronic inflammation and persistent microbial antigen challenge. In addition, we detail the different markers used to identify senescent cells, proposing those specific to senescent T lymphocytes that can be used for periodontal research purposes. Finally, we discuss the existing literature that allows us to suggest the potential pathogenic role of senescent CD4+CD28− T lymphocytes in periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis González-Osuna
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (A.S.-C.); (E.A.C.); (S.M.-R.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.-O.); (R.V.)
| | - Alfredo Sierra-Cristancho
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (A.S.-C.); (E.A.C.); (S.M.-R.); (C.R.)
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370035, Chile
| | - Emilio A. Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (A.S.-C.); (E.A.C.); (S.M.-R.); (C.R.)
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 15067, Peru
| | - Samanta Melgar-Rodríguez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (A.S.-C.); (E.A.C.); (S.M.-R.); (C.R.)
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
| | - Carolina Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (A.S.-C.); (E.A.C.); (S.M.-R.); (C.R.)
| | - Paola Carvajal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
| | - Cristian Cortez
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile;
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (A.S.-C.); (E.A.C.); (S.M.-R.); (C.R.)
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
- Correspondence: (L.G.-O.); (R.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
González-Osuna L, Sierra-Cristancho A, Rojas C, Cafferata EA, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Cárdenas AM, Vernal R. Premature Senescence of T-cells Favors Bone Loss During Osteolytic Diseases. A New Concern in the Osteoimmunology Arena. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1150-1161. [PMID: 34341698 PMCID: PMC8279535 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a biological process triggered in response to time-accumulated DNA damage, which prioritizes cell survival over cell function. Particularly, senescent T lymphocytes can be generated prematurely during chronic inflammatory diseases regardless of chronological aging. These senescent T lymphocytes are characterized by the loss of CD28 expression, a co-stimulatory receptor that mediates antigen presentation and effective T-cell activation. An increased number of premature senescent CD4+CD28- T lymphocytes has been frequently observed in osteolytic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, osteopenia, osteoporosis, and osteomyelitis. Indeed, CD4+CD28- T lymphocytes produce higher levels of osteoclastogenic molecular mediators directly related to pathologic bone loss, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-17A, and receptor-activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), as compared with regular CD4+CD28+ T lymphocytes. In addition, premature senescent CD8+CD28- T lymphocytes have been negatively associated with bone healing and regeneration by inhibiting osteoblast differentiation and mesenchymal stromal cell survival. Therefore, accumulated evidence supports the role of senescent T lymphocytes in osteoimmunology. Moreover, premature senescence of T-cells seems to be associated with the functional imbalance between the osteolytic T-helper type-17 (Th17) and bone protective T regulatory (Treg) lymphocytes, as well as the phenotypic instability of Treg lymphocytes responsible for its trans-differentiation into RANKL-producing exFoxp3Th17 cells, a key cellular phenomenon directly related to bone loss. Herein, we present a framework for the understanding of the pathogenic characteristics of T lymphocytes with a premature senescent phenotype; and particularly, we revise and discuss their role in the osteoimmunology of osteolytic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis González-Osuna
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alfredo Sierra-Cristancho
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carolina Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Emilio A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú.
| | - Samanta Melgar-Rodríguez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Angélica M Cárdenas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Health Sciences Division, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rojas C, García MP, Polanco AF, González-Osuna L, Sierra-Cristancho A, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Cafferata EA, Vernal R. Humanized Mouse Models for the Study of Periodontitis: An Opportunity to Elucidate Unresolved Aspects of Its Immunopathogenesis and Analyze New Immunotherapeutic Strategies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:663328. [PMID: 34220811 PMCID: PMC8248545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an oral inflammatory disease in which the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis of the subgingival microbiota trigger a deregulated host immune response, that leads to the breakdown of tooth-supporting tissues and finally tooth loss. Periodontitis is characterized by the increased pathogenic activity of T helper type 17 (Th17) lymphocytes and defective immunoregulation mediated by phenotypically unstable T regulatory (Treg), lymphocytes, incapable of resolving the bone-resorbing inflammatory milieu. In this context, the complexity of the immune response orchestrated against the microbial challenge during periodontitis has made the study of its pathogenesis and therapy difficult and limited. Indeed, the ethical limitations that accompany human studies can lead to an insufficient etiopathogenic understanding of the disease and consequently, biased treatment decision-making. Alternatively, animal models allow us to manage these difficulties and give us the opportunity to partially emulate the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis by inoculating periodontopathogenic bacteria or by placing bacteria-accumulating ligatures around the teeth; however, these models still have limited translational application in humans. Accordingly, humanized animal models are able to emulate human-like complex networks of immune responses by engrafting human cells or tissues into specific strains of immunodeficient mice. Their characteristics enable a viable time window for the study of the establishment of a specific human immune response pattern in an in vivo setting and could be exploited for a wider study of the etiopathogenesis and/or treatment of periodontitis. For instance, the antigen-specific response of human dendritic cells against the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis favoring the Th17/Treg response has already been tested in humanized mice models. Hypothetically, the proper emulation of periodontal dysbiosis in a humanized animal could give insights into the subtle molecular characteristics of a human-like local and systemic immune response during periodontitis and support the design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Therefore, the aims of this review are: To elucidate how the microbiota-elicited immunopathogenesis of periodontitis can be potentially emulated in humanized mouse models, to highlight their advantages and limitations in comparison with the already available experimental periodontitis non-humanized animal models, and to discuss the potential translational application of using these models for periodontitis immunotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michelle P García
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alan F Polanco
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis González-Osuna
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Sierra-Cristancho
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samanta Melgar-Rodríguez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sierra-Cristancho A, González-Osuna L, Poblete D, Cafferata EA, Carvajal P, Lozano CP, Vernal R. Micro-tomographic characterization of the root and canal system morphology of mandibular first premolars in a Chilean population. Sci Rep 2021; 11:93. [PMID: 33420202 PMCID: PMC7794380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the root anatomy and root canal system morphology of mandibular first premolars in a Chilean population. 186 teeth were scanned using micro-computed tomography and reconstructed three-dimensionally. The root canal system morphology was classified using both Vertucci’s and Ahmed’s criteria. The radicular grooves were categorized using the ASUDAS system, and the presence of Tomes’ anomalous root was associated with Ahmed’s score. A single root canal was identified in 65.05% of teeth, being configuration type I according to Vertucci’s criteria and code 1MP1 according to Ahmed’s criteria. Radicular grooves were observed in 39.25% of teeth. The ASUDAS scores for radicular grooves were 60.75%, 13.98%, 12.36%, 10.22%, 2.15%, and 0.54%, from grade 0 to grade 5, respectively. The presence of Tomes’ anomalous root was identified only in teeth with multiple root canals, and it was more frequently associated with code 1MP1–2 of Ahmed’s criteria. The root canal system morphology of mandibular first premolars showed a wide range of anatomical variations in the Chilean population. Teeth with multiple root canals had a higher incidence of radicular grooves, which were closely related to more complex internal anatomy. Only teeth with multiple root canals presented Tomes’ anomalous root.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sierra-Cristancho
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis González-Osuna
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Poblete
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Paola Carvajal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla P Lozano
- Oral Biology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|