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Clinical and Echocardiographic Findings in an Aged Population of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11040949. [PMID: 33800666 PMCID: PMC8065390 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common cardiac disease in dogs. It varies from dogs without clinical signs to those developing left-sided congestive heart failure, leading to death. Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) are particularly susceptible to MMVD. We hypothesised that within the elderly CKCS population, there is a sub-cohort of MMVD-affected dogs that do not have cardiac remodelling. The objectives of the present study were (i) to determine the prevalence and the degree of cardiac remodelling associated with MMVD; and (ii) assess the effect of age, gender, and body weight on echocardiographic status in a population of aged CKCSs. A total of 126 CKCSs ≥ 8 years old were prospectively included. They all had a physical and echocardiographic examination. A systolic murmur was detected in 89% of dogs; the presence of clinical signs was reported in 19% of them; and echocardiographic evidence of MMVD was described in 100%. Despite the high prevalence, 44.4% of the dogs were clear of echocardiographic signs of cardiac remodelling. Age was significantly associated with the presence and severity of cardiac remodelling and mitral valve prolapse. Our results showed that a proportion of elderly CKCS with confirmed MMVD did not undergo advanced stages of this pathology.
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Signalling pathways linking cysteine cathepsins to adverse cardiac remodelling. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109770. [PMID: 32891693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adverse cardiac remodelling clinically manifests as deleterious changes to heart architecture (size, mass and geometry) and function. These changes, which include alterations to ventricular wall thickness, chamber dilation and poor contractility, are important because they progressively drive patients with cardiac disease towards heart failure and are associated with poor prognosis. Cysteine cathepsins contribute to key signalling pathways involved in adverse cardiac remodelling including synthesis and degradation of the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM), cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, impaired cardiomyocyte contractility and apoptosis. In this review, we highlight the role of cathepsins in these signalling pathways as well as their translational potential as therapeutic targets in cardiac disease.
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Cardiovascular-renal axis disorder and acute-phase proteins in cats with congestive heart failure caused by primary cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1078-1090. [PMID: 32395893 PMCID: PMC7255652 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure (CHF) in cats is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To identify novel biomarkers for CHF in cats caused by primary cardiomyopathy, particularly related to cardiovascular-renal axis disorder and systemic inflammatory response. ANIMALS Twenty-five cats in CHF caused by primary cardiomyopathy, 12 cats with preclinical cardiomyopathy, and 20 healthy controls. METHODS Case control and observational case series. The following serum biomarkers were compared among the 3 cat groups: a cardiorenal profile that included N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), and creatinine and an inflammatory profile that included 7 acute-phase proteins (APPs). Survival analyses and longitudinal studies were performed in CHF cats. RESULTS All cardiorenal biomarkers were positively correlated and higher in CHF cats, and high NT-proBNP and SDMA were associated with poor clinical outcome. Cats with CHF had significantly higher leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1, serum amyloid A, and ceruloplasmin, and these APPs were positively correlated with NT-proBNP and left atrial size. In a multivariable survival analysis, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein concentration (P = .01), body weight (P = .02) and left atrial-to-aortic root ratio (P = .01) were independent prognostic factors for CHF in these cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In cats, CHF is an inflammatory disorder and outcome in CHF may be determined by the extent of inflammation and possibly the amount of residual renal function. These novel biomarkers have potential use for the clinical management, prognosis, and future research into CHF and cardiomyopathy in cats.
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Evaluation of benazepril in cats with heart disease in a prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2559-2571. [PMID: 31560137 PMCID: PMC6872620 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in cats, but there is limited evidence of the benefit of any medication. Hypothesis The angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril would delay the time to treatment failure in cats with heart disease of various etiologies. Animals One hundred fifty‐one client‐owned cats. Methods Cats with heart disease, confirmed by echocardiography, with or without clinical signs of congestive heart failure, were recruited between 2002 and 2005 and randomized to benazepril or placebo in a prospective, multicenter, parallel‐group, blinded clinical trial. Benazepril (0.5‐1.0 mg/kg) or placebo was administered PO once daily for up to 2 years. The primary endpoint was treatment failure. Analyses were conducted separately for all‐cause treatment failure (main analysis) and heart disease‐related treatment failure (supportive analysis). Results No benefit of benazepril versus placebo was detected for time to all‐cause treatment failure (P = .42) or time to treatment failure related to heart disease (P = .21). Hazard ratios (95% confidence interval [CI]) from multivariate analysis for benazepril compared with placebo were 1.00 (0.57‐1.74) for all‐cause failure, and 0.99 (0.50‐1.94) for forward selection and 0.93 (0.48‐1.81) for bidirectional selection models for heart disease‐related failure. There were no significant differences between groups over time after administration of the test articles in left atrium diameter, left ventricle wall thickness, quality of life scores, adverse events, or plasma biochemistry or hematology variables. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Benazepril was tolerated well in cats with heart disease, but no evidence of benefit was detected.
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ECG of the Month. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:1413-1415. [PMID: 30451618 DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.11.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Development and Evaluation of a Tissue-Engineered Fibrin-based Canine Mitral Valve Three-dimensional Cell Culture System. J Comp Pathol 2018; 160:23-33. [PMID: 29729718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Myxomatous mitral valve disease is the most common cardiac disease of the dog, but examination of the associated cellular and molecular events has relied on the use of cadaveric valve tissue, in which functional studies cannot be undertaken. The aim of this study was to develop a three-dimensional (3D) cell co-culture model as an experimental platform to examine disease pathogenesis. Mitral valve interstitial (VIC) and endothelial (VEC) cells were cultured from normal and diseased canine (VIC only) valves. VICs were embedded in a fibrin-based hydrogel matrix and one surface was lined with VECs. The 3D static cultures (constructs) were examined qualitatively and semiquantitatively by light microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy and protein immunoblotting. Some constructs were manipulated and the endothelium damaged, and the response examined. The construct gross morphology and histology demonstrated native tissue-like features and comparable expression patterns of cellular (α-smooth muscle actin [SMA] and embryonic smooth muscle myosin heavy chain [SMemb]) and extracellular matrix associated markers (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-1 and MMP-3), reminiscent of diseased valves. There were no differences between constructs containing normal valve VICs and VECs (type 1) and those containing diseased valve VICs and normal valve VECs (type 2). Mechanical manipulation and endothelial damage (type 3) tended to decrease α-SMA and SMemb expression, suggesting reversal of VIC activation, but with retention of SMemb+ cells adjacent to the wounded endothelium consistent with response to injury. Fibrin-based 3D mitral valve constructs can be produced using primary cell cultures derived from canine mitral valves, and show a phenotype reminiscent of diseased valves. The constructs demonstrate a response to endothelial damage indicating their utility as experimental platforms.
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Platelet function and activation in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with subclinical chronic valvular heart disease. Am J Vet Res 2017; 77:860-8. [PMID: 27463549 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.8.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess platelet closure time (CT), mean platelet component (MPC) concentration, and platelet component distribution width (PCDW) in dogs with subclinical chronic valvular heart disease. ANIMALS 89 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) and 39 control dogs (not CKCSs). PROCEDURES Platelet count, MPC concentration, PCDW, and Hct were measured by use of a hematology analyzer, and CT was measured by use of a platelet function analyzer. Murmur grade and echocardiographic variables (mitral valve regurgitant jet size relative to left atrial area, left atrial-to-aortic diameter ratio, and left ventricular internal dimensions) were recorded. Associations between explanatory variables (sex, age, murmur grade, echocardiographic variables, platelet count, and Hct) and outcomes (CT, MPC concentration, and PCDW) were examined by use of multivariate regression models. RESULTS A model with 5 variables best explained variation in CT (R(2), 0.74), with > 60% of the variance of CT explained by mitral valve regurgitant jet size. The model of best fit to explain variation in MPC concentration included only platelet count (R(2), 0.24). The model of best fit to explain variation in PCDW included platelet count and sex (R(2), 0.25). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, a significant effect of mitral valve regurgitant jet size on CT was consistent with platelet dysfunction. However, platelet activation, as assessed on the basis of the MPC concentration and PCDW, was not a feature of subclinical chronic valvular heart disease in CKCSs.
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The novel use of intravenous pimobendan and oral torasemide in a cat with congestive heart failure secondary to end‐stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2015-000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Culture and characterisation of canine mitral valve interstitial and endothelial cells. Vet J 2015; 204:32-9. [PMID: 25747697 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Valve interstitial cells (VICs) have an important role in the aetiopathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in the dog. Furthermore, there is evidence that valve endothelial cells (VECs) also contribute to disease development. In addition to examining native valve tissue to understand MMVD, another strategy is to separately examine VIC and VEC biology under in vitro culture conditions. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterise canine mitral VICs and VECs from normal dog valves using a combination of morphology, immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Canine mitral VECs and VICs were isolated and cultured in vitro. The two cell populations exhibited different morphologies and growth patterns. VECs, but not VICs, expressed the endothelial markers, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1 or CD31) and acetylated low density lipoprotein (Dil-Ac-LDL). Both VECs and VICs expressed vimentin and embryonic non-smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMemb), an activated mesenchymal cell marker. The myofibroblast marker, alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), was detected at the mRNA level in both VEC and VIC cultures, but only at the protein level in VIC cultures. The morphological heterogeneity and expression of non-endothelial phenotypic markers in VEC cultures suggested that a mixture of cell types was present, which might be due to cell contamination and/or endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). The use of a specific endothelial culture medium for primary VEC cultures enhanced the endothelial properties of the cells and reduced α-SMA and SMemb expression.
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Identification and surgical ligation of aortopulmonic vascular malformation causing left heart volume overload in 4 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:583-7. [PMID: 23600663 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Population structure and genetic heterogeneity in popular dog breeds in the UK. Vet J 2012; 196:92-7. [PMID: 23084740 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing concern that reproductive isolation related to breed specifications in dogs, while maintaining genetic differences among breeds, is likely to promote breed-specific genetic disorders. This study examined genetic diversity among 13 popular dog breed groups in the UK. Most breeds showed high levels of homozygosity when compared with crossbred animals. The Boxer and West Highland white terrier showed the lowest heterozygosity, while the Jack Russell terrier group (not a registered breed in the UK) had a level of heterozygosity comparable to crossbred dogs. Analysis of genetic distance between breeds showed significantly different inbreeding coefficients for pairwise comparisons among registered breeds, with the most divergent breeds being the Boxer and West Highland white terrier. The Rottweiler and Golden retriever showed the highest levels of inbreeding. The least distinct group contained crossbred dogs. The results show that the registered breeds are subject to a 'breed barrier' which promotes reduction in genetic diversity.
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Efficacy of pimobendan in the prevention of congestive heart failure or sudden death in Doberman Pinschers with preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy (the PROTECT Study). J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1337-49. [PMID: 23078651 PMCID: PMC3546380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefit of pimobendan in delaying the progression of preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Dobermans is not reported. HYPOTHESIS That chronic oral administration of pimobendan to Dobermans with preclinical DCM will delay the onset of CHF or sudden death and improve survival. ANIMALS Seventy-six client-owned Dobermans recruited at 10 centers in the UK and North America. METHODS The trial was a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel group multicenter study. Dogs were allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive pimobendan (Vetmedin capsules) or visually identical placebo. The composite primary endpoint was prospectively defined as either onset of CHF or sudden death. Time to death from all causes was a secondary endpoint. RESULTS The proportion of dogs reaching the primary endpoint was not significantly different between groups (P = .1). The median time to the primary endpoint (onset of CHF or sudden death) was significantly longer in the pimobendan (718 days, IQR 441-1152 days) versus the placebo group (441 days, IQR 151-641 days) (log-rank P = 0.0088). The median survival time was significantly longer in the pimobendan (623 days, IQR 491-1531 days) versus the placebo group (466 days, IQR 236-710 days) (log-rank P = .034). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The administration of pimobendan to Dobermans with preclinical DCM prolongs the time to the onset of clinical signs and extends survival. Treatment of dogs in the preclinical phase of this common cardiovascular disorder with pimobendan can lead to improved outcome.
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Genome-wide analysis of mitral valve disease in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Vet J 2012; 193:283-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
A 12-week old, entire female Border terrier weighing 3·5 kg was presented for investigation of a continuous left heart base murmur. The clinical presentation and preoperative echocardiogram were consistent with a standard morphology of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) but a discrete ductal vessel was not identified during surgical dissection. Surgery had to be abandoned due to deterioration of the patient's condition under general anaesthesia which led to cardiorespiratory arrest and death despite attempts at resuscitation. Necropsy identified a recess within the wall of the aorta communicating with the pulmonary artery via an ostium at the heart base which determined this structure as an intramural PDA. This morphology of PDA is previously unreported. This report demonstrates that an intramural PDA is not readily identifiable surgically because of the absence of a discrete ductal vessel and it is important to appreciate that unusual morphologies of PDA may occur.
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Canine tissue-specific expression of multiple small leucine rich proteoglycans. Vet J 2012; 193:374-80. [PMID: 22365843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small leucine rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are important constituents of extracellular matrix (ECM) and contribute to the production, organization and remodelling of collagen and elastin through complex biological systems. The relative expression and distribution of SLRPs in a variety of different mammalian tissues is poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to map the expression of seven SLRPs (biglycan, versican, prolargin, fibromodulin, osteoglycin, decorin and lumican) in seven tissues (bone, cartilage, cruciate ligament, skin, ventricular myocardium, mitral valve and cornea) in young adult dogs using a combination of quantitative real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and protein immunoblotting. Clear and consistent patterns of SLRP expression and distribution were identified for the seven tissues examined, with the greatest SLRP expression in cartilage, skin, cornea and mitral valve, and the least expression in myocardium. In general, lumican and prolargin had the greatest expression across the seven tissues whilst osteoglycin was the least abundantly expressed SLRP. These data provide a SLRP profile for different canine tissues which can inform future studies of SLRP expression in development and disease.
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Expression of urocortin peptides in canine myocardium and plasma. Vet J 2010; 188:318-24. [PMID: 20554462 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin (Ucn) peptides are the endogenous ligands for the corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptor (CRFR2). They have potentially important roles in cardiovascular physiology in health and disease, and show promise as therapeutics for congestive heart failure. Analysis of canine heart tissue showed mRNA expression of Ucn 1, Ucn 3 and CRFR2 in all heart chambers. Immunohistochemistry also demonstrated Ucns 1 and 3 expression in cardiomyocytes. To assess the potential usefulness of circulating Ucns as markers of heart disease, plasma samples from 45 dogs with cardiac disease and 15 controls were analysed by radioimmunoassay. Both Ucns 1 and 3 were measurable but the presence of cardiac disease did not alter their concentrations. Therefore, whilst Ucns are expressed in canine myocardium (where they may play a role in the endogenous neurohumoral response to cardiac disease or failure) they do not appear to be sensitive biomarkers of cardiac disease in our canine patient population.
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Evaluation of innervation of the mitral valves and the effects of myxomatous degeneration in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:194-202. [PMID: 20113227 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.2.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To map aspects of the innervation of the mitral valve complex and determine any association with the development or progression of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION Septal mitral valve leaflets from 11 dogs aged 6 months to > 10 years. PROCEDURES Expression of protein gene product 9.5 (general neuronal marker), tyrosine hydroxylase (adrenergic innervation marker), vasoactive intestinal peptide (parasympathetic innervation marker), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (sensory innervation marker) was assessed by use of a standard immunohistochemical technique. Innervation was assessed qualitatively and semiquantitatively. Differences between valvular zones and between groups were analyzed statistically. RESULTS MMVD was present in leaflets of all dogs > or = 5 years of age. Innervation was confirmed in all leaflets but was markedly reduced in leaflets of dogs > 10 years of age. Innervation was most dense at the base of valves and mainly associated with the epimysial, perimysial, and endomysial layers of the muscle and blood vessels within the valve. Innervation was reduced within the middle zone of the valve and lacking at the free edge. Innervation was not identified at the tip of the leaflet, the free edge, or the chordae. Nerve fibers were mostly sympathetic, with the remainder being parasympathetic or sensory. Existence of MMVD did not alter the pattern or density of innervation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mitral valve leaflets in the study dogs were innervated, with most of the nerve fibers associated with the myocardium in the valve base. Development of MMVD appeared to precede the reduction of innervation associated with advancing age.
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Structural and cellular changes in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease: an image analysis study. THE JOURNAL OF HEART VALVE DISEASE 2010; 19:60-70. [PMID: 20329491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the single most common cardiac disease of the dog, and bears close similarities to chronic degenerative mitral valve disease in humans. However, limited quantitative data are available on cellular and morphological changes in both species. The study aim was to use an image analysis system to examine various morphological changes associated with MMVD, and in particular to measure changes in cell numbers in overtly myxomatous areas of the distal portion of the valve. METHODS Mitral valve complexes were collected from normal dogs and dogs with varying severity of myxomatous mitral valve disease (veterinary Whitney grades 1-4; a measure of disease severity and age-related disease progression in the dog). An image analysis technique (ImageJ; National Institutes of Health, USA) was used to measure valve leaflet length, thickness, connective tissue content and density, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, cell number and shape in normal and myxomatous areas of diseased valves. RESULTS There was a change in the valve leaflet anterior/posterior length ratio in the diseased valves, suggestive of valve lengthening. Distinct and statistically significant (p < 0.01) changes occurred in the valve thickness ratio for both anterior and posterior leaflets as the disease progressed, and the posterior leaflet thickness ratios were consistently higher than for the anterior leaflets. There was a statistically significant decrease in cell numbers in overtly myxomatous areas of the distal portion of affected valves compared to similar locations in normal valves, but there was no difference between the different grades of disease. The majority of cells in both diseased and normal valves had a circularity score typical of a spindle (elongated) shape. Connective tissue derangement was clearly seen in the myxomatous areas, and this was associated with a significant reduction in connective tissue density. The reduction in connective tissue density was associated with advancing disease severity (age). There was an increase in GAG expression with disease severity, as shown by the level of Alcian blue staining, but this could not be quantified with ImageJ. CONCLUSION Mitral valve myxomatous degeneration in the dog is associated with lengthening and thickening of valve leaflets, a loss of connective tissue, and a decrease in cell numbers in selected myxomatous areas, but no change in cell circularity. Some of these changes were age- (disease severity-) related.
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Expression of three intelectins in sheep and response to a Th2 environment. Vet Res 2009; 40:53. [PMID: 19549487 PMCID: PMC2733327 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep intelectin1 and sheep intelectin3 (sITLN1 and sITLN3) were cloned and sequenced. The amino acid sequences of sITLN1 and sITLN3 shared 86% and 91% homology with the previously cloned sheep intelectin2 (sITLN2), respectively. Expression of sITLN1 and sITLN3 transcript was demonstrated in abomasum, lung, colon and gastric lymph node, terminal rectum, skin, jejunum, mesenteric lymph node, ileal peyer’s patches, brain, kidney, liver, spleen, skin, ear pinna, heart and ovary in normal sheep tissues. sITLN2 transcript expression was restricted to the abomasal mucosa in normal sheep tissues. Using a non selective chicken anti-intelectin antibody, tissue intelectin protein was demonstrated in mucus neck cells in the abomasum, mucus cells in the colon, free mucus in ileum, goblet cells in the lung, small intestinal epithelium and brush border, epidermal layer of the skin and skin sebaceous glands. The expression of the three sITLN transcripts was examined in two nematode infections in sheep known to induce a Th2 response; a Teladorsagia circumcincta challenge infection model and a Dictyocaulus filaria natural infection. The three sITLN were absent in unchallenged naïve lambs and present in the abomasal mucosa of both naïve and immune lambs following T. circumcincta challenge infection. Upregulation of sITLN2 and sITLN3 was shown in sheep lung following D. filaria natural infection. Intelectins may play an important role in the mucosal response to nematode infections in ruminants.
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Pulsed-wave Doppler tissue imaging velocities in normal geriatric cats and geriatric cats with primary or systemic diseases linked to specific cardiomyopathies in humans, and the influence of age and heart rate upon these velocities. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:293-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pulsed-wave Doppler tissue imaging (pw-DTI) techniques allow the non-invasive assessment of myocardial dynamics. pw-DTI has demonstrated regional and global diastolic impairment in various forms of human and feline cardiomyopathy. We hypothesise that in geriatric cats with systemic diseases that have been linked to specific cardiomyopathies in human beings, the myocardial velocity profile will be altered when compared to either normal or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) cats; and that both age and heart rate have a significant affect upon pw-DTI velocities. The aims of this study were to determine whether the feline M-mode or myocardial velocity profile is altered in geriatric cats with disease states that have been linked to specific cardiomyopathies in humans when compared to normal geriatric cats or geriatric cats with HCM and to determine whether age or heart rate has a significant effect upon pw-DTI velocities within these groups of cats. Sixty-six cats aged 8 years or above were included in the study, and were divided as follows: Unaffected ( n=8), basilar septal bulge (BSB) (17), HCM (14), hyperthyroid (HiT4) (12) and chronic renal failure (CRF) (15). Systolic blood pressure was normal in all the cats. pw-DTI systolic ( S′), early ( E′) and late diastolic ( A′) velocities were assessed from standardised sites within the myocardium, and the relationships between these and disease group, age and heart rate were then assessed. In cats with HCM, the E′ velocity was decreased at various sites. Conversely, the HiT4cats demonstrated increased S′ velocities. The only site at which the age of the cat was significantly related to myocardial velocities was the S′ velocity from the apical mid-septum. There were also significant positive relationships between heart rate and the magnitude of myocardial S′, E′ and A′ velocities of radial motion and S′ and A′ velocities of longitudinal motion. pw-DTI detected diastolic dysfunction in untreated cats with HCM and increased systolic function in HiT4cats. The age of the cat was of little significance, whereas heart rate significantly influenced myocardial velocity profiles.
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Distribution of myofibroblasts, smooth muscle–like cells, macrophages, and mast cells in mitral valve leaflets of dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:763-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.6.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Up-regulation of intelectin in sheep after infection with Teladorsagia circumcincta. Int J Parasitol 2007; 38:467-75. [PMID: 17983620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 08/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel intelectin molecule designated sheep intelectin 2 (sITLN2) was detected in sheep abomasal mucosa. The full sequence shared 76-83% homology with other mammalian intelectins. Intelectins are mucus-associated proteins that have been shown to be up-regulated in gastrointestinal nematode infections in rodents and in human asthma. Expression of sheep abomasal ITLN2 mRNA was significantly up-regulated on day 10 post-challenge of worm-free sheep with Teladorsagia circumcincta and at day 2 in previously infected, immune sheep. Increased expression of ITLN protein following challenge was confirmed by Western blot and was immunolocalised to the mucous neck cells of the abomasal mucosa. Infection with T. circumcincta was also associated with increased levels of abomasal transcripts encoding sheep mast cell protease-1, ovine galectin-14 and IL4, which collectively suggested a Th2 type response. Intelectin may play an important role in the mucosal response to gastrointestinal nematode infections in ruminants.
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Abstract
Upregulation of intelectin (ITLN) transcript and protein has previously been shown in intestinal nematode infections of resistant mice strains with immunolocalisation of protein to goblet cells and paneth cells. In man, intelectin expression has been shown in respiratory tract epithelium, with upregulation occurring in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic individuals. This study describes the expression of intelectin in the respiratory tract of sheep and the immunolocalisation to goblet cells using a novel affinity-purified chicken anti-intelectin peptide antibody. Furthermore we show that when sheep tracheal explants were cultured for 48 h+/- recombinant sheep IL-4, sheep ITLN transcripts were upregulated compared with controls. Putative roles for intelectin have included an antibacterial role and an alteration of the character of mucus. Our data suggest ITLNs may play an important role in the mucosal response in allergy and parasitic infections.
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ASSESSMENT OF THE REPEATABILITY OF FELINE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY USING CONVENTIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND SPECTRAL PULSE-WAVE DOPPLER TISSUE IMAGING TECHNIQUES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2007; 48:58-68. [PMID: 17236362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2007.00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the intraoperator, intraobserver, and interobserver repeatability in a series of conventional echocardiographic parameters and in some of the newer measurements of diastolic function, including color M-mode flow propagation velocity, isovolumic relaxation time and pulsed-wave Doppler tissue imaging velocities. Four healthy cats were each scanned five times over a 3-day period. The repeatability of these echocardiographic analyses was compared using Bland-Altman analysis (intraoperator repeatability). After a minimum of 5 weeks, one scan was randomly selected from each cat, and was remeasured by the original observer and the results compared using a standard paired Student's t-test (intraobserver repeatability). One scan from each cat was then randomly selected and two observers, with similar levels of experience, measured each of these scans. The repeatability of these echocardiographic analyses was compared using Bland-Altman analysis (interobserver repeatability). The conventional two-dimensional (2D), M-mode and spectral Doppler measurements were repeatable in both their acquisition and measurement by a single investigator; there was a greater degree of variation between the two observers. The predominant (S', E', and A') pulsed-wave Doppler tissue imaging velocities from the left apical four-chambered view, generally had a coefficient of variation of approximately 20% (range 9.62-34.08%). However, with pulsed-wave Doppler tissue imaging, velocities recorded during the isovolumic phases, the velocity of the tricuspid annulus, and the radial fiber velocity within the interventricular septum, frequently had coefficients of variation in excess of 20% and should therefore be interpreted with caution.
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Left ventricular flow propagation using color M-mode echocardiography in the diagnosis of effusive-constrictive pericardial disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006; 47:366-9. [PMID: 16863055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2006.00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Ultrastructural morphologic evaluation of the phenotype of valvular interstitial cells in dogs with myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:1408-14. [PMID: 16173485 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate morphologic changes in valvular interstitial cells of dogs and to find evidence for disease-associated phenotypic changes in these cells. ANIMALS 5 clinically normal dogs and 5 dogs with severe mitral valve endocardiosis. PROCEDURE Mitral valve leaflets were evaluated by use of transmission electron microscopy. Differences in cell type and cell location were identified. RESULTS A change in cell type toward a myofibroblast or smooth muscle cell phenotype was detected, with the smooth muscle cell type being most common. These cells had long amorphous cytoplasmic extensions, fibrillar cytoplasm, incomplete basal lamina, few mitochondria, and eccentrically placed nuclei but lacked smooth endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi complexes. Remaining valvular interstitial cells had heterochromatic nuclei and produced only minimal quantities of collagen. Compared with normal valves, myxomatous valves ha many interstitial-like cells located adjacent to the endothelium. Deeper within the abnormal valves, cells with a heterogenous phenotype formed groupings that appeared to be anchored to adjacent collagen. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve in dogs is associated with phenotypic alteration, changing from an interstitial to a mixed myofibroblast or smooth muscle cell phenotype. A closer association between interstitial cells and the endothelium is evident in diseased valves. In response to the disease process, valvular interstitial cells of dogs appear to change toward a smooth muscle phenotype, possibly in an attempt to maintain valve tone and mechanical function.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of pimobendan by comparing it with ramipril over a six-month period in dogs with mild to moderate heart failure (HF) caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). METHODS This was a prospective randomised, single-blind, parallel-group trial. Client-owned dogs (n = 43) with mild to moderate HF caused by MMVD were randomly assigned to one of two groups, which received either pimobendan (P dogs) or ramipril (R dogs) for six months. The outcome measures studied were: adverse HF outcome, defined as failure to complete the trial as a direct consequence of HF; maximum furosemide dose (mg/kg/day) administered during the study period; and any requirement for additional visits to the clinic as a direct consequence of HF. RESULTS Treatment with pimobendan was well tolerated compared with treatment with ramipril. P dogs were 25 per cent as likely as R dogs to have an adverse HF outcome (odds ratio 4.09, 95 per cent confidence interval 1.03 to 16.3, P = 0.046). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE R dogs had a higher overall score and thus may have had more advanced disease than P dogs at baseline (P = 0.04). These results should be interpreted cautiously but such a high odds ratio warrants further investigation.
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Abstract
Postocclusion survival data from dogs with left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was available from 80 dogs, diagnosed from 1990 to 2000. Of these, 37 had undergone a procedure to close the ductus and were re-evaluated at the time of this study; clinical data from the follow-up examination was compared with that from the original examination. Radiographically, the right ventricle remained apparently enlarged, and the aortic bulge associated with dilation of the descending aorta did not disappear after closure. On M-mode echocardiography, left ventricular chamber diameter in diastole and systole and left ventricular posterior wall in systole decreased significantly. Mitral endocardiosis was a common feature. Residual flow was evident in 46 per cent of the animals. Late closure occurred in 8 per cent of the dogs, and trivial recanalisation in 19 per cent. The maximum survival time postclosure was 168 months and, after non-occlusion, 114 months, suggesting that dogs with PDA follow an unpredictable course. However, there was a significant difference in survival times between the corrected and non-corrected group.
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31
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Abstract
The case records of 98 dogs with a left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) were reviewed. There were 35 breeds represented, with a female to male ratio of 3:1. Forty per cent of the dogs were older than one year at initial presentation and 31 per cent had clinical signs attributable to PDA. A left heart base continuous murmur of grade IV/VI or higher was noted in 90 per cent of the dogs. On electrocardiography, the most common abnormalities were tall R waves (63 per cent) and deep QII waves (62 per cent). The radiographic triad of dilation of the descending aorta with enlargement of the main pulmonary artery segment and left atrium, typical of PDA, was noted in only 26 per cent of cases. Two-dimensional (2D) and M-mode echocardiography detected left atrial enlargement (35 per cent) and an increased left ventricular diameter in diastole (82 per cent) and systole (84 per cent) as the most common abnormalities. Doppler echocardiography demonstrated increased aortic outflow velocities in 66 per cent of cases. The overall short-term successful outcome in this study was 95 per cent. There was no significant difference between surgical ductal ligation using a standard technique or the Jackson-Henderson technique in terms of survival, occurrence of haemorrhage or residual shunting. The number of interventional procedures used in this study was too low for statistical comparison, but there appeared to be a trend towards a higher rate of residual shunting and a lower fatality rate using a coil occlusion technique.
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Abstract
Serial Doppler echocardiographic examinations were carried out in random order on six boxer dogs, on 3 separate days, by two experienced Doppler echocardiographers, to assess measurement variability and reproducibility of 65 parameters. Large numbers of parameters exhibited significant differences for each of the categories of intraobserver, interobserver, interday and interoperator. The coefficients of variation for all parameters measured ranged from 5.03 to 46.43%, but most were less than 20%. In general, least variation was found for the intraobserver category, and the best reproducibility for M-mode and left ventricular volumetric data. The worst reproducibility was found for tricuspid inflow and pulmonary venous flow measurements. The results of this study suggest differences greater than 20% for serial scans must be achieved to document genuine change, although the specific data should be consulted. Furthermore, variability and reproducibility are improved if a single experienced operator/observer acquires and measures serial scans.
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Evaluation of a novel doppler index of combined systolic and diastolic myocardial performance in Newfoundland dogs with familial prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2002; 43:154-65. [PMID: 11954811 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A Doppler index of myocardial performance (IMP) has been recently proposed in human cardiology, which is calculated from the isovolumic contraction time (ICT), isovolumic relaxation time (IRT), and the ejection time (ET) using the following formula: (ICT+IRT)/ET. In this study, IMP was measured and evaluated in Newfoundland dogs categorized in four groups: Normal dogs (n = 31), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (n = 34), depressed fractional shortening (dFS) (n = 27), and left ventricular enlargement (LVE) (n = 7). IMP was found to be independent of age, sex, body surface area, and the R-R interval in the Normal group. There were significant differences in IMP between the DCM group and the Normal and dFS groups (P < 0.05) and between Newfoundlands with overt vs. occult DCM. IMP is a Doppler index which appears to correlate with severity of disease and may be of use in the early diagnosis of affected dogs during screening for the presence of DCM.
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Abstract
A two-month-old female Tibetan terrier was re-presented with an incomplete closure of the patent ductus arteriosus. Following a second attempt to close the shunt by coil embolisation, arterial embolisation occurred. The successful removal of the embolised coil is described.
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Abstract
A middle-aged golden retriever presenting with exercise intolerance and multifocal cutaneous nodules was diagnosed as having non-epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma with concurrent myasthenia gravis. Treatment with corticosteroids induced short-term remission of the lymphoma and alleviation of myasthenic signs.
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Abstract
A study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between murmur intensity, murmur duration, duration to peak intensity and frequency components with degree of aortic stenosis in boxers. Measurements were made from phonocardiograms obtained from 35 boxers with ejection-type murmurs, and values were compared with those obtained for aortic flow velocity measured by Doppler echocardiography. Murmur intensity graded by auscultation was significantly correlated with aortic flow velocity (P < 0.001), and murmur duration, expressed as a percentage of systole was significantly correlated with aortic flow velocity (P < 0.001), independent of heart rate. Dogs with early systolic murmurs not exceeding 50 per cent of systole had aortic flow velocities of less than 1.5 m/second and no echocardiographic abnormalities, in contrast with dogs with murmurs of longer duration. Dogs with only high frequency components had lower aortic velocities than those that also had components in the medium frequency range (P < 0.01).
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Treatment of Trombicula autumnalis infestation in dogs and cats with a 0.25 per cent fipronil pump spray. J Small Anim Pract 1998; 39:237-9. [PMID: 9631359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of fipronil in controlling trombiculid infestations, 18 dogs and three cats infested with Trombicula autumnalis larvae were treated monthly from examination to the end of the Trombicula season (range one to four months) with a 0.25 per cent fipronil spray applied to the whole body, with particular emphasis on the feet, face, ears, perineum and tail. No other antiparasite measures were used. Follow-up was by clinical examination and telephone interview until the end of the Trombicula season (range one to four months). No adverse effects were seen. Monthly treatment controlled trombiculids in 15 dogs. In two dogs localised pedal reinfestations were controlled with additional local application of fipronil to the feet every 14 days. In one dog therapy was of no benefit. In the three cats, treatment was initially effective, but generalised infestations recurred after seven to 10 days. Fipronil is a safe and effective treatment for trombiculid infestations in dogs. Residual activity lasts for 14 to 30 days. Further studies are required to examine the apparent short duration of efficacy in cats.
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Pulmonary venous flow characteristics as assessed by transthoracic pulsed Doppler echocardiography in normal dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998; 39:33-41. [PMID: 9491515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb00322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was used to evaluate the technique of measuring and normal patterns of pulmonary venous flow in fourteen normal dogs. Polyphasic pulmonary venous flow profiles were obtained in all dogs, consisting of one (S) or two (SE and SL) systolic forward flow waves, one early diastolic forward flow wave (D), one reverse flow wave (R) related to atrial contraction, and one reverse flow wave (R2) observed after cessation of systolic flow. Pulmonary venous flow was laminar in 9 dogs (65%). Maximal flow velocity during systole (0.39 +/- 0.14 m/sec) was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than in early diastole (0.56 +/- 0.14 m/sec). During late diastole peak flow velocity was 0.20 +/- 0.08 m/sec and maximum R2 velocity was 0.17 +/- 0.05 m/sec. Duration of mitral A-wave was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than R-wave duration in all dogs (0.075 +/- 0.010 vs 0.058 +/- 0.012 sec). These results can be used for comparison with patterns found in disease states.
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Abstract
Two patients are described who developed action, reflex myoclonus during acute renal failure. In both cases the myoclonus was abolished after the intravenous administration of clonazepam. We suggest that the characteristic action myoclonus, which occurs in both acute renal failure and postanoxic encephalopathy, is caused by a disturbance of function in the lower brainstem reticular formation.
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