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Exploring the Xylariaceae and its relatives. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2023; 64:15. [PMID: 37382773 PMCID: PMC10310687 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-023-00389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The Xylariaceae and its relatives rank as one of the best-known members of the Ascomycota. They are now well recognized for their diversity, global distribution, ecological activities and their outstanding novel metabolites with wide ranging bioactivity.
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Twelve New Taxa of Xylaria Associated with Termite Nests and Soil from Northeast Thailand. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070575. [PMID: 34201676 PMCID: PMC8301132 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Xylaria species are known for their medicinal value and production of a variety of bioactive compounds. They usually grow on rotten wood, fallen leaves, seeds, and fruits. Some species can be found growing on soil or associated with termite nests, which belong to subgenus Pseudoxylaria. They share with other Xylaria species a suite of morphological characteristics, including conspicuous or massive upright stromata with a light-coloured interior, a longer than wide ascal apical ring, bluing in an iodine reagent, and brown unicellular ascospores possessing a germ slit. In Thailand, there are only limited reports on Xylaria diversity and taxonomy, especially on species associated with termite nests. In the present study, we describe 12 new Xylaria taxa and report two species closely resembling known species from termite nests or soil. Their morphological and cultural characteristics are described and illustrated, and their nucleotide sequences of ITS rDNA, alpha-actin, and beta-tubulin genes were obtained. Phylogenetic inference based on these sequences confirmed that all taxa analyzed belong to subgenus Pseudoxylaria and differ from all other species with sequences available in public databases. Our study is the first to report on the novel Xylaria species associated with termite nests or growing on soil in Thailand. Subgenus Pseudoxylaria is likely highly diverse in the country. Abstract The diversity of Xylaria species associated with termite nests in northeast Thailand was investigated. Among the 14 taxa included in this study, 11 species and one variety were described as new, and another two species resemble the existing taxa, X. escharoidea and X. nigripes. The newly described taxa are X. chaiyaphumensis, X. conica, X. fulvescens, X. ischnostroma, X. margaretae, X. minima, X. reinkingii var. microspora, X. siamensis, X. sihanonthii, X. subintraflava, X. thienhirunae, and X. vinacea. Their morphological and cultural characteristics are described and illustrated, and their ITS, α-actin and β-tubulin sequences were analysed. A dichotomous key to the 17 species of Xylaria occurring in Thailand is provided.
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Fungi in Thailand: a case study of the efficacy of an ITS barcode for automatically identifying species within the Annulohypoxylon and Hypoxylon genera. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54529. [PMID: 23390499 PMCID: PMC3563529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thailand, a part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, has many endemic animals and plants. Some of its fungal species are difficult to recognize and separate, complicating assessments of biodiversity. We assessed species diversity within the fungal genera Annulohypoxylon and Hypoxylon, which produce biologically active and potentially therapeutic compounds, by applying classical taxonomic methods to 552 teleomorphs collected from across Thailand. Using probability of correct identification (PCI), we also assessed the efficacy of automated species identification with a fungal barcode marker, ITS, in the model system of Annulohypoxylon and Hypoxylon. The 552 teleomorphs yielded 137 ITS sequences; in addition, we examined 128 GenBank ITS sequences, to assess biases in evaluating a DNA barcode with GenBank data. The use of multiple sequence alignment in a barcode database like BOLD raises some concerns about non-protein barcode markers like ITS, so we also compared species identification using different alignment methods. Our results suggest the following. (1) Multiple sequence alignment of ITS sequences is competitive with pairwise alignment when identifying species, so BOLD should be able to preserve its present bioinformatics workflow for species identification for ITS, and possibly therefore with at least some other non-protein barcode markers. (2) Automated species identification is insensitive to a specific choice of evolutionary distance, contributing to resolution of a current debate in DNA barcoding. (3) Statistical methods are available to address, at least partially, the possibility of expert misidentification of species. Phylogenetic trees discovered a cryptic species and strongly supported monophyletic clades for many Annulohypoxylon and Hypoxylon species, suggesting that ITS can contribute usefully to a barcode for these fungi. The PCIs here, derived solely from ITS, suggest that a fungal barcode will require secondary markers in Annulohypoxylon and Hypoxylon, however. The URL http://tinyurl.com/spouge-barcode contains computer programs and other supplementary material relevant to this article.
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Abstract
Members of Xylariaceae (Ascomycota) are recognized and classified mainly on the morphological features of their sexual state. In a number of genera high morphological variation of stromatal characters has made confident recognition of generic and specific boundaries difficult. There are, however, a range of microscopical characteristics which can in most cases make distinctions, especially at generic level, even in the absence of molecular data. These include details of the apical apparatus in the ascus (e.g. disc-shaped, inverted hat-shaped, rhomboid, composed of rings, amyloid, non-amyloid); position and length of the germ slit; and presence and type of ascospore wall ornamentation as seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Unfortunately many of the classical studies on xylariaceous genera omitted these features and were undertaken long before the development of scanning electron microscopy. More recent studies have, however, demonstrated their value as diagnostic characters in the family. Camillea is for example, instantly recognizable by its rhomboid or diamond shaped apical apparatus, and the distinctive inverted hat or urniform type is usually prominent in Xylaria, Rosellinia, Kretzschmaria, and Nemania. At least six categories of apical apparatus based on shape and size can be recognized. Ascospore ornamentation as seen by SEM has been exceptionally useful and provided the basis for separating Camillea from Biscogniauxia and other xylariaceous genera.
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Ascospore discharge, germination and culture of fungal partners of tropical lichens, including the use of a novel culture technique. IMA Fungus 2011; 2:143-53. [PMID: 22679599 PMCID: PMC3359812 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.02.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 292 lichen samples, representing over 200 species and at least 65 genera and 26 families, were collected, mainly in Thailand; 170 of the specimens discharged ascospores in the laboratory. Generally, crustose lichens exhibited the highest discharge rates and percentage germination. In contrast, foliose lichen samples, although having a high discharge rate, had a lower percentage germination than crustose species tested. A correlation with season was indicated for a number of species. Continued development of germinated ascospores into recognizable colonies in pure culture was followed for a selection of species. The most successful medium tried was 2 % Malt-Yeast extract agar (MYA), and under static conditions using a liquid culture medium, a sponge proved to be the best of several physical carriers tested; this novel method has considerable potential for experimental work with lichen mycobionts.
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Purification and biochemical characterization of an extracellular β-glucosidase from the wood-decaying fungusDaldinia eschscholzii(Ehrenb.:Fr.) Rehm. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 270:162-70. [PMID: 17439636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An extracellular beta-glucosidase was purified from culture filtrates of the wood-decaying fungus Daldinia eschscholzii (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Rehm grown on 1.0% (w/v) carboxymethyl-cellulose using ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction and gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme is monomeric with a molecular weight of 64.2 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and has a pI of 8.55. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG) as the substrate, with a K(m) of 1.52 mM, and V(max) of 3.21 U min mg(-1) protein. Glucose competitively inhibited beta-glucosidase with a K(i) value of 0.79 mM. Optimal activity with PNPG as the substrate was at pH 5.0 and 50 degrees C. The enzyme was stable at pH 5.0 at temperatures up to 50 degrees C. The purified beta-glucosidase was active against PNPG, cellobiose, sophorose, laminaribiose and gentiobiose, but did not hydrolyze lactose, sucrose, Avicel or o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside. The activity of beta-glucosidase was stimulated by Ca(2+), Co(2+), Mg(2+), Mn(2+), glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dithiothreitol and EDTA, and strongly inhibited by Hg(2+). The internal amino acid sequences of D. eschscholziibeta-glucosidase have similarity to the sequences of the family 3 beta-glucosyl hydrolase.
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Molecular study of the genus Astraeus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 111:275-86. [PMID: 17360168 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to determine phylogenetic relationships among Astraeus species and to support macroscopic and microscopic characters of Astraeus with analysis of the ITS rDNA region. Collections of Astraeus basidiomes were made from different geographical areas in Thailand and compared with existing collections made worldwide. The marriage of observations on morphological features, including basidiospore ornamentation and molecular data demonstrated the presence of several Astraeus species. Sequences for 41 Astraeus collections were compared and the phylogenetic analyses grouped Thai Astraeus collections into two distinct groups. One contained A. odoratus and an Asian species described herein as A. asiaticus. There are at least two additional species: A. pteridis, and one so far un-named from North America. Our results show that molecular data can be used in combination with traditional morphological characteristics to resolve taxonomic uncertainties in the genus Astraeus.
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Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 32. Rosnecatrone, a phytotoxic bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-en-2-one from the fungus Rosellinia necatrix Prill. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1039/b008195g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 33. Grammicin, a novel bicyclic C7H6O4 furanopyranol from the fungus Xylaria grammica (Mont.) Fr. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1039/b101708j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 31.1 Longianone, a C7H6O4 spiro bicyclic lactone from the fungus Xylaria longiana (Rehm.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1039/a808845d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 29. Maldoxin, maldoxone, dihydromaldoxin, isodihydromaldoxin and dechlorodihydromaldoxin. A spirocyclohexadienone, a depsidone and three diphenyl ethers: keys in the depsidone biosynthetic pathway from a member of the fungus genus Xylaria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/p19960001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 26. Cubensic acid, 3,7,11,15-tetra hydroxy-18-(hydroxymethyl)-2,4,6,10,14,16,20-heptamethyldocosa-4E,8E,12E,16E-tetraenoic acid, a novel polysubstituted C22 fatty acid from the fungus Xylaria cubensis(Mont.) Fr. with substituents and substitution pattern similar to the macrolide antibiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1039/p19910001411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hypoxyxylerone. A novel green pigment from the fungus Hypoxylon fragiforme(Pers.: Fries) Kickx. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1039/c39910001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 25. Punctaporonin G from the fungus Poronia punctata(linnaeus: Fries) Fries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1039/p19890001939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 24. Cytochalasin N, O, P, Q, and R. New cytochalasins from the fungus Hypoxylon terricola Mill. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1039/p19890000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 23. The punctaporonins. Novel bi-, tri-, and tetra-cyclic sesquiterpenes related to caryophyllene, from the fungus Poronia punctata(Linnaeus:Fries) Fries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1039/p19880000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 22. 2-Butyl-3-methylsuccinic acid and 2-hexylidene-3-methylsuccinic acid from xylariaceous fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1039/p19850001481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Punctatins B and C (antibiotics M95154 and M95155): further sesquiterpene alcohols from the fungus Poronia punctata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1039/c39840000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Punctatin A (antibiotic M95464): X-ray crystal structure of a sesquiterpene alcohol with a new carbon skeleton from the fungus, Paronia punctata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1039/c39840000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 21. 3-Methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarins and related compounds from the ascomycete family xylariaceae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1039/p19830002185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 19. Serpenone, 3-methoxy-4-methyl-5-prop-1-enylfuran-2(5H)-one, a new γ-butyrolactone from the fungus Hypoxylon serpens(Barrons strain)(Persoon ex Fries)Kickx. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1039/p19820000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Metabolites of the higher fungi. Part 18. 3-Butyl-4-methylfuran-2(5H)-one and 3-butyl-4-methylenefuran -2(5H)-one. New γ-butyrolactones from the fungus Hypoxylon serpens(Persoon ex Fries) Kickx. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1039/p19790000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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