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Misitano A, Moro AS, Ferro M, Forresi B. The Dissociative Subtype of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature using the Latent Profile Analysis. J Trauma Dissociation 2024; 25:349-365. [PMID: 36062756 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2022.2120155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A PTSD subtype with dissociative symptoms (D-PTSD) was included in the DSM-5 recognizing the existence of a more severe form of PTSD, associated to past trauma, high comorbidity, and complex clinical management. As research is rapidly growing and results are inconsistent, a better investigation of this subtype is of primary importance. We conducted a systematic review of studies using Latent Profile Analysis to investigate the existence of a D-PTSD subtype. Covariates of D-PTSD were included, to understand additional symptoms, risk factors and comorbidities. The search was performed on PubMed, EBSCOHost, and PTSDPubs according to 2020 PRISMA guidelines. Eligible articles assessed trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms and diagnosis, and dissociation, in adult samples. 13 of 165 articles met the inclusion criteria. All identified a dissociative subtype of PTSD, mainly characterized by higher levels of depersonalization and derealization. D-PTSD profile sometimes presented other dissociative symptoms, such as gaps in awareness and memory, other comorbid disorders, and a history of abuse. Despite some limitations, this review supports the existence of a dissociative subgroup of individuals among those with PTSD. More rigorous studies are needed to clarify these findings and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Misitano
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Stefano Moro
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Ferro
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Forresi
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
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Saccenti D, Moro AS, Sassaroli S, Malgaroli A, Ferro M, Lamanna J. Neural correlates of metacognition: Disentangling the brain circuits underlying prospective and retrospective second-order judgments through noninvasive brain stimulation. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25330. [PMID: 38622870 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Metacognition encompasses the capability to monitor and control one's cognitive processes, with metamemory and metadecision configuring among the most studied higher order functions. Although imaging experiments evaluated the role of disparate brain regions, neural substrates of metacognitive judgments remain undetermined. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize and discuss the available evidence concerning the neural bases of metacognition which has been collected by assessing the effects of noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) on human subjects' metacognitive capacities. Based on such literature analysis, our goal is, at first, to verify whether prospective and retrospective second-order judgments are localized within separate brain circuits and, subsequently, to provide compelling clues useful for identifying new targets for future NIBS studies. The search was conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines among PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PSYNDEX, MEDLINE, and ERIC databases. Overall, 25 studies met the eligibility criteria, yielding a total of 36 experiments employing transcranial magnetic stimulation and 16 ones making use of transcranial electrical stimulation techniques, including transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial alternating current stimulation. Importantly, we found that both perspective and retrospective judgments about both memory and perceptual decision-making performances depend on the activation of the anterior and lateral portions of the prefrontal cortex, as well as on the activity of more caudal regions such as the premotor cortex and the precuneus. Combining this evidence with results from previous imaging and lesion studies, we advance ventromedial prefrontal cortex as a promising target for future NIBS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Saccenti
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Stefano Moro
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Sassaroli
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Studi Cognitivi, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Ferro
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lamanna
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Levi S, Ripamonti M, Moro AS, Cozzi A. Iron imbalance in neurodegeneration. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-023-02399-z. [PMID: 38212377 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for the development and functionality of the brain, and anomalies in its distribution and concentration in brain tissue have been found to be associated with the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases. When magnetic resonance techniques allowed iron quantification in vivo, it was confirmed that the alteration of brain iron homeostasis is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether iron is the main actor in the neurodegenerative process, or its alteration is a consequence of the degenerative process is still an open question. Because the different iron-related pathogenic mechanisms are specific for distinctive diseases, identifying the molecular mechanisms common to the various pathologies could represent a way to clarify this complex topic. Indeed, both iron overload and iron deficiency have profound consequences on cellular functioning, and both contribute to neuronal death processes in different manners, such as promoting oxidative damage, a loss of membrane integrity, a loss of proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, with the attempt to elucidate the consequences of iron dyshomeostasis for brain health, we summarize the main pathological molecular mechanisms that couple iron and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Levi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy.
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Andrea Stefano Moro
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cozzi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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Moro AS, Saccenti D, Seccia A, Ferro M, Malgaroli A, Lamanna J. Poke And Delayed Drink Intertemporal Choice Task (POKE-ADDICT): An open-source behavioral apparatus for intertemporal choice testing in rodents. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:619-626. [PMID: 38082507 PMCID: PMC10757207 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in neuroscience research present opportunities and challenges, requiring substantial resources and funding. To address this, we describe here "Poke And Delayed Drink Intertemporal Choice Task (POKE-ADDICT)", an open-source, versatile, and cost-effective apparatus for intertemporal choice testing in rodents. This allows quantification of delay discounting (DD), a cross-species phenomenon observed in decision making which provides valuable insights into higher-order cognitive functioning. In DD, the subjective value of a delayed reward is reduced as a function of the delay for its receipt. Using our apparatus, we implemented an effective intertemporal choice paradigm for the quantification of DD based on an adjusting delayed amount (ADA) algorithm using mango juice as a reward. Our paradigm requires limited training, a few 3D-printed parts and inexpensive electrical components, including a Raspberry Pi control unit. Furthermore, it is compatible with several in vivo procedures and the use of nose pokes instead of levers allows for faster task learning. Besides the main application described here, the apparatus can be further extended to implement other behavioral tests and protocols, including standard operant conditioning. In conclusion, we describe a versatile and cost-effective design based on Raspberry Pi that can support research in animal behavior, decision making and, more specifically, delay discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stefano Moro
- Department of PsychologySigmund Freud UniversityMilanItaly
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC)Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Unit, Italian Psychotherapy ClinicsMilanItaly
| | - Daniele Saccenti
- Department of PsychologySigmund Freud UniversityMilanItaly
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Unit, Italian Psychotherapy ClinicsMilanItaly
| | - Alessia Seccia
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC)Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Mattia Ferro
- Department of PsychologySigmund Freud UniversityMilanItaly
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC)Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Unit, Italian Psychotherapy ClinicsMilanItaly
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC)Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
- Faculty of PsychologyVita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
- San Raffaele Turro, IRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanItaly
| | - Jacopo Lamanna
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC)Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
- Faculty of PsychologyVita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
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Moro AS, Saccenti D, Vergallito A, Scaini S, Malgaroli A, Ferro M, Lamanna J. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the orbitofrontal cortex reduces delay discounting. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1239463. [PMID: 37693283 PMCID: PMC10483138 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1239463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Delay discounting (DD) is a quantifiable psychological phenomenon that regulates decision-making. Nevertheless, the neural substrates of DD and its relationship with other cognitive domains are not well understood. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a potential candidate for supporting the expression of DD, but due to its wide involvement in several psychological functions and neural networks, its central role remains elusive. In this study, healthy subjects underwent transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) while performing an intertemporal choice task for the quantification of DD and a working memory task. To selectively engage the OFC, two electrode configurations have been tested, namely, anodal Fp1-cathodal Fp2 and cathodal Fp1-anodal Fp2. Our results show that stimulation of the OFC reduces DD, independently from electrode configuration. In addition, no relationship was found between DD measures and either working memory performance or baseline impulsivity assessed through established tests. Our work will direct future investigations aimed at unveiling the specific neural mechanisms underlying the involvement of the OFC in DD, and at testing the efficacy of OFC tDCS in reducing DD in psychological conditions where this phenomenon has been strongly implicated, such as addiction and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stefano Moro
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Unit, Italian Psychotherapy Clinics, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Saccenti
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Unit, Italian Psychotherapy Clinics, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Simona Scaini
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Child and Youth Lab, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Child and Adolescent Unit, Italian Psychotherapy Clinics, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- San Raffaele Turro, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Ferro
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Unit, Italian Psychotherapy Clinics, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lamanna
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Spadini S, Racchetti G, Adiletta A, Lamanna J, Moro AS, Ferro M, Zimarino V, Malgaroli A. A novel integrated approach to estimate the mitochondrial content of neuronal cells and brain tissues. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 363:109351. [PMID: 34481832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria and their dynamics fuel most cellular processes both in physiological and pathological conditions. In the central nervous system, mitochondria sustain synaptic transmission and plasticity via multiple mechanisms which include their redistribution and/or expansion to higher energy demanding sites, sustaining activity changes and promoting morphological circuit adaptations. NEW METHOD To be able to evaluate changes in mitochondrial number and protein phenotype, we propose a novel methodological approach where the simultaneous analysis of both mitochondrial DNA and protein content is performed on each individual microsample, avoiding non-homogeneous loss of material. RESULTS We validated this method on neuronal-like cells and tissue samples and obtained estimates for the mitochondrial/genomic DNA ratio as well as for the abundance of protein counterparts. When the mitochondrial content per cell was evaluated in different brain areas, our results matched the known regional variation in aerobic-anaerobic metabolism. When long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced on hippocampal neurons, we detected increases in the abundance of mitochondria that correlated with the degree of synaptic enhancement. CONCLUSIONS Our approach can be effectively used to study the mitochondrial content andits changes in different brain cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Spadini
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, Milan 20132, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Racchetti
- Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Adiletta
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, Milan 20132, Italy; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lamanna
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, Milan 20132, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Stefano Moro
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, Milan 20132, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Ferro
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, Milan 20132, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Zimarino
- Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, Milan 20132, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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Schulte C, Lamanna J, Moro AS, Piazzoni C, Borghi F, Chighizola M, Ortoleva S, Racchetti G, Lenardi C, Podestà A, Malgaroli A, Milani P. Neuronal Cells Confinement by Micropatterned Cluster-Assembled Dots with Mechanotransductive Nanotopography. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:4062-4075. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schulte
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa) and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lamanna
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and Neurobiology of Learning Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific
Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Stefano Moro
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and Neurobiology of Learning Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific
Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Piazzoni
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa) and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Borghi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa) and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Chighizola
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa) and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Ortoleva
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa) and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Racchetti
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and Neurobiology of Learning Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific
Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa) and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa) and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and Neurobiology of Learning Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific
Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa) and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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