State of the art of the environmental behaviour and removal techniques of the endocrine disruptor 3,4-dichloroaniline.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018;
53:260-270. [PMID:
29173038 DOI:
10.1080/10934529.2017.1394701]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the presence of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in wastewater discharges from agricultural and industrial sources, [1] fresh- and estuarine-waters, as well as soils, has been reported in the literature. [2] Studies of adverse changes in wildlife, linked to environmental exposure to these substances, and the suggestion that humans could also be at similar risk of adverse health effects, [3-5] have raised concern for urgent action to understand and reduce such risks. 3,4-Dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) has been recognized as an EDC, with regards to endocrine disruption data for both wildlife populations and human health. [5] 3,4-DCA is present in the environment as a product of the biodegradation of phenylurea and phenylcarbamate pesticides [6,7] ; furthermore, it can be introduced from industrial and municipal wastewater that is insufficiently purified, or via accidental spills. [8-10] Increasing concentrations of 3,4-DCA in soil and water are the result of its high persistence and accumulation, as well as its low biodegradability. [11,12] Hence, remediation techniques require in-depth study, especially when considering the low removal achieved by traditional activated sludge treatments, and the generation of carcinogenic trihalomethanes as a consequence of the chlorine oxidation methods frequently used in drinking water plants. [13] Fe0/H2O2 systems, photodegradation using doped TiO2, and the use of dielectric barrier discharge reactors, seem to be the most promising techniques for the removal of 3,4-DCA from water.
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