1
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Ferrada E, Wiedmer T, Wang WA, Frommelt F, Steurer B, Klimek C, Lindinger S, Osthushenrich T, Garofoli A, Brocchetti S, Bradberry S, Huang J, MacNamara A, Scarabottolo L, Ecker GF, Malarstig A, Superti-Furga G. Experimental and Computational Analysis of Newly Identified Pathogenic Mutations in the Creatine Transporter SLC6A8. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168383. [PMID: 38070861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Creatine is an essential metabolite for the storage and rapid supply of energy in muscle and nerve cells. In humans, impaired metabolism, transport, and distribution of creatine throughout tissues can cause varying forms of mental disability, also known as creatine deficiency syndrome (CDS). So far, 80 mutations in the creatine transporter (SLC6A8) have been associated to CDS. To better understand the effect of human genetic variants on the physiology of SLC6A8 and their possible impact on CDS, we studied 30 missense variants including 15 variants of unknown significance, two of which are reported here for the first time. We expressed these variants in HEK293 cells and explored their subcellular localization and transport activity. We also applied computational methods to predict variant effect and estimate site-specific changes in thermodynamic stability. To explore variants that might have a differential effect on the transporter's conformers along the transport cycle, we constructed homology models of the inward facing, and outward facing conformations. In addition, we used mass-spectrometry to study proteins that interact with wild type SLC6A8 and five selected variants in HEK293 cells. In silico models of the protein complexes revealed how two variants impact the interaction interface of SLC6A8 with other proteins and how pathogenic variants lead to an enrichment of ER protein partners. Overall, our integrated analysis disambiguates the pathogenicity of 15 variants of unknown significance revealing diverse mechanisms of pathogenicity, including two previously unreported variants obtained from patients suffering from the creatine deficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Ferrada
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tabea Wiedmer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wen-An Wang
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Frommelt
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Steurer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Klimek
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabrina Lindinger
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Garofoli
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Jiahui Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Carland C, Png G, Malarstig A, Kho PF, Gustafsson S, Michaelsson K, Lind L, Tsafantakis E, Karaleftheri M, Dedoussis G, Ramisch A, Macdonald-Dunlop E, Klaric L, Joshi PK, Chen Y, Björck HM, Eriksson P, Carrasco-Zanini J, Wheeler E, Suhre K, Gilly A, Zeggini E, Viñuela A, Dermitzakis ET, Wilson JF, Langenberg C, Thareja G, Halama A, Schmidt F, Zanetti D, Assimes T. Proteomic analysis of 92 circulating proteins and their effects in cardiometabolic diseases. Clin Proteomics 2023; 20:31. [PMID: 37550624 PMCID: PMC10405520 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-023-09421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human plasma contains a wide variety of circulating proteins. These proteins can be important clinical biomarkers in disease and also possible drug targets. Large scale genomics studies of circulating proteins can identify genetic variants that lead to relative protein abundance. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis on genome-wide association studies of autosomal chromosomes in 22,997 individuals of primarily European ancestry across 12 cohorts to identify protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) for 92 cardiometabolic associated plasma proteins. RESULTS We identified 503 (337 cis and 166 trans) conditionally independent pQTLs, including several novel variants not reported in the literature. We conducted a sex-stratified analysis and found that 118 (23.5%) of pQTLs demonstrated heterogeneity between sexes. The direction of effect was preserved but there were differences in effect size and significance. Additionally, we annotate trans-pQTLs with nearest genes and report plausible biological relationships. Using Mendelian randomization, we identified causal associations for 18 proteins across 19 phenotypes, of which 10 have additional genetic colocalization evidence. We highlight proteins associated with a constellation of cardiometabolic traits including angiopoietin-related protein 7 (ANGPTL7) and Semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F). CONCLUSION Through large-scale analysis of protein quantitative trait loci, we provide a comprehensive overview of common variants associated with plasma proteins. We highlight possible biological relationships which may serve as a basis for further investigation into possible causal roles in cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Carland
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Grace Png
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pik Fang Kho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Michaelsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Medical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Ramisch
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Erin Macdonald-Dunlop
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Lucija Klaric
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna M Björck
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eleanor Wheeler
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Bioinformatics Core, Cornell Medicine - Qatar Research, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arthur Gilly
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Ana Viñuela
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Computational medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gaurav Thareja
- Bioinformatics Core, Cornell Medicine - Qatar Research, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anna Halama
- Bioinformatics Core, Cornell Medicine - Qatar Research, Doha, Qatar
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Proteomics Core, Research, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Daniela Zanetti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Themistocles Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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3
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Velásquez IM, Malarstig A, Baldassarre D, Borne Y, de Faire U, Engström G, Eriksson P, Giral P, Humphries SE, Kurl S, Leander K, Lind L, Lindén A, Orsini N, Pirro M, Silveira A, Smit AJ, Tremoli E, Veglia F, Strawbridge RJ, Gigante B. Causal analysis of plasma IL-8 on carotid intima media thickness, a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis. Curr Res Transl Med 2023; 71:103374. [PMID: 36493747 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2022.103374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the causality of IL-8 on carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT), a measure of sub-clinical atherosclerosis. METHODS The IMPROVE is a multicenter European study (n = 3,711). The association of plasma IL-8 with c-IMT (mm) was estimated by quantile regression. Genotyping was performed using the Illumina CardioMetabo and Immuno chips. Replication was attempted in three independent studies and a meta-analysis was performed using a random model. RESULTS In IMPROVE, each unit increase in plasma IL-8 was associated with an increase in median c-IMT measures (all p<0·03) in multivariable analyses. Linear regression identified rs117518778 and rs8057084 as associated with IL-8 levels and with measures of c-IMT. The two SNPs were combined in an IL-8-increasing genetic risk that showed causality of IL-8 on c-IMT in IMPROVE and in the UK Biobank (n = 22,179). The effect of IL-8 on c-IMT measures was confirmed in PIVUS (n = 1,016) and MDCCC (n = 6,103). The association of rs8057084 with c-IMT was confirmed in PIVUS and UK Biobank with a pooled estimate effect (β) of -0·006 with 95%CI (-0·008- -0·003). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that genetic variants associated with plasma IL-8 also associate with c-IMT. However, we cannot infer causality of this association, as these variants lie outside of the IL8 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilais Moreno Velásquez
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz-Association, Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Emerging Science and Innovation, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Yan Borne
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philippe Giral
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1166, Cardiovascular prevention unit, AP-HP, Groupe Hôpitalier Pitié-Salpetriere, Paris, France
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Sudhir Kurl
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Karin Leander
- Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindén
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska Severe COPD Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Orsini
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Silveira
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andries J Smit
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen & Isala Clinics Zwolle, Department of Medicine, the Netherlands
| | | | - Fabrizio Veglia
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, RA, Italy
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Health Data Research, United Kingdom
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Kurki MI, Karjalainen J, Palta P, Sipilä TP, Kristiansson K, Donner KM, Reeve MP, Laivuori H, Aavikko M, Kaunisto MA, Loukola A, Lahtela E, Mattsson H, Laiho P, Della Briotta Parolo P, Lehisto AA, Kanai M, Mars N, Rämö J, Kiiskinen T, Heyne HO, Veerapen K, Rüeger S, Lemmelä S, Zhou W, Ruotsalainen S, Pärn K, Hiekkalinna T, Koskelainen S, Paajanen T, Llorens V, Gracia-Tabuenca J, Siirtola H, Reis K, Elnahas AG, Sun B, Foley CN, Aalto-Setälä K, Alasoo K, Arvas M, Auro K, Biswas S, Bizaki-Vallaskangas A, Carpen O, Chen CY, Dada OA, Ding Z, Ehm MG, Eklund K, Färkkilä M, Finucane H, Ganna A, Ghazal A, Graham RR, Green EM, Hakanen A, Hautalahti M, Hedman ÅK, Hiltunen M, Hinttala R, Hovatta I, Hu X, Huertas-Vazquez A, Huilaja L, Hunkapiller J, Jacob H, Jensen JN, Joensuu H, John S, Julkunen V, Jung M, Junttila J, Kaarniranta K, Kähönen M, Kajanne R, Kallio L, Kälviäinen R, Kaprio J, Kerimov N, Kettunen J, Kilpeläinen E, Kilpi T, Klinger K, Kosma VM, Kuopio T, Kurra V, Laisk T, Laukkanen J, Lawless N, Liu A, Longerich S, Mägi R, Mäkelä J, Mäkitie A, Malarstig A, Mannermaa A, Maranville J, Matakidou A, Meretoja T, Mozaffari SV, Niemi MEK, Niemi M, Niiranen T, O Donnell CJ, Obeidat ME, Okafo G, Ollila HM, Palomäki A, Palotie T, Partanen J, Paul DS, Pelkonen M, Pendergrass RK, Petrovski S, Pitkäranta A, Platt A, Pulford D, Punkka E, Pussinen P, Raghavan N, Rahimov F, Rajpal D, Renaud NA, Riley-Gillis B, Rodosthenous R, Saarentaus E, Salminen A, Salminen E, Salomaa V, Schleutker J, Serpi R, Shen HY, Siegel R, Silander K, Siltanen S, Soini S, Soininen H, Sul JH, Tachmazidou I, Tasanen K, Tienari P, Toppila-Salmi S, Tukiainen T, Tuomi T, Turunen JA, Ulirsch JC, Vaura F, Virolainen P, Waring J, Waterworth D, Yang R, Nelis M, Reigo A, Metspalu A, Milani L, Esko T, Fox C, Havulinna AS, Perola M, Ripatti S, Jalanko A, Laitinen T, Mäkelä TP, Plenge R, McCarthy M, Runz H, Daly MJ, Palotie A. FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population. Nature 2023; 613:508-518. [PMID: 36653562 PMCID: PMC9849126 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 543.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Population isolates such as those in Finland benefit genetic research because deleterious alleles are often concentrated on a small number of low-frequency variants (0.1% ≤ minor allele frequency < 5%). These variants survived the founding bottleneck rather than being distributed over a large number of ultrarare variants. Although this effect is well established in Mendelian genetics, its value in common disease genetics is less explored1,2. FinnGen aims to study the genome and national health register data of 500,000 Finnish individuals. Given the relatively high median age of participants (63 years) and the substantial fraction of hospital-based recruitment, FinnGen is enriched for disease end points. Here we analyse data from 224,737 participants from FinnGen and study 15 diseases that have previously been investigated in large genome-wide association studies (GWASs). We also include meta-analyses of biobank data from Estonia and the United Kingdom. We identified 30 new associations, primarily low-frequency variants, enriched in the Finnish population. A GWAS of 1,932 diseases also identified 2,733 genome-wide significant associations (893 phenome-wide significant (PWS), P < 2.6 × 10-11) at 2,496 (771 PWS) independent loci with 807 (247 PWS) end points. Among these, fine-mapping implicated 148 (73 PWS) coding variants associated with 83 (42 PWS) end points. Moreover, 91 (47 PWS) had an allele frequency of <5% in non-Finnish European individuals, of which 62 (32 PWS) were enriched by more than twofold in Finland. These findings demonstrate the power of bottlenecked populations to find entry points into the biology of common diseases through low-frequency, high impact variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitja I Kurki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Priit Palta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Timo P Sipilä
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kati M Donner
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mary P Reeve
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mervi Aavikko
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari A Kaunisto
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Loukola
- Helsinki Biobank, University of Helsinki and Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Lahtela
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannele Mattsson
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Laiho
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pietro Della Briotta Parolo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto A Lehisto
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nina Mars
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joel Rämö
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomo Kiiskinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrike O Heyne
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Digital Health Center, Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kumar Veerapen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sina Rüeger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Lemmelä
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wei Zhou
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanni Ruotsalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kalle Pärn
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Hiekkalinna
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Koskelainen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Paajanen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincent Llorens
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Javier Gracia-Tabuenca
- TAUCHI Research Center, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Harri Siirtola
- TAUCHI Research Center, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kadri Reis
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Benjamin Sun
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA.,BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher N Foley
- Optima Partners, Edinburgh, UK.,MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kaur Alasoo
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikko Arvas
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Olli Carpen
- Helsinki Biobank, University of Helsinki and Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Oluwaseun A Dada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhihao Ding
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Kari Eklund
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Orton Orthopedic Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martti Färkkilä
- Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilary Finucane
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Awaisa Ghazal
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Antti Hakanen
- Auria Biobank, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Åsa K Hedman
- Pfizer, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Clinical Biobank Tampere, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Reetta Hinttala
- Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Laura Huilaja
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Dermatology and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Heikki Joensuu
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Valtteri Julkunen
- Neuro Center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marc Jung
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Juhani Junttila
- Northern Finland Biobank Borealis, University of Oulu, Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Risto Kajanne
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lila Kallio
- Auria Biobank, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Reetta Kälviäinen
- Epilepsy Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Nurlan Kerimov
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elina Kilpeläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terhi Kilpi
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- Biobank of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Central Finland Biobank, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Venla Kurra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Triin Laisk
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jari Laukkanen
- Central Finland Biobank, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Aoxing Liu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Biobank of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Athena Matakidou
- Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tuomo Meretoja
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mari E K Niemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Niemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,TAUCHI Research Center & Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu Niiranen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Ma En Obeidat
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - George Okafo
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Hanna M Ollila
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antti Palomäki
- Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Palotie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Partanen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Hematological Biobank, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dirk S Paul
- Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Margit Pelkonen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Slavé Petrovski
- Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Pitkäranta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adam Platt
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Eero Punkka
- Helsinki Biobank, University of Helsinki and Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Pussinen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Deepak Rajpal
- Translational Sciences, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Nicole A Renaud
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Rodosthenis Rodosthenous
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elmo Saarentaus
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aino Salminen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eveliina Salminen
- Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Genetics, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Auria Biobank, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Raisa Serpi
- Northern Finland Biobank Borealis, University of Oulu, Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District, Oulu, Finland
| | - Huei-Yi Shen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard Siegel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kaisa Silander
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Siltanen
- Finnish Clinical Biobank Tampere, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sirpa Soini
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Ioanna Tachmazidou
- Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kaisa Tasanen
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Dermatology and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pentti Tienari
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Toppila-Salmi
- Department of Allergy, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program of Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joni A Turunen
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Eye Genetics Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jacob C Ulirsch
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Felix Vaura
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Virolainen
- Auria Biobank, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Mari Nelis
- Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Reigo
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Aki S Havulinna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Jalanko
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Laitinen
- Finnish Clinical Biobank Tampere, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tomi P Mäkelä
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Mark J Daly
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Chemaly M, Dong X, Suur BE, Jin H, Malarstig A, Matic L. Abstract 105: Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/kexin Type 6 (Pcsk6) Plays A Role In Angiogenesis Regulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.42.suppl_1.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background:
PCSK6 cleaves and activates growth factors involved in cell differentiation and
Pcsk6-/-
mice exhibit 25% embryonic lethality, while surviving offspring have blindness and cyclopia. We have shown that PCSK6 localizes to vascular smooth muscle cells of intra-plaque neovessels. We therefore hypothesize that the processes of angiogenesis, atherosclerosis and plaque neovascularisation share common molecular regulators and that PCSK6 plays a role in these processes.
Methods:
Association between SNPs near the
PCSK6
gene and levels of 90 plasma proteins was tested using data from 30,931 individuals in the SCALLOP consortium. Associations of angiogenic factors with PCSK6 (transcriptomic and proteomic) and patient symptomatology were explored in a biobank of plaque endarterectomies (BiKE). Morpholino technology was used for
Pcsk6
knockdown in zebrafish, coupled with vascular phenotype studies.
Pcsk6-/-
mice were used to study the expression of vasculogenesis related genes and vascular morphology at baseline (12 weeks).
Results:
Rs7178801 and rs11639051 in the
PCSK6
gene were found to relate to plasma PDGFB and VEGFD levels. TGFB2, VEGFA, VEGFC, PDGFA and PLAUR associated with patients symptomatology in BiKE and correlated with PCSK6 levels. Gross phenotypic and histological examination of zebrafish embryos with ablated PCSK6 showed improper peripheral vascular patterning of intersegmental vessels along with cerebral and myocardial haemorrhage hemorrhage. Expression of angiogenic factors;
Vegfa, Vegfb, Angpt1
and
Tgfb2
were altered in the heart, liver and adipose tissue in
Pcsk6-/-
mice. Vessel density, length and branch numbers were reduced in the
Pcsk6
-/- compared to the controls in the superficial but more significantly in the deep peripheral vessels. The smooth muscle cell coverage of the retinal vasculature was also reduced in the
Pcsk6 -/-
mice vs controls and
Pdgfa
was significantly downregulated compared to controls in mouse retinas.
Conclusions:
PCSK6 associates with levels of angiogenic factors on the genetic, transcriptomic and proteomic level. Lack of
Pcsk6
in mice and zebrafish led to vascular patterning defects. Further planned studies will examine PCSK6 in pathological neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hong Jin
- Karolinska Univ Hosp, Stockholm Sweden, Sweden
| | | | | |
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6
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Suur BE, Karadimou G, Lengquist M, Kronqvist M, Gisterå A, Malarstig A, Hedin U, Ketelhuth DF, Matic L. Abstract 217: PCSK6 Is A Key Regulator Of Immune Status In Mice And Its Ablation Increases Atherosclerotic Plaque Burden In A Bone Marrow Transplant Model. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.42.suppl_1.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Proprotein convertase subtilisins/kexins (PCSKs) activate cytokines and growth factors and have been implicated in various cancers. We have previously shown that PCSK6 is a key protease modulating smooth muscle cell response in atherosclerosis, but its expression also correlated positively with typical markers of T lymphocytes and macrophages in plaques and it was localised in the proximity of these cells. Here, we hypothesized that PCSK6 may be involved in modulating inflammatory responses and aimed to elucidate its role in a hyperlipidemic mice model.
Methods:
Detailed immunophenotyping using histology, FACS-, OLINK- and ELISA-based analyses and primary cell cultures was used to compare
Pcsk6
-/-
and littermate controls. Atherosclerosis was evaluated in
Ldlr
-/-
mice upon bone marrow transplant with
Pcsk6
-/-
or wild-type bone-marrow.
Results:
At baseline
Pcks6
-/-
mice showed an enrichment of pro-inflammatory cytokines Ccl2, Ccl3, Ccl20, Cxcl1 and in particular Il17a and Il17f in plasma compared controls. Spleens of
Pcsk6
-/-
mice had an increased number of germinal centres and FACS analysis showed that they contained significantly more CD8+ T cells. Microarray analysis of spleens from
Pcsk6
-/-
vs. controls confirmed that T cell markers CD4, CD3E and CD3G were upregulated.
In vitro
, splenocytes isolated from
Pcsk6
-/-
mice secreted more IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 than controls upon stimulation with α-CD3 and α-CD28 antibodies. Moreover, peritoneal macrophages from
Pcsk6
-/-
mice secreted more TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-10 compared to control mice upon LPS stimulation. Interestingly, bone marrow derived macrophages from
Pcsk6
-/-
mice were also more prone to lipid uptake. Finally,
in vivo
transplantation of
Pcsk6
-/-
bone marrow to
Ldlr
-/-
mice led to increased atherosclerotic plaque burden compared to controls, as quantified in the aortic root.
Conclusions:
PCSK6 ablation led to increased number of CD8+ T cells, as well as macrophage and cytokine activation. Transplantation of
Pcsk6
-/-
bone marrow resulted in an increase in atherosclerotic plaque burden compared to controls. Taken together, these results indicate that PCSK6 is a key regulator of the immune system, though the exact mechanisms involved require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ulf Hedin
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Franks PW, Melén E, Friedman M, Sundström J, Kockum I, Klareskog L, Almqvist C, Bergen SE, Czene K, Hägg S, Hall P, Johnell K, Malarstig A, Catrina A, Hagström H, Benson M, Gustav Smith J, Gomez MF, Orho-Melander M, Jacobsson B, Halfvarson J, Repsilber D, Oresic M, Jern C, Melin B, Ohlsson C, Fall T, Rönnblom L, Wadelius M, Nordmark G, Johansson Å, Rosenquist R, Sullivan PF. Technological readiness and implementation of genomic-driven precision medicine for complex diseases. J Intern Med 2021; 290:602-620. [PMID: 34213793 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The fields of human genetics and genomics have generated considerable knowledge about the mechanistic basis of many diseases. Genomic approaches to diagnosis, prognostication, prevention and treatment - genomic-driven precision medicine (GDPM) - may help optimize medical practice. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of GDPM of complex diseases across major medical specialties. We focus on technological readiness: how rapidly a test can be implemented into health care. Although these areas of medicine are diverse, key similarities exist across almost all areas. Many medical areas have, within their standards of care, at least one GDPM test for a genetic variant of strong effect that aids the identification/diagnosis of a more homogeneous subset within a larger disease group or identifies a subset with different therapeutic requirements. However, for almost all complex diseases, the majority of patients do not carry established single-gene mutations with large effects. Thus, research is underway that seeks to determine the polygenic basis of many complex diseases. Nevertheless, most complex diseases are caused by the interplay of genetic, behavioural and environmental risk factors, which will likely necessitate models for prediction and diagnosis that incorporate genetic and non-genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Franks
- From the, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Melén
- Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Friedman
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Sundström
- Department of Cardiology, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden.,George Institute for Global Health, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Kockum
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Klareskog
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Almqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Johnell
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Malarstig
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pfizer, Worldwide Research and Development, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Catrina
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Hagström
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Hepatology, Department of Upper GI, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Benson
- Department of Pediatrics, Linkopings Universitet, Linkoping, Sweden.,Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Gustav Smith
- Department of Cardiology and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M F Gomez
- From the, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Orho-Melander
- From the, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - B Jacobsson
- Division of Health Data and Digitalisation, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Genetics and Bioinformatics, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Halfvarson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - D Repsilber
- Functional Bioinformatics, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - M Oresic
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, FI, Finland
| | - C Jern
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå Universitet, Umeå, Sweden
| | - C Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, CBAR, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Drug Treatment, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - T Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology & Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Wadelius
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Pharmacogenomics & Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Nordmark
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology & Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Å Johansson
- Institute for Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Rosenquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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8
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Chemaly M, Suur BE, Jin H, Malarstig A, Matic L. Abstract MP02: Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/kexin Type 6 (PCSK6) Is Involved In Regulation Of Vasculogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.41.suppl_1.mp02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
PCSK6 cleaves and activates growth factors involved in cell differentiation and
Pcsk6-/-
mice exhibit 25% embryonic lethality, while surviving offspring have blindness and cyclopia. We have shown that PCSK6 localizes to vascular smooth muscle cells of intra-plaque neovessels.
Hypothesis:
We hypothesize that a) the processes of vasculogenesis, atherosclerosis and plaque neovascularisation share common molecular regulators and b) that PCSK6 plays a common role in vascular remodeling.
Methods:
Association between SNPs near the PCSK6 gene and levels of 90 plasma proteins was tested using data from 30,931 individuals in the SCALLOP consortium. Data from the FinnGen consortium (Release 3) were queried to explore the PCSK6 SNPs associated with specific disease phenotypes. Morpholino technology was used for Pcsk6 knockdown in zebrafish, coupled with vascular phenotype studies.
Pcsk6-/-
mice were used to study the expression of vasculogenesis related genes as well as vascular morphology.
Results:
Rs7178801 and rs11639051 in the
PCSK6
gene were found to relate to plasma PDGFB and VEGFD levels, while rs45482895 associated with diabetic retinopathy and disorders of the choroid and retina in humans. Gross phenotypic and histological examination of zebrafish embryos with ablated PCSK6 showed improper peripheral vascular patterning of intersegmental vessels, cerebral and myocardial haemorrhage, atrial dilatation and pericardial oedema. Gene expression levels of vasculogenesis related genes, i.e. Vegfa, Vegfb, Angpt1 and Tgfb2 were altered in the heart, liver and adipose tissue in
Pcsk6-/-
mice. In the retinas of
Pcsk6-/-
mice, Pdgfb was significantly downregulated compared to controls. Staining of the retinal vasculature showed that superficial retinal vasculature had a lower number of branching points and vessel width, while deep retinal vasculature covered a significantly smaller area in
Pcsk6-/-
Conclusions:
Here, we show that variants in the
PCSK6
gene associate with growth factors implicated in vasculogenesis and retinopathy. Lack of
Pcsk6
in mice and zebrafish led to vascular patterning defects. Further studies will aim to elucidate the mechanisms by which PCSK6 regulates vasculogenesis in homeostatic and pathological conditions
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong Jin
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
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9
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Kumar A, Shoai M, Malarstig A, Stomrud E, Palmqvist S, Hardy J, Mattsson N, Hansson O. Genome‐wide polygenic risk scores for identification of gene therapeutic target. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Shoai
- Institute of Neurology University College London London United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - John Hardy
- Institute of Neurology University College London London United Kingdom
| | | | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit Lund University Malmö Sweden
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10
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Ahmad S, Milan MDC, Hansson O, Demirkan A, Agustin R, Sáez ME, Giagtzoglou N, Cabrera-Socorro A, Bakker MHM, Ramirez A, Hankemeier T, Stomrud E, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM, Ikram MA, Malarstig A, Teunissen CE, Amin N, van Duijn CM. CDH6 and HAGH protein levels in plasma associate with Alzheimer's disease in APOE ε4 carriers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8233. [PMID: 32427856 PMCID: PMC7237496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many Alzheimer’s disease (AD) genes including Apolipoprotein E (APOE) are found to be expressed in blood-derived macrophages and thus may alter blood protein levels. We measured 91 neuro-proteins in plasma from 316 participants of the Rotterdam Study (incident AD = 161) using Proximity Extension Ligation assay. We studied the association of plasma proteins with AD in the overall sample and stratified by APOE. Findings from the Rotterdam study were replicated in 186 AD patients of the BioFINDER study. We further evaluated the correlation of these protein biomarkers with total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and amyloid-beta (Aβ) 42 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort (N = 441). Finally, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify the genetic variants determining the blood levels of AD-associated proteins. Plasma levels of the proteins, CDH6 (β = 0.638, P = 3.33 × 10−4) and HAGH (β = 0.481, P = 7.20 × 10−4), were significantly elevated in APOE ε4 carrier AD patients. The findings in the Rotterdam Study were replicated in the BioFINDER study for both CDH6 (β = 1.365, P = 3.97 × 10−3) and HAGH proteins (β = 0.506, P = 9.31 × 10−7) when comparing cases and controls in APOE ε4 carriers. In the CSF, CDH6 levels were positively correlated with t-tau and p-tau in the total sample as well as in APOE ε4 stratum (P < 1 × 10−3). The HAGH protein was not detected in CSF. GWAS of plasma CDH6 protein levels showed significant association with a cis-regulatory locus (rs111283466, P = 1.92 × 10−9). CDH6 protein is implicated in cell adhesion and synaptogenesis while HAGH protein is related to the oxidative stress pathway. Our findings suggest that these pathways may be altered during presymptomatic AD and that CDH6 and HAGH may be new blood-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marta Del Campo Milan
- Neurochemistry laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruiz Agustin
- Research Center and Memory clinic Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria E Sáez
- Centro Andaluz de Estudios Bioinformáticos CAEBi, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Margot H M Bakker
- Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Stomrud
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mattsson-Carlgren
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, UMC, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, UMC, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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11
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Shah S, Henry A, Roselli C, Lin H, Sveinbjörnsson G, Fatemifar G, Hedman ÅK, Wilk JB, Morley MP, Chaffin MD, Helgadottir A, Verweij N, Dehghan A, Almgren P, Andersson C, Aragam KG, Ärnlöv J, Backman JD, Biggs ML, Bloom HL, Brandimarto J, Brown MR, Buckbinder L, Carey DJ, Chasman DI, Chen X, Chen X, Chung J, Chutkow W, Cook JP, Delgado GE, Denaxas S, Doney AS, Dörr M, Dudley SC, Dunn ME, Engström G, Esko T, Felix SB, Finan C, Ford I, Ghanbari M, Ghasemi S, Giedraitis V, Giulianini F, Gottdiener JS, Gross S, Guðbjartsson DF, Gutmann R, Haggerty CM, van der Harst P, Hyde CL, Ingelsson E, Jukema JW, Kavousi M, Khaw KT, Kleber ME, Køber L, Koekemoer A, Langenberg C, Lind L, Lindgren CM, London B, Lotta LA, Lovering RC, Luan J, Magnusson P, Mahajan A, Margulies KB, März W, Melander O, Mordi IR, Morgan T, Morris AD, Morris AP, Morrison AC, Nagle MW, Nelson CP, Niessner A, Niiranen T, O'Donoghue ML, Owens AT, Palmer CNA, Parry HM, Perola M, Portilla-Fernandez E, Psaty BM, Rice KM, Ridker PM, Romaine SPR, Rotter JI, Salo P, Salomaa V, van Setten J, Shalaby AA, Smelser DT, Smith NL, Stender S, Stott DJ, Svensson P, Tammesoo ML, Taylor KD, Teder-Laving M, Teumer A, Thorgeirsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Torp-Pedersen C, Trompet S, Tyl B, Uitterlinden AG, Veluchamy A, Völker U, Voors AA, Wang X, Wareham NJ, Waterworth D, Weeke PE, Weiss R, Wiggins KL, Xing H, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Yu B, Zannad F, Zhao JH, Hemingway H, Samani NJ, McMurray JJV, Yang J, Visscher PM, Newton-Cheh C, Malarstig A, Holm H, Lubitz SA, Sattar N, Holmes MV, Cappola TP, Asselbergs FW, Hingorani AD, Kuchenbaecker K, Ellinor PT, Lang CC, Stefansson K, Smith JG, Vasan RS, Swerdlow DI, Lumbers RT. Genome-wide association and Mendelian randomisation analysis provide insights into the pathogenesis of heart failure. Nat Commun 2020; 11:163. [PMID: 31919418 PMCID: PMC6952380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A small proportion of HF cases are attributable to monogenic cardiomyopathies and existing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yielded only limited insights, leaving the observed heritability of HF largely unexplained. We report results from a GWAS meta-analysis of HF comprising 47,309 cases and 930,014 controls. Twelve independent variants at 11 genomic loci are associated with HF, all of which demonstrate one or more associations with coronary artery disease (CAD), atrial fibrillation, or reduced left ventricular function, suggesting shared genetic aetiology. Functional analysis of non-CAD-associated loci implicate genes involved in cardiac development (MYOZ1, SYNPO2L), protein homoeostasis (BAG3), and cellular senescence (CDKN1A). Mendelian randomisation analysis supports causal roles for several HF risk factors, and demonstrates CAD-independent effects for atrial fibrillation, body mass index, and hypertension. These findings extend our knowledge of the pathways underlying HF and may inform new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Shah
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, University College London, London, UK
| | - Albert Henry
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Carolina Roselli
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | - Ghazaleh Fatemifar
- British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London, London, UK
| | - Åsa K Hedman
- Cardiovascular Medicine unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jemma B Wilk
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark D Chaffin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anna Helgadottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Niek Verweij
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Andersson
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 57, 2650, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Krishna G Aragam
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johan Ärnlöv
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society/ Section of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Health and Social Sciences, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Joshua D Backman
- Regeneron Genetics Center, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Mary L Biggs
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heather L Bloom
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Brandimarto
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Brown
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Leonard Buckbinder
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David J Carey
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xing Chen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Chung
- Regeneron Genetics Center, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - William Chutkow
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James P Cook
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Spiros Denaxas
- British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London, London, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S Doney
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Samuel C Dudley
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael E Dunn
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Cardiovascular Research, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Stephan B Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Chris Finan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sahar Ghasemi
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75185, Sweden
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - John S Gottdiener
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stefan Gross
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daníel F Guðbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Rebecca Gutmann
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Craig L Hyde
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Koekemoer
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Barry London
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Luca A Lotta
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ruth C Lovering
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Patrik Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kenneth B Margulies
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Winfried März
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ify R Mordi
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Thomas Morgan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael W Nagle
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Alexander Niessner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Teemu Niiranen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Michelle L O'Donoghue
- TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anjali T Owens
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Helen M Parry
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eliana Portilla-Fernandez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth M Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Simon P R Romaine
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Perttu Salo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alaa A Shalaby
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and VA Pittsburgh HCS, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Diane T Smelser
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas L Smith
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steen Stender
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, København, Denmark
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Per Svensson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mari-Liis Tammesoo
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABiomed and Departments of Pediatrics at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Maris Teder-Laving
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Alexander Teumer
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Guðmundur Thorgeirsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali, National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Departments of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Benoit Tyl
- Translational and Clinical Research, Servier Cardiovascular Center for Therapeutic Innovation, 50 rue Carnot, 92284, Suresnes, France
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abirami Veluchamy
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Uwe Völker
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Peter E Weeke
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raul Weiss
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kerri L Wiggins
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heming Xing
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Bing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Faiez Zannad
- Université de Lorraine, CHU de Nancy, Inserm and INI-CRCT (F-CRIN), Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, 54500, Vandoeuvre Lès, Nancy, France
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Harry Hemingway
- British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London, London, UK
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Cardiovascular Medicine unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Steven A Lubitz
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Service and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael V Holmes
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas P Cappola
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karoline Kuchenbaecker
- Division of Psychiatry, University College of London, London, W1T 7NF, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Service and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chim C Lang
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - J Gustav Smith
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine and Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Sections of Cardiology, Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel I Swerdlow
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Thomas Lumbers
- British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK.
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London, London, UK.
- Bart's Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.
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12
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Whelan CD, Mattsson N, Nagle MW, Vijayaraghavan S, Hyde C, Janelidze S, Stomrud E, Lee J, Fitz L, Samad TA, Ramaswamy G, Margolin RA, Malarstig A, Hansson O. Multiplex proteomics identifies novel CSF and plasma biomarkers of early Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:169. [PMID: 31694701 PMCID: PMC6836495 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the development of disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has largely focused on the removal of amyloid beta Aβ fragments from the CNS. Proteomic profiling of patient fluids may help identify novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers associated with AD pathology. Here, we applied the Olink™ ProSeek immunoassay to measure 270 CSF and plasma proteins across 415 Aβ- negative cognitively normal individuals (Aβ- CN), 142 Aβ-positive CN (Aβ+ CN), 50 Aβ- mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, 75 Aβ+ MCI patients, and 161 Aβ+ AD patients from the Swedish BioFINDER study. A validation cohort included 59 Aβ- CN, 23 Aβ- + CN, 44 Aβ- MCI and 53 Aβ+ MCI. To compare protein concentrations in patients versus controls, we applied multiple linear regressions adjusting for age, gender, medications, smoking and mean subject-level protein concentration, and corrected findings for false discovery rate (FDR, q < 0.05). We identified, and replicated, altered levels of ten CSF proteins in Aβ+ individuals, including CHIT1, SMOC2, MMP-10, LDLR, CD200, EIF4EBP1, ALCAM, RGMB, tPA and STAMBP (− 0.14 < d < 1.16; q < 0.05). We also identified and replicated alterations of six plasma proteins in Aβ+ individuals OSM, MMP-9, HAGH, CD200, AXIN1, and uPA (− 0.77 < d < 1.28; q < 0.05). Multiple analytes associated with cognitive performance and cortical thickness (q < 0.05). Plasma biomarkers could distinguish AD dementia (AUC = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.87–0.98) and prodromal AD (AUC = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.68–0.87) from CN. These findings reemphasize the contributions of immune markers, phospholipids, angiogenic proteins and other biomarkers downstream of, and potentially orthogonal to, Aβ- and tau in AD, and identify candidate biomarkers for earlier detection of neurodegeneration.
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13
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Fialoke S, Malarstig A, Miller MR, Dumitriu A. Application of Machine Learning Methods to Predict Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver (NAFL) Patients. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2018; 2018:430-439. [PMID: 30815083 PMCID: PMC6371264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD patients have excessive liver fat (steatosis), without other liver diseases and without excessive alcohol consumption. NAFLD consists of a spectrum of conditions: benign steatosis or non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), steatosis accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and cirrhosis. Given a lack of clinical biomarkers and its asymptomatic nature, NASH is under-diagnosed. We use electronic health records from the Optum Analytics to (1) identify patients diagnosed with benign steatosis and NASH, and (2) train machine learning classifiers for NASH and healthy (non-NASH) populations to (3) predict NASH disease status on patients diagnosed with NAFL. Summarized temporal lab data for alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and platelet counts, with basic demographic information and type 2 diabetes status were included in the models.
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14
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Moreno Velasquez I, Malarstig A, Baldassarre D, Silveira A, Veglia F, Leander K, Tremoli E, Humphries S, Linden A, Hamsten A, De Faire U, Strawbridge RJ, Gigante B. P3645Interleukin 8 (IL-8), but not GRO-a, associates with carotid intima-media thickness. Results from the IMPROVE study. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy563.p3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - F Veglia
- Cardiology Center Monzino (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - K Leander
- Karolinska Istitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Tremoli
- Cardiology Center Monzino (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - S Humphries
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Linden
- Karolinska Istitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Hamsten
- Karolinska Istitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - B Gigante
- Karolinska Istitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Adewoye AB, Shrine N, Odenthal-Hesse L, Welsh S, Malarstig A, Jelinsky S, Kilty I, Tobin MD, Hollox EJ, Wain LV. Human CCL3L1 copy number variation, gene expression, and the role of the CCL3L1-CCR5 axis in lung function. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:13. [PMID: 29682616 PMCID: PMC5883389 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13902.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The CCL3L1-CCR5 signaling axis is important in a number of inflammatory responses, including macrophage function, and T-cell-dependent immune responses. Small molecule CCR5 antagonists exist, including the approved antiretroviral drug maraviroc, and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are in development. Repositioning of drugs and targets into new disease areas can accelerate the availability of new therapies and substantially reduce costs. As it has been shown that drug targets with genetic evidence supporting their involvement in the disease are more likely to be successful in clinical development, using genetic association studies to identify new target repurposing opportunities could be fruitful. Here we investigate the potential of perturbation of the CCL3L1-CCR5 axis as treatment for respiratory disease. Europeans typically carry between 0 and 5 copies of CCL3L1 and this multi-allelic variation is not detected by widely used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism studies. Methods: We directly measured the complex structural variation of CCL3L1 using the Paralogue Ratio Test and imputed (with validation) CCR5del32 genotypes in 5,000 individuals from UK Biobank, selected from the extremes of the lung function distribution, and analysed DNA and RNAseq data for CCL3L1 from the 1000 Genomes Project. Results: We confirmed the gene dosage effect of CCL3L1 copy number on CCL3L1 mRNA expression levels. We found no evidence for association of CCL3L1 copy number or CCR5del32 genotype with lung function. Conclusions: These results suggest that repositioning CCR5 antagonists is unlikely to be successful for the treatment of airflow obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu B. Adewoye
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nick Shrine
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Linda Odenthal-Hesse
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Scott Jelinsky
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Iain Kilty
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin D. Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Edward J. Hollox
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK,
| | - Louise V. Wain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK,
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16
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Adewoye AB, Shrine N, Odenthal-Hesse L, Welsh S, Malarstig A, Jelinsky S, Kilty I, Tobin MD, Hollox EJ, Wain LV. Human CCL3L1 copy number variation, gene expression, and the role of the CCL3L1-CCR5 axis in lung function. Wellcome Open Res 2018. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13902.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The CCL3L1-CCR5 signaling axis is important in a number of inflammatory responses, including macrophage function, and T-cell-dependent immune responses. Small molecule CCR5 antagonists exist, including the approved antiretroviral drug maraviroc, and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are in development. Repositioning of drugs and targets into new disease areas can accelerate the availability of new therapies and substantially reduce costs. As it has been shown that drug targets with genetic evidence supporting their involvement in the disease are more likely to be successful in clinical development, using genetic association studies to identify new target repurposing opportunities could be fruitful. Here we investigate the potential of perturbation of the CCL3L1-CCR5 axis as treatment for respiratory disease. Europeans typically carry between 0 and 5 copies of CCL3L1 and this multi-allelic variation is not detected by widely used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism studies. Methods: We directly measured the complex structural variation of CCL3L1 using the Paralogue Ratio Test and imputed (with validation) CCR5del32 genotypes in 5,000 individuals from UK Biobank, selected from the extremes of the lung function distribution, and analysed DNA and RNAseq data for CCL3L1 from the 1000 Genomes Project. Results: We confirmed the gene dosage effect of CCL3L1 copy number on CCL3L1 mRNA expression levels. We found no evidence for association of CCL3L1 copy number or CCR5del32 genotype with lung function. Conclusions: These results suggest that repositioning CCR5 antagonists is unlikely to be successful for the treatment of airflow obstruction.
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17
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Liu DJ, Peloso GM, Yu H, Butterworth AS, Wang X, Mahajan A, Saleheen D, Emdin C, Alam D, Alves AC, Amouyel P, di Angelantonio E, Arveiler D, Assimes TL, Auer PL, Baber U, Ballantyne CM, Bang LE, Benn M, Bis JC, Boehnke M, Boerwinkle E, Bork-Jensen J, Bottinger EP, Brandslund I, Brown M, Busonero F, Caulfield MJ, Chambers JC, Chasman DI, Chen YE, Chen YDI, Chowdhury R, Christensen C, Chu AY, Connell JM, Cucca F, Cupples LA, Damrauer SM, Davies G, Deary IJ, Dedoussis G, Denny JC, Dominiczak A, Dubé MP, Ebeling T, Eiriksdottir G, Esko T, Farmaki AE, Feitosa MF, Ferrario M, Ferrieres J, Ford I, Fornage M, Franks PW, Frayling TM, Frikke-Schmidt R, Fritsche L, Frossard P, Fuster V, Ganesh SK, Gao W, Garcia ME, Gieger C, Giulianini F, Goodarzi MO, Grallert H, Grarup N, Groop L, Grove ML, Gudnason V, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hayward C, Hirschhorn JN, Holmen OL, Huffman J, Huo Y, Hveem K, Jabeen S, Jackson AU, Jakobsdottir J, Jarvelin MR, Jensen GB, Jørgensen ME, Jukema JW, Justesen JM, Kamstrup PR, Kanoni S, Karpe F, Kee F, Khera AV, Klarin D, Koistinen HA, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Kuulasmaa K, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Lakka T, Langenberg C, Langsted A, Launer LJ, Lauritzen T, Liewald DCM, Lin LA, Linneberg A, Loos RJ, Lu Y, Lu X, Mägi R, Malarstig A, Manichaikul A, Manning AK, Mäntyselkä P, Marouli E, Masca NGD, Maschio A, Meigs JB, Melander O, Metspalu A, Morris AP, Morrison AC, Mulas A, Müller-Nurasyid M, Munroe PB, Neville MJ, Nielsen JB, Nielsen SF, Nordestgaard BG, Ordovas JM, Mehran R, O’Donnell CJ, Orho-Melander M, Molony CM, Muntendam P, Padmanabhan S, Palmer CNA, Pasko D, Patel AP, Pedersen O, Perola M, Peters A, Pisinger C, Pistis G, Polasek O, Poulter N, Psaty BM, Rader DJ, Rasheed A, Rauramaa R, Reilly D, Reiner AP, Renström F, Rich SS, Ridker PM, Rioux JD, Robertson NR, Roden DM, Rotter JI, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Sanna S, Sattar N, Schmidt EM, Scott RA, Sever P, Sevilla RS, Shaffer CM, Sim X, Sivapalaratnam S, Small KS, Smith AV, Smith BH, Somayajula S, Southam L, Spector TD, Speliotes EK, Starr JM, Stirrups KE, Stitziel N, Strauch K, Stringham HM, Surendran P, Tada H, Tall AR, Tang H, Tardif JC, Taylor KD, Trompet S, Tsao PS, Tuomilehto J, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, van Zuydam NR, Varbo A, Varga TV, Virtamo J, Waldenberger M, Wang N, Wareham NJ, Warren HR, Weeke PE, Weinstock J, Wessel J, Wilson JG, Wilson PWF, Xu M, Yaghootkar H, Young R, Zeggini E, Zhang H, Zheng NS, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Zhou Y, Zoledziewska M, Howson JMM, Danesh J, McCarthy MI, Cowan C, Abecasis G, Deloukas P, Musunuru K, Willer CJ, Kathiresan S. Exome-wide association study of plasma lipids in >300,000 individuals. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1758-1766. [PMID: 29083408 PMCID: PMC5709146 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We screened variants on an exome-focused genotyping array in >300,000 participants (replication in >280,000 participants) and identified 444 independent variants in 250 loci significantly associated with total cholesterol (TC), high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and/or triglycerides (TG). At two loci (JAK2 and A1CF), experimental analysis in mice showed lipid changes consistent with the human data. We also found that: (i) beta-thalassemia trait carriers displayed lower TC and were protected from coronary artery disease (CAD); (ii) excluding the CETP locus, there was not a predictable relationship between plasma HDL-C and risk for age-related macular degeneration; (iii) only some mechanisms of lowering LDL-C appeared to increase risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D); and (iv) TG-lowering alleles involved in hepatic production of TG-rich lipoproteins (TM6SF2 and PNPLA3) tracked with higher liver fat, higher risk for T2D, and lower risk for CAD, whereas TG-lowering alleles involved in peripheral lipolysis (LPL and ANGPTL4) had no effect on liver fat but decreased risks for both T2D and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajiang J. Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gina M. Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haojie Yu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam S. Butterworth
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiao Wang
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Danish Saleheen
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Connor Emdin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Philippe Amouyel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, France
| | - Emanuele di Angelantonio
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, EA 3430, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Paul L. Auer
- Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Usman Baber
- Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Lia E. Bang
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Benn
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erwin P. Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morris Brown
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
- The Barts Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Y. Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Audrey Y. Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John M Connell
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita’ degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott M. Damrauer
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Joshua C. Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anna Dominiczak
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tapani Ebeling
- Department of Medicine, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Tõnu Esko
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marco Ferrario
- Research Centre in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine – EPIMED, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrieres
- Department of Epidemiology, UMR 1027- INSERM, Toulouse University-CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ian Ford
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Fritsche
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Valentin Fuster
- Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Santhi K. Ganesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | | | - Christian Gieger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Mark O. Goodarzi
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Megan L. Grove
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- The Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- The University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oddgeir L. Holmen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, HUNT Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- St Olav Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jennifer Huffman
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yong Huo
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Dept of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Anne U Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Johanna Jakobsdottir
- The Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- The University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Gorm B Jensen
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Marit E. Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, Denmark
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- The Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanne M. Justesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia R. Kamstrup
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Frank Kee
- Director, UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Amit V. Khera
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Derek Klarin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki; and Department of Medicine, and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Lakka
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Langsted
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Torsten Lauritzen
- Department of Public Health, Section of General Practice, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David CM Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Li An Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiangfeng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pharmatherapeutics Clinical Research, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Sollentuna, Sweden
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Alisa K. Manning
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pekka Mäntyselkä
- Unit of Primary Health Care, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eirini Marouli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas GD Masca
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester UK
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - James B. Meigs
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital Malmo Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | | | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alanna C. Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- DZHK German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Matt J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonas B. Nielsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Jose M. Ordovas
- Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for Cardiovascular Investigation, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Alimentacion, Madrid, Spain
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roxana Mehran
- Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christoper J. O’Donnell
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital Malmo Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Cliona M. Molony
- Genetics, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin NA Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Aniruddh P. Patel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- DZHK German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Charlotta Pisinger
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil Poulter
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Departments of Genetics, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dermot Reilly
- Genetics, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alex P. Reiner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Neil R Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dan M. Roden
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester UK
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Naveed Sattar
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ellen M. Schmidt
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Christian M. Shaffer
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xueling Sim
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Suthesh Sivapalaratnam
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Albert V. Smith
- The Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- The University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Blair H Smith
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Lorraine Southam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathleen E Stirrups
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathan Stitziel
- Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Praveen Surendran
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hayato Tada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Alan R. Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Philip S. Tsao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalie R van Zuydam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Anette Varbo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Tibor V Varga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nan Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nick J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen R Warren
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Peter E. Weeke
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- The Heart Centre, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua Weinstock
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer Wessel
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Peter W. F. Wilson
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Robin Young
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - He Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yanhua Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Joanna MM Howson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Danesh
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Chad Cowan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cristen J. Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Williams SA, Murthy AC, DeLisle RK, Hyde C, Malarstig A, Ostroff R, Weiss SJ, Segal MR, Ganz P. Improving Assessment of Drug Safety Through Proteomics: Early Detection and Mechanistic Characterization of the Unforeseen Harmful Effects of Torcetrapib. Circulation 2017; 137:999-1010. [PMID: 28974520 PMCID: PMC5839936 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.028213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Early detection of adverse effects of novel therapies and understanding of their mechanisms could improve the safety and efficiency of drug development. We have retrospectively applied large-scale proteomics to blood samples from ILLUMINATE (Investigation of Lipid Level Management to Understand its Impact in Atherosclerotic Events), a trial of torcetrapib (a cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitor), that involved 15 067 participants at high cardiovascular risk. ILLUMINATE was terminated at a median of 550 days because of significant absolute increases of 1.2% in cardiovascular events and 0.4% in mortality with torcetrapib. The aims of our analysis were to determine whether a proteomic analysis might reveal biological mechanisms responsible for these harmful effects and whether harmful effects of torcetrapib could have been detected early in the ILLUMINATE trial with proteomics. Methods: A nested case-control analysis of paired plasma samples at baseline and at 3 months was performed in 249 participants assigned to torcetrapib plus atorvastatin and 223 participants assigned to atorvastatin only. Within each treatment arm, cases with events were matched to controls 1:1. Main outcomes were a survey of 1129 proteins for discovery of biological pathways altered by torcetrapib and a 9-protein risk score validated to predict myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, or death. Results: Plasma concentrations of 200 proteins changed significantly with torcetrapib. Their pathway analysis revealed unexpected and widespread changes in immune and inflammatory functions, as well as changes in endocrine systems, including in aldosterone function and glycemic control. At baseline, 9-protein risk scores were similar in the 2 treatment arms and higher in participants with subsequent events. At 3 months, the absolute 9-protein derived risk increased in the torcetrapib plus atorvastatin arm compared with the atorvastatin-only arm by 1.08% (P=0.0004). Thirty-seven proteins changed in the direction of increased risk of 49 proteins previously associated with cardiovascular and mortality risk. Conclusions: Heretofore unknown effects of torcetrapib were revealed in immune and inflammatory functions. A protein-based risk score predicted harm from torcetrapib within just 3 months. A protein-based risk assessment embedded within a large proteomic survey may prove to be useful in the evaluation of therapies to prevent harm to patients. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00134264.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Craig Hyde
- University of California, San Francisco. Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT (C.H.)
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Stockholm, Sweden (A.M.)
| | - Rachel Ostroff
- SomaLogic, Inc., Boulder, CO (S.A.W., R.K.D., R.O., S.J.W.)
| | - Sophie J Weiss
- SomaLogic, Inc., Boulder, CO (S.A.W., R.K.D., R.O., S.J.W.)
| | - Mark R Segal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.R.S.)
| | - Peter Ganz
- Department of Medicine (A.C.M., P.G.) .,Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA (P.G.)
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Hedman A, Sharma A, Hage C, Brosnan M, Buckbinder L, Gan LM, Linde C, Donal E, Daubert J, Malarstig A, Ziemek D, Lund L. P5282Differentiated health outcomes and potential protein markers based on unsupervised analysis of heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction in the KaRen study. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx493.p5282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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John C, Soler Artigas M, Hui J, Nielsen SF, Rafaels N, Paré PD, Hansel NN, Shrine N, Kilty I, Malarstig A, Jelinsky SA, Vedel-Krogh S, Barnes K, Hall IP, Beilby J, Musk AW, Nordestgaard BG, James A, Wain LV, Tobin MD. Genetic variants affecting cross-sectional lung function in adults show little or no effect on longitudinal lung function decline. Thorax 2017; 72:400-408. [PMID: 28174340 PMCID: PMC5520280 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous genetic regions that influence cross-sectional lung function. Longitudinal decline in lung function also includes a heritable component but the genetic determinants have yet to be defined. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether regions associated with cross-sectional lung function were also associated with longitudinal decline and to seek novel variants which influence decline. METHODS We analysed genome-wide data from 4167 individuals from the Busselton Health Study cohort, who had undergone spirometry (12 695 observations across eight time points). A mixed model was fitted and weighted risk scores were calculated for the joint effect of 26 known regions on baseline and longitudinal changes in FEV1 and FEV1/FVC. Potential additional regions of interest were identified and followed up in two independent cohorts. RESULTS The 26 regions previously associated with cross-sectional lung function jointly showed a strong effect on baseline lung function (p=4.44×10-16 for FEV1/FVC) but no effect on longitudinal decline (p=0.160 for FEV1/FVC). This was replicated in an independent cohort. 39 additional regions of interest (48 variants) were identified; these associations were not replicated in two further cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Previously identified genetic variants jointly have a strong effect on cross-sectional lung function in adults but little or no effect on the rate of decline of lung function. It is possible that they influence COPD risk through lung development. Although no genetic variants have yet been associated with lung function decline at stringent genome-wide significance, longitudinal change in lung function is heritable suggesting that there is scope for future discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine John
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - María Soler Artigas
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jennie Hui
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Australia,PathWest, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia,Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia, Australia,School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sune Fallgaard Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Rafaels
- Center for Personalized Medicine and Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Peter D Paré
- University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nadia N Hansel
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nick Shrine
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Iain Kilty
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Scott A Jelinsky
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Signe Vedel-Krogh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Kathleen Barnes
- Center for Personalized Medicine and Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Ian P Hall
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Beilby
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Australia,PathWest, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia,Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Arthur W Musk
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia, Australia,School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Alan James
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia, Australia,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Australia,Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine/West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Louise V Wain
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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21
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Gregson JM, Freitag DF, Surendran P, Stitziel NO, Chowdhury R, Burgess S, Kaptoge S, Gao P, Staley JR, Willeit P, Nielsen SF, Caslake M, Trompet S, Polfus LM, Kuulasmaa K, Kontto J, Perola M, Blankenberg S, Veronesi G, Gianfagna F, Männistö S, Kimura A, Lin H, Reilly DF, Gorski M, Mijatovic V, Munroe PB, Ehret GB, Thompson A, Uria-Nickelsen M, Malarstig A, Dehghan A, Vogt TF, Sasaoka T, Takeuchi F, Kato N, Yamada Y, Kee F, Müller-Nurasyid M, Ferrières J, Arveiler D, Amouyel P, Salomaa V, Boerwinkle E, Thompson SG, Ford I, Wouter Jukema J, Sattar N, Packard CJ, Shafi Majumder AA, Alam DS, Deloukas P, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Kathiresan S, Nordestgaard BG, Saleheen D, Howson JMM, Di Angelantonio E, Butterworth AS, Danesh J. Genetic invalidation of Lp-PLA 2 as a therapeutic target: Large-scale study of five functional Lp-PLA 2-lowering alleles. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017; 24:492-504. [PMID: 27940953 PMCID: PMC5460752 DOI: 10.1177/2047487316682186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aims Darapladib, a potent inhibitor of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), has not reduced risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes in recent randomized trials. We aimed to test whether Lp-PLA2 enzyme activity is causally relevant to coronary heart disease. Methods In 72,657 patients with coronary heart disease and 110,218 controls in 23 epidemiological studies, we genotyped five functional variants: four rare loss-of-function mutations (c.109+2T > C (rs142974898), Arg82His (rs144983904), Val279Phe (rs76863441), Gln287Ter (rs140020965)) and one common modest-impact variant (Val379Ala (rs1051931)) in PLA2G7, the gene encoding Lp-PLA2. We supplemented de-novo genotyping with information on a further 45,823 coronary heart disease patients and 88,680 controls in publicly available databases and other previous studies. We conducted a systematic review of randomized trials to compare effects of darapladib treatment on soluble Lp-PLA2 activity, conventional cardiovascular risk factors, and coronary heart disease risk with corresponding effects of Lp-PLA2-lowering alleles. Results Lp-PLA2 activity was decreased by 64% ( p = 2.4 × 10-25) with carriage of any of the four loss-of-function variants, by 45% ( p < 10-300) for every allele inherited at Val279Phe, and by 2.7% ( p = 1.9 × 10-12) for every allele inherited at Val379Ala. Darapladib 160 mg once-daily reduced Lp-PLA2 activity by 65% ( p < 10-300). Causal risk ratios for coronary heart disease per 65% lower Lp-PLA2 activity were: 0.95 (0.88-1.03) with Val279Phe; 0.92 (0.74-1.16) with carriage of any loss-of-function variant; 1.01 (0.68-1.51) with Val379Ala; and 0.95 (0.89-1.02) with darapladib treatment. Conclusions In a large-scale human genetic study, none of a series of Lp-PLA2-lowering alleles was related to coronary heart disease risk, suggesting that Lp-PLA2 is unlikely to be a causal risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Gregson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel F Freitag
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Praveen Surendran
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Kaptoge
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Pei Gao
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - James R Staley
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Willeit
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Kontto
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute of Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Centre Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Veronesi
- Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Gianfagna
- Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Satu Männistö
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akinori Kimura
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
- The NHLBI’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, USA
| | - Dermot F Reilly
- Merck Research Laboratories, Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Boston, USA
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vladan Mijatovic
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | | | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Georg B Ehret
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas F Vogt
- Merck Research Laboratories, Cardiometabolic Disease, Kenilworth, USA
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Princeton, USA
| | - Taishi Sasaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Yamada
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Life Science Research Centre, Mie University, Japan
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queens University, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Epidemiology, UMR 1027-INSERM, Toulouse University-CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, EA 3430, University of Strasbourg and Strasbourg University Hospital, France
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | - Simon G Thompson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dewan S Alam
- Centre for Global Health Research, St Michael Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, UK
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Broad Institute, Cambridge and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joanna MM Howson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - John Danesh
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Cambridge Centre of Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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22
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Miller S, Henry AP, Hodge E, Kheirallah AK, Billington CK, Rimington TL, Bhaker SK, Obeidat M, Melén E, Merid SK, Swan C, Gowland C, Nelson CP, Stewart CE, Bolton CE, Kilty I, Malarstig A, Parker SG, Moffatt MF, Wardlaw AJ, Hall IP, Sayers I. The Ser82 RAGE Variant Affects Lung Function and Serum RAGE in Smokers and sRAGE Production In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164041. [PMID: 27755550 PMCID: PMC5068780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genome-Wide Association Studies have identified associations between lung function measures and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and chromosome region 6p21 containing the gene for the Advanced Glycation End Product Receptor (AGER, encoding RAGE). We aimed to (i) characterise RAGE expression in the lung, (ii) identify AGER transcripts, (iii) ascertain if SNP rs2070600 (Gly82Ser C/T) is associated with lung function and serum sRAGE levels and (iv) identify whether the Gly82Ser variant is functionally important in altering sRAGE levels in an airway epithelial cell model. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to identify RAGE protein expression in 26 human tissues and qPCR was used to quantify AGER mRNA in lung cells. Gene expression array data was used to identify AGER expression during lung development in 38 fetal lung samples. RNA-Seq was used to identify AGER transcripts in lung cells. sRAGE levels were assessed in cells and patient serum by ELISA. BEAS2B-R1 cells were transfected to overexpress RAGE protein with either the Gly82 or Ser82 variant and sRAGE levels identified. RESULTS Immunohistochemical assessment of 6 adult lung samples identified high RAGE expression in the alveoli of healthy adults and individuals with COPD. AGER/RAGE expression increased across developmental stages in human fetal lung at both the mRNA (38 samples) and protein levels (20 samples). Extensive AGER splicing was identified. The rs2070600T (Ser82) allele is associated with higher FEV1, FEV1/FVC and lower serum sRAGE levels in UK smokers. Using an airway epithelium model overexpressing the Gly82 or Ser82 variants we found that HMGB1 activation of the RAGE-Ser82 receptor results in lower sRAGE production. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new information regarding the expression profile and potential role of RAGE in the human lung and shows a functional role of the Gly82Ser variant. These findings advance our understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying COPD particularly for carriers of this AGER polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Miller
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanda P. Henry
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Hodge
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tracy L. Rimington
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sangita K. Bhaker
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ma’en Obeidat
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon K. Merid
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Swan
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Gowland
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carl P. Nelson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri E. Stewart
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E. Bolton
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Kilty
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart G. Parker
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam F. Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Wardlaw
- Institute for Lung Health, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P. Hall
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sayers
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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23
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Surendran P, Drenos F, Young R, Warren H, Cook JP, Manning AK, Grarup N, Sim X, Barnes DR, Witkowska K, Staley JR, Tragante V, Tukiainen T, Yaghootkar H, Masca N, Freitag DF, Ferreira T, Giannakopoulou O, Tinker A, Harakalova M, Mihailov E, Liu C, Kraja AT, Fallgaard Nielsen S, Rasheed A, Samuel M, Zhao W, Bonnycastle LL, Jackson AU, Narisu N, Swift AJ, Southam L, Marten J, Huyghe JR, Stančáková A, Fava C, Ohlsson T, Matchan A, Stirrups KE, Bork-Jensen J, Gjesing AP, Kontto J, Perola M, Shaw-Hawkins S, Havulinna AS, Zhang H, Donnelly LA, Groves CJ, Rayner NW, Neville MJ, Robertson NR, Yiorkas AM, Herzig KH, Kajantie E, Zhang W, Willems SM, Lannfelt L, Malerba G, Soranzo N, Trabetti E, Verweij N, Evangelou E, Moayyeri A, Vergnaud AC, Nelson CP, Poveda A, Varga TV, Caslake M, de Craen AJM, Trompet S, Luan J, Scott RA, Harris SE, Liewald DCM, Marioni R, Menni C, Farmaki AE, Hallmans G, Renström F, Huffman JE, Hassinen M, Burgess S, Vasan RS, Felix JF, Uria-Nickelsen M, Malarstig A, Reily DF, Hoek M, Vogt T, Lin H, Lieb W, Traylor M, Markus HF, Highland HM, Justice AE, Marouli E, Lindström J, Uusitupa M, Komulainen P, Lakka TA, Rauramaa R, Polasek O, Rudan I, Rolandsson O, Franks PW, Dedoussis G, Spector TD, Jousilahti P, Männistö S, Deary IJ, Starr JM, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Brown MJ, Dominiczak AF, Connell JM, Jukema JW, Sattar N, Ford I, Packard CJ, Esko T, Mägi R, Metspalu A, de Boer RA, van der Meer P, van der Harst P, Gambaro G, Ingelsson E, Lind L, de Bakker PIW, Numans ME, Brandslund I, Christensen C, Petersen ERB, Korpi-Hyövälti E, Oksa H, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, Blakemore AIF, Franks S, Jarvelin MR, Husemoen LL, Linneberg A, Skaaby T, Thuesen B, Karpe F, Tuomilehto J, Doney ASF, Morris AD, Palmer CNA, Holmen OL, Hveem K, Willer CJ, Tuomi T, Groop L, Käräjämäki A, Palotie A, Ripatti S, Salomaa V, Alam DS, Shafi Majumder AA, Di Angelantonio E, Chowdhury R, McCarthy MI, Poulter N, Stanton AV, Sever P, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Blankenberg S, Ferrières J, Kee F, Kuulasmaa K, Müller-Nurasyid M, Veronesi G, Virtamo J, Deloukas P, Elliott P, Zeggini E, Kathiresan S, Melander O, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Padmanabhan S, Porteous D, Hayward C, Scotland G, Collins FS, Mohlke KL, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Boehnke M, Stringham HM, Frossard P, Newton-Cheh C, Tobin MD, Nordestgaard BG, Caulfield MJ, Mahajan A, Morris AP, Tomaszewski M, Samani NJ, Saleheen D, Asselbergs FW, Lindgren CM, Danesh J, Wain LV, Butterworth AS, Howson JMM, Munroe PB. Trans-ancestry meta-analyses identify rare and common variants associated with blood pressure and hypertension. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1151-1161. [PMID: 27618447 PMCID: PMC5056636 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature death. However, there is limited knowledge on specific causal genes and pathways. To better understand the genetics of blood pressure, we genotyped 242,296 rare, low-frequency and common genetic variants in up to 192,763 individuals and used ∼155,063 samples for independent replication. We identified 30 new blood pressure- or hypertension-associated genetic regions in the general population, including 3 rare missense variants in RBM47, COL21A1 and RRAS with larger effects (>1.5 mm Hg/allele) than common variants. Multiple rare nonsense and missense variant associations were found in A2ML1, and a low-frequency nonsense variant in ENPEP was identified. Our data extend the spectrum of allelic variation underlying blood pressure traits and hypertension, provide new insights into the pathophysiology of hypertension and indicate new targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Surendran
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fotios Drenos
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Rayne Building University College London, London, UK
| | - Robin Young
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen Warren
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James P Cook
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alisa K Manning
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xueling Sim
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Daniel R Barnes
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kate Witkowska
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James R Staley
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vinicius Tragante
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicholas Masca
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Leicester, UK
| | - Daniel F Freitag
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Olga Giannakopoulou
- Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Tinker
- National Institute for Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Magdalena Harakalova
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chunyu Liu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aldi T Kraja
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sune Fallgaard Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Maria Samuel
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy J Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jonathan Marten
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeroen R Huyghe
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cristiano Fava
- University of Lund, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Sweden
- University of Verona, Department of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | - Therese Ohlsson
- University of Lund, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Angela Matchan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Kathleen E Stirrups
- Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette P Gjesing
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jukka Kontto
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susan Shaw-Hawkins
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Louise A Donnelly
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Christopher J Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N William Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matt J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil R Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrianos M Yiorkas
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UK
| | - Sara M Willems
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elisabetta Trabetti
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Niek Verweij
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, The Netherlands
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alireza Moayyeri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne-Claire Vergnaud
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Leicester, UK
| | - Alaitz Poveda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Tibor V Varga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Anton JM de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Mr. De Craen suddenly passed away January 2016
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jian’an Luan
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert A Scott
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David CM Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Riccardo Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Sections of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janine F Felix
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Dermot F Reily
- Merck Research Laboratories, Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maarten Hoek
- Merck Research Laboratories, Cardiometabolic Disease, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Merck Research Laboratories, Cardiometabolic Disease, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Honghuang Lin
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank Popgen, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - EchoGen Consortium
- A full list of members and affiliations appears in the Supplementary Note
| | - Matthew Traylor
- Neurology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugh F Markus
- Neurology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Heather M Highland
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anne E Justice
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eirini Marouli
- Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - GIANT Consortium
- A full list of members and affiliations appears in the Supplementary Note
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Timo A Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, UK
| | | | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nick J Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Morris J Brown
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John M Connell
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- The Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Tõnu Esko
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Columbus - Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul IW de Bakker
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mattijs E Numans
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Eva RB Petersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | | | - Heikki Oksa
- Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra IF Blakemore
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Steve Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
- Centre for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lise L Husemoen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tea Skaaby
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Betina Thuesen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, UK
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alex SF Doney
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Andrew D Morris
- School of Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin NA Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Oddgeir Lingaas Holmen
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- St. Olav Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord- Trøndelag Health Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leif Groop
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - AnneMari Käräjämäki
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
- Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil Poulter
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Alice V Stanton
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- University of Lille, UMR1167, Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, France
- Inserm, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Public Health, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, EA 3430, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Epidemiology, UMR 1027- INSERM, Toulouse University-CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Frank Kee
- Director, UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Giovanni Veronesi
- Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | | | | | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olle Melander
- University of Lund, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Generation Scotland
- A Collaboration between the University Medical Schools and NHS, Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow, UK
| | - Francis S Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Børge Grønne Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | | | - ExomeBP Consortium
- A full list of members and affiliations appears in the Supplementary Note
| | | | - Mark J Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Leicester, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Leicester, UK
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Danesh
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Louise V Wain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research
| | - Joanna MM Howson
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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24
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Shrine N, Tobin MD, Schurmann C, Soler Artigas M, Hui J, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Pennell CE, Ang QW, Strachan DP, Homuth G, Gläser S, Felix SB, Evans DM, Henderson J, Granell R, Palmer LJ, Huffman J, Hayward C, Scotland G, Malarstig A, Musk B, James AL, Wain LV. Genome-wide association study of copy number variation with lung function identifies a novel signal of association near BANP for forced vital capacity. BMC Genet 2016; 17:116. [PMID: 27514831 PMCID: PMC4981989 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) have identified 55 SNPs associated with lung function. However, little is known about the effect of copy number variants (CNVs) on lung function, although CNVs represent a significant proportion of human genetic polymorphism. To assess the effect of CNVs on lung function quantitative traits, we measured copy number at 2788 previously characterised, common copy number variable regions in 6 independent cohorts (n = 24,237) using intensity data from SNP genotyping experiments. We developed a pipeline for genome-wide association analysis and meta-analysis of CNV genotypes measured across multiple studies using SNP genotype array intensity data from different platform technologies. We then undertook cohort-level genome-wide association studies of CNV with lung function in a subset of 4 cohorts (n < =12,403) with lung function measurements and meta-analysed the results. Follow-up was undertaken for CNVs which were well tagged by SNPs, in up to 146,871 individuals. RESULTS We generated robust copy number calls for 1962 out of 2788 (70 %) known CNV regions genome-wide, with 1103 measured with compatible class frequencies in at least 2 cohorts. We report a novel CNV association (discovery P = 0.0007) with Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) downstream of BANP on chromosome 16 that shows evidence of replication by a tag SNP in two independent studies (replication P = 0.004). In addition, we provide suggestive evidence (discovery P = 0.0002) for a role of complex copy number variation at a previously reported lung function locus, containing the rootletin gene CROCC, that is not tagged by SNPs. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate how common CNV regions can be reliably and consistently called across cohorts, using an existing calling algorithm and rigorous quality control steps, using SNP genotyping array intensity data. Although many common biallelic CNV regions were well-tagged by common SNPs, we also identified associations with untagged mulitallelic CNV regions thereby illustrating the potential of our approach to identify some of the missing heritability of complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Shrine
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Martin D. Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP UK
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - María Soler Artigas
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Jennie Hui
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33521 Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521 Finland
| | - Craig E. Pennell
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Qi Wei Ang
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences, St. George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Gläser
- Department of Internal Medicine B – Pulmonary Medicine, Weaning and Infectious Diseases and Scientific Division of Pneumology and Pneumological Epidemiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan B. Felix
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B – Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - John Henderson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Raquel Granell
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jennifer Huffman
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Generation Scotland
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | | | - Bill Musk
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Alan L. James
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - UK BiLEVE
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP UK
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33521 Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521 Finland
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Division of Population Health Sciences, St. George’s University of London, London, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine B – Pulmonary Medicine, Weaning and Infectious Diseases and Scientific Division of Pneumology and Pneumological Epidemiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B – Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sollentuna, Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Louise V. Wain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP UK
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Burgess S, Malarstig A. Using Mendelian randomization to assess and develop clinical interventions: limitations and benefits. J Comp Eff Res 2014; 2:209-12. [PMID: 24236616 DOI: 10.2217/cer.13.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Burgess
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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26
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Wain LV, Sayers I, Soler Artigas M, Portelli MA, Zeggini E, Obeidat M, Sin DD, Bossé Y, Nickle D, Brandsma CA, Malarstig A, Vangjeli C, Jelinsky SA, John S, Kilty I, McKeever T, Shrine NRG, Cook JP, Patel S, Spector TD, Hollox EJ, Hall IP, Tobin MD. Whole exome re-sequencing implicates CCDC38 and cilia structure and function in resistance to smoking related airflow obstruction. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004314. [PMID: 24786987 PMCID: PMC4006731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality and, whilst smoking remains the single most important risk factor, COPD risk is heritable. Of 26 independent genomic regions showing association with lung function in genome-wide association studies, eleven have been reported to show association with airflow obstruction. Although the main risk factor for COPD is smoking, some individuals are observed to have a high forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1) despite many years of heavy smoking. We hypothesised that these "resistant smokers" may harbour variants which protect against lung function decline caused by smoking and provide insight into the genetic determinants of lung health. We undertook whole exome re-sequencing of 100 heavy smokers who had healthy lung function given their age, sex, height and smoking history and applied three complementary approaches to explore the genetic architecture of smoking resistance. Firstly, we identified novel functional variants in the "resistant smokers" and looked for enrichment of these novel variants within biological pathways. Secondly, we undertook association testing of all exonic variants individually with two independent control sets. Thirdly, we undertook gene-based association testing of all exonic variants. Our strongest signal of association with smoking resistance for a non-synonymous SNP was for rs10859974 (P = 2.34 × 10(-4)) in CCDC38, a gene which has previously been reported to show association with FEV1/FVC, and we demonstrate moderate expression of CCDC38 in bronchial epithelial cells. We identified an enrichment of novel putatively functional variants in genes related to cilia structure and function in resistant smokers. Ciliary function abnormalities are known to be associated with both smoking and reduced mucociliary clearance in patients with COPD. We suggest that genetic influences on the development or function of cilia in the bronchial epithelium may affect growth of cilia or the extent of damage caused by tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise V. Wain
- University of Leicester, Department of Health Sciences, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ian Sayers
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - María Soler Artigas
- University of Leicester, Department of Health Sciences, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Portelli
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ma'en Obeidat
- University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Don D. Sin
- University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - David Nickle
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Merck, Rahway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Corry-Anke Brandsma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Scott A. Jelinsky
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sally John
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iain Kilty
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tricia McKeever
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nick R. G. Shrine
- University of Leicester, Department of Health Sciences, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Cook
- University of Leicester, Department of Health Sciences, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Shrina Patel
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Hollox
- University of Leicester, Department of Genetics, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P. Hall
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin D. Tobin
- University of Leicester, Department of Health Sciences, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
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27
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Hodge E, Nelson CP, Miller S, Billington CK, Stewart CE, Swan C, Malarstig A, Henry AP, Gowland C, Melén E, Hall IP, Sayers I. HTR4 gene structure and altered expression in the developing lung. Respir Res 2013; 14:77. [PMID: 23890215 PMCID: PMC3750317 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT₄R) gene (HTR4) associated with lung function. The aims of this study were to i) investigate the expression profile of HTR4 in adult and fetal lung tissue and cultured airway cells, ii) further define HTR4 gene structure and iii) explore the potential functional implications of key SNPs using a bioinformatic approach. METHODS Following reverse transcription (RT)-PCR in human brain, 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5' RACE) was used to examine the exonic structure of HTR4 at the 5' end. Quantitative (Q)-PCR was used to quantify HTR4 mRNA expression in total RNA from cultured airway cells and whole lung tissue. Publically available gene microarray data on fetal samples of estimated gestational age 7-22 weeks were mined for HTR4 expression. Immunohistochemistry (IHC; in adult and fetal lung tissue) and a radioligand binding assay (in cultured airway cells) were used to analyze 5-HT₄R protein expression. RESULTS IHC in adult lung, irrespective of the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), suggested low level expression of 5-HT₄R protein, which was most prominent in alveolar pneumocytes. There was evidence of differential 5-HT₄R protein levels during gestation in fetal lung, which was also evident in gene expression microarray data. HTR4 mRNA expression, assessed by Q-PCR, was <0.5% relative to brain in total adult lung tissue and in human airway smooth muscle (HASM) and bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) derived from adult donors. Radioligand binding experiments also indicated that HBEC and HASM cells did not express a significant 5-HT₄R population. 5' RACE in brain identified a novel N-terminal variant, containing an extended N-terminal sequence. The functional significance of key HTR4 SNPs was investigated using the encyclopedia of DNA elements consortium (ENCODE) dataset. These analyses identified multiple alterations in regulatory motifs for transcription factors implicated in lung development, including Foxp1. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest a role for HTR4 in lung development, which may at least in part explain the genetic association with lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hodge
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Carl P Nelson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Suzanne Miller
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Charlotte K Billington
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ceri E Stewart
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Caroline Swan
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Precision Medicine Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda P Henry
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Catherine Gowland
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Sachs’ Children’s Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian P Hall
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ian Sayers
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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28
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Ferreira RC, Freitag DF, Cutler AJ, Howson JMM, Rainbow DB, Smyth DJ, Kaptoge S, Clarke P, Boreham C, Coulson RM, Pekalski ML, Chen WM, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Rich SS, Butterworth AS, Malarstig A, Danesh J, Todd JA. Functional IL6R 358Ala allele impairs classical IL-6 receptor signaling and influences risk of diverse inflammatory diseases. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003444. [PMID: 23593036 PMCID: PMC3617094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, which is directly regulated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling, is implicated in the etiology of several chronic diseases. Although a common, non-synonymous variant in the IL-6 receptor gene (IL6R Asp358Ala; rs2228145 A>C) is associated with the risk of several common diseases, with the 358Ala allele conferring protection from coronary heart disease (CHD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), atrial fibrillation (AF), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), and increased susceptibility to asthma, the variant's effect on IL-6 signaling is not known. Here we provide evidence for the association of this non-synonymous variant with the risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in two independent populations and confirm that rs2228145 is the major determinant of the concentration of circulating soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) levels (34.6% increase in sIL-6R per copy of the minor allele 358Ala; rs2228145 [C]). To further investigate the molecular mechanism of this variant, we analyzed expression of IL-6R in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in 128 volunteers from the Cambridge BioResource. We demonstrate that, although 358Ala increases transcription of the soluble IL6R isoform (P = 8.3×10−22) and not the membrane-bound isoform, 358Ala reduces surface expression of IL-6R on CD4+ T cells and monocytes (up to 28% reduction per allele; P≤5.6×10−22). Importantly, reduced expression of membrane-bound IL-6R resulted in impaired IL-6 responsiveness, as measured by decreased phosphorylation of the transcription factors STAT3 and STAT1 following stimulation with IL-6 (P≤5.2×10−7). Our findings elucidate the regulation of IL-6 signaling by IL-6R, which is causally relevant to several complex diseases, identify mechanisms for new approaches to target the IL-6/IL-6R axis, and anticipate differences in treatment response to IL-6 therapies based on this common IL6R variant. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a complex cytokine, which plays a critical role in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Genetic variation in the IL-6 receptor gene is associated with the risk of several human diseases with an inflammatory component, including coronary heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma. A common non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in this gene (Asp358Ala) has been suggested to be the causal variant in this region by affecting the circulatory concentrations of soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R). In this study we extend the genetic association of this variant to type 1 diabetes and provide evidence that this variant exerts its functional mechanism by regulating the balance between sIL-6R (generated through cleavage of the surface receptor and by alternative splicing of a soluble IL6R isoform) and membrane-bound IL-6R. These data show for the first time that the minor allele of this non-synonymous variant (Ala358) directly controls the surface levels of IL-6R on individual immune cells and that these differences in protein levels translate into a functional impairment in IL-6R signaling. These findings may have implications for clinical trials targeting inflammatory mechanisms involving IL-6R signaling and may provide tools for identifying patients with specific benefit from therapeutic intervention in the IL-6R signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo C. Ferreira
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel F. Freitag
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antony J. Cutler
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna M. M. Howson
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B. Rainbow
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J. Smyth
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Kaptoge
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Clarke
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Boreham
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Coulson
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin L. Pekalski
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Adam S. Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Precision Medicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Todd
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Fleischmann R, van Vollenhoven RF, Smolen J, Emery P, Florentinus S, Rathmann S, Kupper H, Kavanaugh A, Taylor P, Genovese M, Keystone EC, Drescher E, Berclaz PY, Lee C, Fidelus-Gort R, Schlichting D, Beattie S, Luchi M, Macias W, Kavanaugh A, Emery P, van Vollenhoven RF, Dikranian AH, Alten R, Klearman M, Musselman D, Agarwal S, Green J, Gabay C, Weinblatt ME, Schiff MH, Fleischmann R, Valente R, van der Heijde D, Citera G, Zhao C, Maldonado MA, Rakieh C, Nam JL, Hunt L, Villeneuve E, Bissell LA, Das S, Conaghan P, McGonagle D, Wakefield RJ, Emery P, Wright HL, Thomas HB, Moots R, Edwards SW, Hamann P, Heward J, McHugh N, Lindsay MA, Haroon M, Giles JT, Winchester R, FitzGerald O, Karaderi T, Cohen CJ, Keidel S, Appleton LH, Macfarlane GJ, Siebert S, Evans D, Paul Wordsworth B, Plant D, Bowes J, Orozco G, Morgan AW, Wilson AG, Isaacs J, Barton A, Williams FM, Livshits G, Spector T, MacGregor A, Williams FM, Scollen S, Cao D, Memari Y, Hyde CL, Zhang B, Sidders B, Ziemek D, Shi Y, Harris J, Harrow I, Dougherty B, Malarstig A, McEwen R, Stephens JL, Patel K, Shin SY, Surdulescu G, He W, Jin X, McMahon SB, Soranzo N, John S, Wang J, Spector TD, Baker J, Litherland GJ, Rowan AD, Kite KA, Bayley R, Yang P, Smith JP, Williams J, Harper L, Kitas GD, Buckley C, Young SP, Fitzpatrick MA, Young SP, McGettrick HM, Filer A, Raza K, Nash G, Buckley C, Muthana M, Davies H, Khetan S, Adeleke G, Hawtree S, Tazzyman S, Morrow F, Ciani B, Wilson G, Quirke AM, Lugli E, Wegner N, Charles P, Hamilton B, Chowdhury M, Ytterberg J, Potempa J, Fisher B, Thiele G, Mikuls T, Venables P, Adebajo AO, Kavanaugh A, Mease P, Gomez-Reino JJ, Wollenhaupt J, Hu C, Stevens R, Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Dougados M, Van den Bosch F, Goupille P, Rathmann SS, Pangan AL, van der Heijde D, Sieper J, Maksymowych WP, Brown MA, Rathmann S, Pangan AL, Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Elewaut D, Pangan AL, Anderson J, Haroon M, Ramasamy P, O'Rourke M, Murphy C, Fitzgerald O, Jani M, Moore S, Mirjafari H, Macphie E, Chinoy H, Rao C, McLoughlin Y, Preeti S. Oral Abstracts 7: RA Clinical * O37. Long-Term Outcomes of Early RA Patients Initiated with Adalimumab Plus Methotrexate Compared with Methotrexate Alone Following a Targeted Treatment Approach. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Williams FMK, Scollen S, Cao D, Memari Y, Hyde CL, Zhang B, Sidders B, Ziemek D, Shi Y, Harris J, Harrow I, Dougherty B, Malarstig A, McEwen R, Stephens JC, Patel K, Menni C, Shin SY, Hodgkiss D, Surdulescu G, He W, Jin X, McMahon SB, Soranzo N, John S, Wang J, Spector TD. Genes contributing to pain sensitivity in the normal population: an exome sequencing study. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003095. [PMID: 23284290 PMCID: PMC3527205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity to pain varies considerably between individuals and is known to be heritable. Increased sensitivity to experimental pain is a risk factor for developing chronic pain, a common and debilitating but poorly understood symptom. To understand mechanisms underlying pain sensitivity and to search for rare gene variants (MAF<5%) influencing pain sensitivity, we explored the genetic variation in individuals' responses to experimental pain. Quantitative sensory testing to heat pain was performed in 2,500 volunteers from TwinsUK (TUK): exome sequencing to a depth of 70× was carried out on DNA from singletons at the high and low ends of the heat pain sensitivity distribution in two separate subsamples. Thus in TUK1, 101 pain-sensitive and 102 pain-insensitive were examined, while in TUK2 there were 114 and 96 individuals respectively. A combination of methods was used to test the association between rare variants and pain sensitivity, and the function of the genes identified was explored using network analysis. Using causal reasoning analysis on the genes with different patterns of SNVs by pain sensitivity status, we observed a significant enrichment of variants in genes of the angiotensin pathway (Bonferroni corrected p = 3.8×10−4). This pathway is already implicated in animal models and human studies of pain, supporting the notion that it may provide fruitful new targets in pain management. The approach of sequencing extreme exome variation in normal individuals has provided important insights into gene networks mediating pain sensitivity in humans and will be applicable to other common complex traits. Chronic widespread pain is a complex clinical problem. Identification of underlying genetic factors would shed light on the biology of pain and offer targets for novel therapies. We aimed to identify rare genetic variants in the normal population associated with pain sensation by performing exome sequencing on individuals who were more or less sensitive to heat pain. While we did not identify any single variants having large effect, we did observe major group differences between the sensitive and insensitive individuals. Network analysis suggested a role for the angiotensin pathway, which previous work in animal models has suggested is important in pain mediation. Our results cast light on the genetic factors underlying normal pain sensation in humans and the utility of exome analyses. It suggests that further exploration of the angiotensin pathway may reveal novel targets for the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M. K. Williams
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Scollen
- Pfizer Limited, Neusentis, Granta Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yasin Memari
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Craig L. Hyde
- Pfizer Research Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Pfizer Research Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Sidders
- Pfizer Limited, Neusentis, Granta Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Ziemek
- Worldwide R&D, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Juliette Harris
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Harrow
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Dougherty
- Pfizer Research Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Pfizer Limited, Neusentis, Granta Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert McEwen
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Joel C. Stephens
- Pfizer Research Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ketan Patel
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - So-Youn Shin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan Hodgkiss
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Surdulescu
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wen He
- Pfizer Research Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Xin Jin
- BGI–Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Nicole Soranzo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Sally John
- Pfizer Research Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI–Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (JW); (TDS)
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JW); (TDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Burgess
- Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.
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Ostberg T, Gorgen S, Salomonsson S, Ding B, Eliasson H, Elfving A, Malarstig A, Alfredsson L, Klareskog L, Hamsten A, Olsson T, Padukov L, Axelsson T, Gadler F, Jonzon A, Sonesson SE, Kockum I, Wahren-Herlenius M. HLA-DRB1*04 is a novel fetal susceptibility allele in congenital heart block. Ann Rheum Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.148965.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Clarke R, Peden JF, Hopewell JC, Kyriakou T, Goel A, Heath SC, Parish S, Barlera S, Franzosi MG, Rust S, Bennett D, Silveira A, Malarstig A, Green FR, Lathrop M, Gigante B, Leander K, de Faire U, Seedorf U, Hamsten A, Collins R, Watkins H, Farrall M. Genetic variants associated with Lp(a) lipoprotein level and coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:2518-28. [PMID: 20032323 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0902604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1028] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increased level of Lp(a) lipoprotein has been identified as a risk factor for coronary artery disease that is highly heritable. The genetic determinants of the Lp(a) lipoprotein level and their relevance for the risk of coronary disease are incompletely understood. METHODS We used a novel gene chip containing 48,742 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 2100 candidate genes to test for associations in 3145 case subjects with coronary disease and 3352 control subjects. Replication was tested in three independent populations involving 4846 additional case subjects with coronary disease and 4594 control subjects. RESULTS Three chromosomal regions (6q26-27, 9p21, and 1p13) were strongly associated with the risk of coronary disease. The LPA locus on 6q26-27 encoding Lp(a) lipoprotein had the strongest association. We identified a common variant (rs10455872) at the LPA locus with an odds ratio for coronary disease of 1.70 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49 to 1.95) and another independent variant (rs3798220) with an odds ratio of 1.92 (95% CI, 1.48 to 2.49). Both variants were strongly associated with an increased level of Lp(a) lipoprotein, a reduced copy number in LPA (which determines the number of kringle IV-type 2 repeats), and a small Lp(a) lipoprotein size. Replication studies confirmed the effects of both variants on the Lp(a) lipoprotein level and the risk of coronary disease. A meta-analysis showed that with a genotype score involving both LPA SNPs, the odds ratios for coronary disease were 1.51 (95% CI, 1.38 to 1.66) for one variant and 2.57 (95% CI, 1.80 to 3.67) for two or more variants. After adjustment for the Lp(a) lipoprotein level, the association between the LPA genotype score and the risk of coronary disease was abolished. CONCLUSIONS We identified two LPA variants that were strongly associated with both an increased level of Lp(a) lipoprotein and an increased risk of coronary disease. Our findings provide support for a causal role of Lp(a) lipoprotein in coronary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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