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Di Gioia G, Vespasiano F, Mango F, Maestrini V, Monosilio S, Squeo MR, Lemme E, Bernardi M, Pelliccia A. Cardiovascular Risk Profile in Master Paralympic Athletes, a High-Risk Undertreated Population: A Cross-Sectional Longitudinal Study. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2024:10.1007/s40292-024-00648-y. [PMID: 38714607 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-024-00648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, European Society of Cardiology (ESC) validated a prediction model to estimate 10-year fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease risk (CVDR) in individuals (aged 40-60 years) without previous cardiovascular disease or diabetes (ESC-SCORE2) and to provide indications for treatment. At present, data describing the CVDR in Paralympic athletes (PAs) are scarce and inconsistent. Therefore, we sought to assess the prevalence of risk factors in PAs to estimate their CVDR through SCORE2. METHODS We enrolled 99 PAs aged ≥ 40 y.o., who participated at 2012-2022 Paralympic Games, competing in 22 different sport disciplines classified according to sport type (power, skills, endurance and mixed) and disabilities: spinal cord injuries (SCI) and non-SCI. CVDR factors, anthropometric measurements and blood samples were collected. RESULTS Among the 99 PAs (78% males, mean age 45.7 ± 4.7 y.o.), 52.5% had SCI; 54% were dyslipidemic and 23% were smokers. According to ESC-SCORE2, 29% had high and 1% very-high CVDR. Women (compared to men) and endurance (compared to other sport) exhibited better CV profile. SCI showed no differences when compared with non-SCI for CVDR, excepted for a lower HDL and lower exercise performance. None of the dyslipidemic athlete was on pharmacologically treatment, despite the altered lipid profile had already been detected at younger age. CONCLUSION PAs are a selected population, presenting a high CV risk profile, with 30% showing either high or very-high CVDR according to ESC-SCORE2. Dyslipidemia was the most common risk factor, underestimated and undertreated, emphasizing the need for specific preventive strategies in this special setting of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Vespasiano
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Mango
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Monosilio
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bernardi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
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Maestrini V, Penza M, Monosilio S, Borrazzo C, Prosperi S, Filomena D, Birtolo LI, Lemme E, Mango R, Di Gioia G, Gualdi G, Squeo MR, Pelliccia A. The role of cardiac magnetic resonance in sports cardiology: results from a large cohort of athletes. Clin Res Cardiol 2024; 113:781-789. [PMID: 38619578 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-024-02447-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) provides information on morpho-functional abnormalities and myocardial tissue characterisation. Appropriate indications for CMR in athletes are uncertain. OBJECTIVE To analyse the CMR performed at our Institute to evaluate variables associated with pathologic findings in a large cohort of athletes presenting with different clinical conditions. METHODS All the CMR performed at our Institute in athletes aged > 14 years were recruited. CMR indications were investigated. CMR was categorised as "positive" or "negative" based on the presence of morphological and/or functional abnormalities and/or the presence of late gadolinium enhancement (excluding the right ventricular insertion point), fat infiltration, or oedema. Variables associated with "positive" CMR were explored. RESULTS A total of 503 CMR were included in the analysis. "Negative" and "positive" CMR were 61% and 39%, respectively. Uncommon ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) were the most frequent indications for CMR, but the proportion of positive results was low (37%), and only polymorphic ventricular patterns were associated with positive CMR (p = 0.006). T-wave inversion at 12-lead ECG, particularly on lateral and inferolateral leads, was associated with positive CMR in 34% of athletes (p = 0.05). Echocardiography abnormalities resulted in a large proportion (58%) of positive CMR, mostly cardiomyopathies. CONCLUSION CMR is more efficient in identifying a pathologic cardiac substrate in athletes in case of VAs (i.e., polymorphic beats), abnormal ECG repolarisation (negative T-waves in inferolateral leads), and borderline echocardiographic findings (LV hypertrophy, mildly depressed LV function). On the other hand, CMR is associated with a large proportion of negative results. Therefore, a careful clinical selection is needed to indicate CMR in athletes appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Maestrini
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli n 1, 00197, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico n 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Penza
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli n 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Monosilio
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli n 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico n 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristian Borrazzo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Prosperi
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli n 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico n 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Filomena
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli n 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico n 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Ilaria Birtolo
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli n 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico n 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli n 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Mango
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli n 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli n 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gualdi
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli n 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli n 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli n 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
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Di Gioia G, Crispino SP, Maestrini V, Monosilio S, Ortolina D, Segreti A, Squeo MR, Lemme E, Nenna A, Pelliccia A. Lack of cardiac remodelling in elite endurance athletes: an unexpected and not so rare finding. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05489-0. [PMID: 38647676 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endurance elite athletes are expected to present a cardiac remodelling, characterized by eccentric hypertrophy (EH), may be associated with higher sportive performances. However, not all can present a cardiac remodelling. The study aimed to identify endurance athletes without cardiac remodelling characterizing their physiologic and clinical features. METHODS We studied 309 endurance athletes (cycling, rowing, canoeing, triathlon, athletics, long-distance swimming, cross-country skiing, mid-long distance track, pentathlon, biathlon, long-distance skating and Nordic-combined) examined during period of training, by clinical evaluation, ECG, echocardiogram and exercise-stress test. Sport career achievements (Olympic\World championship medals or national\world records) were recorded. RESULTS EH was found in most of athletes, (n = 126, 67% of males; n = 85, 68.5% of females). A significant proportion,, exhibited normal geometry (NG) ( n = 59, 31.3% in males; n = 39, 31.4% in females). At stress test, significant differences between EH and NG athletes were found in peak power (317.1 ± 71.2W in NG vs. 342.2 ± 60.6W in EH, p = 0.014 in males and 225.1 ± 38.7W in NG vs. 247.1 ± 37W in EH, p = 0.003 in females), rest heart rate (66.1 ± 13 in NG vs. 58.6 ± 11.6 in EH, p = 0.001 in males and 68 ± 13.2 in NG vs. 59.2 ± 11.2 in EH, p = 0.001 in females) with similar ventricular extrasystoles (p = 0.363 in males and p = 0.492 in females). However, no significant differences in athletic achievements were registered. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates a relatively high prevalence of NG in endurance athletes, in addition to the expected EH. Athletes with NG perform worse in exercise-stress test and exhibit some less advantageous functional heart characteristics. However, the type of heart geometry is not associated with negative clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Simone Pasquale Crispino
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Monosilio
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ortolina
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Segreti
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Nenna
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
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D'Ascenzi F, Cavigli L, Marchese A, Taddeucci S, Cappelli E, Roselli A, Bastone G, Lemme E, Serdoz A, Maestrini V, Squeo MR, Pelliccia A. Electrical and structural remodelling in female athlete's heart: A comparative study in women vs men athletes and controls. Int J Cardiol 2024; 400:131808. [PMID: 38262482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.131808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athlete's heart is associated with physiological electrical and structural remodelling. Despite the plethora of data published on male athletes, solid data derived from female athletes, compared to male counterparts or sedentary women, are still scarce. OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyze the electrical, structural, and functional characteristics of athlete's heart in female and male athletes vs sedentary controls. METHODS Olympic athletes and sedentary controls were evaluated by resting ECG and echocardiography. Athletes were divided into 4 different sports groups. RESULTS The study population included 1096 individuals (360 female athletes, 410 male athletes, 130 sedentary women and 196 sedentary men). Female athletes had lower resting heart rate, longer PR interval, higher voltage of R, and T waves and more frequently incomplete RBBB, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, early repolarization, and anterior T-wave inversion as compared to controls. Biventricular cavity dimensions and LV wall thickness were greater in female athletes than in female controls. However, women showed a lower degree of training-induced structural remodelling than men. In female athletes, both cavity dimensions and LV wall thickness increased from those engaged in skill and power to mixed and endurance disciplines. However, in female athletes, contrary to males, the ECG changes were not significantly different according to the different types of sport discipline. CONCLUSIONS Highly-trained women demonstrate relevant training-induced electrical and structural remodelling. However, the type of sport did not influence ECG parameters in women, contrary to men, while it impacted biventricular morphologic remodelling, with endurance athletes showing the greatest degree of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio D'Ascenzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Luna Cavigli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Marchese
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Taddeucci
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Cappelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Roselli
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Florence, Italy; Center for Sports Medicine, San Miniato, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bastone
- Institute for Sports Medicine and Science, Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Institute for Sports Medicine and Science, Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Serdoz
- Institute for Sports Medicine and Science, Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Institute for Sports Medicine and Science, Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Institute for Sports Medicine and Science, Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute for Sports Medicine and Science, Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
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Di Gioia G, Crispino SP, Monosilio S, Maestrini V, Nenna A, Spinelli A, Lemme E, Squeo MR, Pelliccia A. Left Ventricular Trabeculation: Arrhythmogenic and Clinical Significance in Elite Athletes. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2024:S0894-7317(24)00110-X. [PMID: 38492683 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Left ventricular (LV) trabeculations (LVTs) are common findings in athletes. Limited information exists regarding clinical significance, management, and outcome. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence and morphologic characteristics of LVTs in elite athletes, with a focus on clinical correlates and prognostic significance. METHODS We enrolled 1,492 Olympic elite athletes of different sports disciplines with electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and exercise stress test. Individuals with a definite diagnosis of LV noncompaction (LVNC) were excluded; we focused on athletes with LVTs not meeting the criteria for LVNC. RESULTS Four hundred thirty-five (29.1%) athletes presented with LVTs, which were more frequent in male athletes (62.1% vs 53.5%, P = .002) and Black athletes compared with Caucasian (7.1% vs 2.4%, P < .0001) and endurance athletes (P = .0005). No differences were found with relation to either the site or extent of trabeculations. Endurance athletes showed a higher proportion of LVTs and larger LV volumes (end-diastolic and end-systolic, respectively, 91.5 ± 19.8 mL vs 79.3 ± 29.9 mL, P = .002; and 33.1 ± 10 mL vs 28.6 ± 11.7 mL, P = .007) and diastolic pattern with higher E wave (P = .01) and e' septal velocities (P = .02). Ventricular arrhythmias were found in 14% of LVTs versus 11.6% of athletes without LVTs (P = .22). Neither the location nor the LVTs' extension were correlated to ventricular arrhythmias. At 52 ± 32 months of follow-up, no differences in arrhythmic burden were observed (11.1% in LVT athletes vs 10.2%, P = .51). CONCLUSIONS Left ventricular trabeculations are quite common in athletes, mostly male, Black, and endurance, likely as the expression of adaptive remodeling. In the absence of associated clinical abnormalities, such as LV systolic and diastolic impairment, electrocardiogram repolarization abnormalities, or family evidence of cardiomyopathy, athletes with LVTs have benign clinical significance and should not require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy.
| | - Simone Pasquale Crispino
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Monosilio
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Nenna
- Department of Heart Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Spinelli
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
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Di Gioia G, Crispino SP, Maestrini V, Monosilio S, Squeo MR, Lemme E, Nenna A, Luvero D, Angioli R, Pelliccia A. Cardiovascular Effects of Chronic Hormone Therapy: Study on Olympic Female Athletes. Am J Cardiol 2024; 212:6-12. [PMID: 37984634 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Female physiology is regulated after puberty by the menstrual cycle, whose hormonal fluctuations create a multitude of effects on several systems, including the cardiovascular one. The use of hormone therapy (HT) is quite common in female athletes, and data on cardiovascular effects in this population are lacking. We sought to investigate the effects of HT in highly trained athletes to assess any difference associated with HT on cardiac remodeling, exercise capacity, and clinical correlates. We studied 380 female elite athletes (mean age 25.5 ± 4.8) competing in endurance and mixed sports; 67 athletes (18%) were in chronic HT therapy. All athletes underwent baseline electrocardiography, exercise electrocardiography stress test, transthoracic echocardiogram, and complete blood tests, including lipid profile and inflammation indexes. The echocardiographic study showed a characteristic left ventricular (LV) remodeling, defined by lower LV mass index (86.2 vs 92.5 g/m2, p <0.006), end-diastolic LV diameter (28.3 vs 29.4 mm/m2, p <0.004), and end-diastolic LV volume (61.82 vs 67.09 ml/m2, p <0.010) compared with controls, without changes in systolic function and diastolic relaxation/filling indexes. A lower burden of ventricular arrhythmias on exercise was observed in HT athletes (1.5% vs 8.6% in those without therapy, p = 0.040). Linear regression analysis showed that HT had an independent effect on LV end-diastolic diameter indexed (p = 0.014), LV end-diastolic volume indexed (p = 0.030), and LV mass indexed (p = 0.020). In conclusion, chronic treatment with HT in female athletes is associated with less cardiac remodeling, including a lower LV cavity, volume, and mass, with preserved systolic and diastolic function, and decreased burden of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias. HT, therefore, appears to be responsible for a more economic but equally efficient cardiac adaptation to intensive athletic conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, Italy; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis, Italy.
| | - Simone Pasquale Crispino
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, Italy; Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Sara Monosilio
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, Italy; Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, Italy
| | - Antonio Nenna
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Italy
| | - Daniela Luvero
- Unit of Gynecology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Angioli
- Unit of Gynecology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, Italy
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Pelliccia A, Drezner JA, Zorzi A, Corrado D. Prevalence and clinical significance of low QRS voltages in healthy individuals, athletes and patients with cardiomyopathy: implications for sports preparticipation cardiovascular screening. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2024:zwae027. [PMID: 38243782 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Low QRS voltages (LQRSV), defined as a QRS amplitude from peak to nadir <0.5 mV in all limb leads, are an emerging diagnostic finding on the electrocardiogram (ECG). In healthy individuals and athletes, LQRSV are rare (2.2-4% of elite athletes, 0.5% of recreational athletes and 0.3% of sedentary individuals). LQRSV athletes commonly show ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) on exercise, and up to 40% of those with LQRSV and VAs have late gadolinium (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). The prevalence of LQRSV in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) ranges 17-40%, predicts left ventricular (LV) involvement, and is correlated with more extensive LGE replacement on CMR. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), LQRSV ranges 0.7% to 11%. LQRSV-HCM patients have more segments with LGE, despite relatively smaller LV mass, suggesting a more advanced clinical stage and a worse prognosis. In dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), LQRSV range 6%-7%, but may be higher (36%) in certain genetic forms of DCM. On a follow-up, LQRSV are independently associated with incident cardiac events, such as sudden death, sustained ventricular arrhythmia, or appropriate internal cardioverter defibrillator discharge. In cardiac amyloid (CA), LQRSV range from 34% to 66% and demonstrate a negative prognostic value, with worse clinical outcomes regardless of underlying biologic, genetic, and clinical variables. In conclusion, LQRSV deserve careful consideration for exclusion of arrhythmogenic substrates in healthy individuals, athletes, and patients. While additional research is needed, it is reasonable that LQRSV should trigger clinical investigation to exclude underlying diseases at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan A Drezner
- Center for Sports Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alessandro Zorzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Di Gioia G, Crispino SP, Maestrini V, Monosilio S, Squeo MR, Lemme E, Segreti A, Serdoz A, Fiore R, Zampaglione D, Pelliccia A. Prevalence of Hyperuricemia and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Elite Athletes Practicing Different Sporting Disciplines: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:560. [PMID: 38256692 PMCID: PMC10816906 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Uricemia has been identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In the general population, hyperuricemia is associated with hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and other cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors. Our aim was to explore the prevalence of hyperuricemia among Olympic athletes, evaluating the influence of sporting discipline and its correlation with CVR factors. We enrolled 1173 Olympic athletes classified into four disciplines: power, skill, endurance, and mixed. Clinical, anthropometric data, and complete blood test results were collected. Hyperuricemia was present in 4.4% of athletes, 0.3% were hypertensive, 11.7% had high-normal blood pressure values, 0.2% were diabetic, 1.2%. glucose intolerance, 8.2% active smokers, and 3% were obese. Males had a higher prevalence of hyperuricemia (5.3%) than females (3.4%) with no significant differences between different sporting disciplines (male, p = 0.412; female p = 0.561). Males with fat mass >22% presented higher uricemia (5.8 ± 1 vs. 5.3 ± 1 mg/dL, p = 0.010) like hypertensive athletes (6.5 ± 0.3 vs. 5.3 ± 1 mg/dL, p = 0.031), those with high-normal blood pressure (5.13 ± 1 vs. 4.76 ± 1.1 mg/dL, p = 0.0004) and those with glucose intolerance (6 ± 0.8 vs. 5.3 ± 1 mg/dL, p = 0.066). The study provides a comprehensive evaluation of hyperuricemia among Olympic athletes, revealing a modest prevalence, lower than in the general population. However, aggregation of multiple CVR factors could synergistically elevate the risk profile, even in a population assumed to be at low risk. Therefore, uric acid levels should be monitored as part of the CVR assessment in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (S.M.); (M.R.S.); (E.L.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (D.Z.); (A.P.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.P.C.); (A.S.)
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Pasquale Crispino
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.P.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (S.M.); (M.R.S.); (E.L.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (D.Z.); (A.P.)
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Monosilio
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (S.M.); (M.R.S.); (E.L.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (D.Z.); (A.P.)
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (S.M.); (M.R.S.); (E.L.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (D.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Erika Lemme
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (S.M.); (M.R.S.); (E.L.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (D.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Segreti
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.P.C.); (A.S.)
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Serdoz
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (S.M.); (M.R.S.); (E.L.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (D.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Roberto Fiore
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (S.M.); (M.R.S.); (E.L.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (D.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Domenico Zampaglione
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (S.M.); (M.R.S.); (E.L.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (D.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (S.M.); (M.R.S.); (E.L.); (A.S.); (R.F.); (D.Z.); (A.P.)
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Corrado D, Anastasakis A, Basso C, Bauce B, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Cipriani A, De Asmundis C, Gandjbakhch E, Jiménez-Jáimez J, Kharlap M, McKenna WJ, Monserrat L, Moon J, Pantazis A, Pelliccia A, Perazzolo Marra M, Pillichou K, Schulz-Menger J, Jurcut R, Seferovic P, Sharma S, Tfelt-Hansen J, Thiene G, Wichter T, Wilde A, Zorzi A. Proposed diagnostic criteria for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: European Task Force consensus report. Int J Cardiol 2024; 395:131447. [PMID: 37844667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a heart muscle disease characterized by prominent "non-ischemic" myocardial scarring predisposing to ventricular electrical instability. Diagnostic criteria for the original phenotype, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), were first proposed in 1994 and revised in 2010 by an international Task Force (TF). A 2019 International Expert report appraised these previous criteria, finding good accuracy for diagnosis of ARVC but a lack of sensitivity for identification of the expanding phenotypic disease spectrum, which includes left-sided variants, i.e., biventricular (ABVC) and arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy (ALVC). The ARVC phenotype together with these left-sided variants are now more appropriately named ACM. The lack of diagnostic criteria for the left ventricular (LV) phenotype has resulted in clinical under-recognition of ACM patients over the 4 decades since the disease discovery. In 2020, the "Padua criteria" were proposed for both right- and left-sided ACM phenotypes. The presently proposed criteria represent a refinement of the 2020 Padua criteria and have been developed by an expert European TF to improve the diagnosis of ACM with upgraded and internationally recognized criteria. The growing recognition of the diagnostic role of CMR has led to the incorporation of myocardial tissue characterization findings for detection of myocardial scar using the late‑gadolinium enhancement (LGE) technique to more fully characterize right, biventricular and left disease variants, whether genetic or acquired (phenocopies), and to exclude other "non-scarring" myocardial disease. The "ring-like' pattern of myocardial LGE/scar is now a recognized diagnostic hallmark of ALVC. Additional diagnostic criteria regarding LV depolarization and repolarization ECG abnormalities and ventricular arrhythmias of LV origin are also provided. These proposed upgrading of diagnostic criteria represents a working framework to improve management of ACM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Italy.
| | - Aris Anastasakis
- Unit of Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Italy
| | - Barbara Bauce
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Italy
| | - Carina Blomström-Lundqvist
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Alberto Cipriani
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Italy
| | - Carlo De Asmundis
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Universitair Ziekenhuis, Brussel - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Estelle Gandjbakhch
- Sorbonne Universitè, APHP, Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques héréditaires Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | | | - Maria Kharlap
- Department of cardiac arrhythmias, National Centre for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Petroverigsky, Russia
| | - William J McKenna
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Monserrat
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Medical Department, Dilemma Solutions SL, A Coruña, Spain
| | - James Moon
- CMR Service, Barts Heart Centre, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis Pantazis
- Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions services, The Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martina Perazzolo Marra
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Italy
| | - Kalliopi Pillichou
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Italy
| | - Jeanette Schulz-Menger
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Buch - ECRC and Helios Clinics, DZHK Partnersite Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruxandra Jurcut
- Expert Center for Rare Genetic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases "Prof.dr.C.C.Iliescu", UMF "Carol Davila", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petar Seferovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine and Heart Failure Center, Belgrade University Medical Center, Belgrade
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St. George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Tfelt-Hansen
- Section of Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gaetano Thiene
- University of Padua Medical School, ARCA Associazione Ricerche Cardiopatie Aritmiche ETS, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas Wichter
- Dept. of Internal Medicine / Cardiology, Heart Center Osnabrück - Bad Rothenfelde, Niels-Stensen-Kliniken, Marienhospital Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Arthur Wilde
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Zorzi
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Italy
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Di Gioia G, Coletti F, Buzzelli L, Maestrini V, Monosilio S, Segreti A, Squeo MR, Lemme E, Nenna A, Pelliccia A. Influence of the Type of Disability and Sporting Discipline on Lipid Profile in a Cohort of Italian Paralympic Athletes. Am J Cardiol 2024; 210:107-112. [PMID: 38682709 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is the most frequent cardiovascular (CV) risk factor in able-bodied athletes and is frequently undertreated, resulting in an underestimated risk of atherosclerosis-related diseases. Data on lipid profile in Paralympic athletes are lacking. Our study aimed to identify the prevalence of dyslipidemia and the influence of disability type and sporting discipline in Paralympic athletes. We evaluated 289 athletes who participated in the Paralympic Games from London 2012 to Beijing 2022. All athletes underwent clinical/physical evaluation, blood tests, and body composition analysis. They were divided into different groups based on sports disciplines and disability type (spinal cord injuries [SCIs] and non-SCIs [NSCIs]). Among the Paralympic athletes, 34.6% had a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level ≥115 mg/100 ml. They were older (38.1 ± 9.2 vs 30.6 ± 9.6, p = 0.001) and had a higher CV risk. Athletes with SCI showed similar total cholesterol and triglycerides, higher LDL (110.9 ± 35.2 vs 102.7 ± 30.6 mg/100 ml, p = 0.03) and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (53.6 ± 13.6 vs 60.5 ± 15.4 mg/100 ml, p = 0.001) than those with NSCI. Endurance athletes had lower LDL, the highest HDL, and the lowest triglycerides and LDL/HDL ratio compared with other sports disciplines. A mean follow-up of 61.5 ± 30.5 months was available in 47% athletes, and 72.7% of the athletes with dyslipidemia continued to present altered LDL values at follow-up. In conclusion, dyslipidemia is the most common CV risk factor in the Paralympics, affecting 35% of athletes, with only mild lipid changes over a medium-term time. The type of disability and sporting discipline has an impact on lipids, improving HDL and reducing LDL, with a better profile observed in NSCI and endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, Rome, Italy; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Piazza Lauro de Bosis, Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Coletti
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Buzzelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Monosilio
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Segreti
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Piazza Lauro de Bosis, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Nenna
- Heart Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Italian National Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, Rome, Italy
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11
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Di Gioia G, Polito D, Crispino SP, Maestrini V, Nenna A, Segreti A, Squeo MR, Lemme E, Pelliccia A. Influence of isometric versus isotonic exercise training on right ventricular morpho-functional parameters in Olympic athletes. Echocardiography 2024; 41:e15731. [PMID: 38113308 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular adaptations in elite athletes involve both ventricular and atrial changes. Nowadays, limited research exists on right ventricular (RV) remodeling, particularly in female athletes and across different types of exercise training. METHODS Our study evaluated 370 athletes (61% males) participated at 2020 Tokyo and 2022 Beijing Olympic Games. Athletes were categorized according to main type of exercise into isometric and isotonic. Comprehensive echocardiographic assessments were conducted to analyze RV morpho-functional parameters, comparing genders and different sporting exercise. RESULTS Significant differences in RV parameters were observed based on exercise type and gender. Isotonic athletes showed greater RV remodeling with larger RV outflow tract (15.1 ± 2.1 vs. 14.5 ± 1.7 mm, p < .0001) end-diastolic and end-systolic area (respectively, 24.6 ± 5.5 vs. 21.7 ± 5 mm, p < .000 and 11.7 ± 3.2 vs. 10.1 ± 2.8 mm, p < .0001) and right atrium size (11.7 ± 3.2 vs. 10.2 ± 2.3 mm2 , p = .0001). Functional parameters, such as TDI velocities, were similar between groups. Males showed larger RV area and right atrium size (p < .0001) and lower RV TDI velocities with reduced E' (15.4 ± 2.9 vs. 16.1 ± 3.2 m/s in females, p = .031), resulting in lower E'/A' ratio (1.69 ± .6 vs. 1.84 ± .6 m/s, p = .021), while S' was lower females (14.6 ± 2.3 vs. 14.1 ± 2.4 m/s, p = .041). RV TDI velocities were similar in isotonic and isometric both in male and females. CONCLUSIONS In elite athletes, RV morphological changes are influenced by exercise modality but do not translate into functional differences. Female athletes present distinct RV functional profiles, with lower S' velocities and a higher E'/A' ratio. Functional RV TDI parameters are not affected by the typology of exercise practiced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Dajana Polito
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Pasquale Crispino
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Nenna
- Department of Heart Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Segreti
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
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Di Gioia G, Crispino SP, Monosilio S, Maestrini V, Nenna A, Segreti A, Squeo MR, Lemme E, Ussia GP, Grigioni F, Pelliccia A. Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of hyperbilirubinemia in a cohort of Italian Olympic athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2534-2547. [PMID: 37650311 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bilirubin was supposed to have cardio-metabolic protective role by signaling functions. Indeed, mild hyperbilirubinemia has immunosuppressive and endocrine activities and may offer protection against oxidative stress-mediated diseases. Gilbert syndrome (GS) has been hypothesized to provide cardio-metabolic benefits. OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of hyperbilirubinemia and its cardio-metabolic effects in a cohort of elite Italian athletes engaged in different sports disciplines. METHODS We enrolled 1492 elite athletes (age 25.8 ± 5.1) practising different disciplines (power, skills, endurance, and mixed) underwent blood, echocardiographic, and exercise tests. GS was diagnosed per exclusionem in athletes with isolated asymptomatic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. RESULTS GS was highlighted in 91 athletes (6%; globally 9% male and 2.4% female); 82% were males (p < 0.0001) showing higher indirect bilirubin (0.53 ± 0.4 vs. 0.36 ± 0.24 mg/dL in females, p < 0.0001). GS athletes had fewer platelets (201 ± 35 vs. 214 ± 41, p = 0.01), higher iron (male: 124 ± 44 vs. 100.9 ± 34 mcg/dL, p < 0.0001; female: 143.3 ± 35 vs. 99.9 ± 42 mcg/dL, p < 0.0001), and lower erythrocyte sedimentation rate, (1.93 ± 0.9 vs. 2.80 ± 2.7 mm/H, p = 0.03). At multivariate analysis, male (OR 3.89, p = 0.001) and iron (OR 3.47, p = 0.001) were independently associated with GS. No significant differences were found in cardiac remodeling, heart rate, blood pressure, arrhythmias, or power capacity at stress test. Endurance athletes (313) presented higher total (p = 0.003) and indirect bilirubin (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Bilirubin has several metabolic effects (including immunosuppressive and endocrine) and plays a role in regulating antioxidant pathways exercise-related with hematological consequences but seems not to affect significantly cardiovascular remodeling. Endurance athletes present higher bilirubin concentrations, likely as an adaptive mechanism to counteract increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Pasquale Crispino
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Monosilio
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Nenna
- Department of Heart Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Segreti
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Ussia
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Grigioni
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
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Squeo MR, Monosilio S, Gismondi A, Perrone M, Gregorace E, Lemme E, Di Gioia G, Mango R, Prosperi S, Spataro A, Maestrini V, Di Giacinto B, Pelliccia A. Periodic health evaluation in athletes competing in Tokyo 2020: from SARS-CoV-2 to Olympic medals. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001610. [PMID: 38046277 PMCID: PMC10689352 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Tokyo Olympic games were the only games postponed for a year in peacetime, which will be remembered as the COVID-19 Olympics. No data are currently available on the effect on athlete's performance. Aim To examine the Italian Olympic athletes who have undergone the return to play (RTP) protocol after COVID-19 and their Olympic results. Methods 642 Potential Olympics (PO) athletes competing in 19 summer sport disciplines were evaluated through a preparticipation screening protocol and, when necessary, with the RTP protocol. The protocol comprised blood tests, 12-lead resting ECG, transthoracic echocardiogram, cardiopulmonary exercise test, 24-hour Holter-ECG monitoring and cardiovascular MR based on clinical indication. Results Of the 642 PO athletes evaluated, 384 participated at the Olympic Games, 254 being excluded for athletic reasons. 120 athletes of the total cohort of 642 PO were affected by COVID-19. They were evaluated with the RTP protocol before resuming physical activity after a mean detraining period of 30±13 days. Of them, 100 were selected for Olympic Games participation, 16 were excluded for athletic reasons and 4 were due to RTP results (2 for COVID-19-related myocarditis, 1 for pericarditis and 1 for complex ventricular arrhythmias). Among athletes with a history of COVID-19 allowed to resume physical activity after the RTP and selected for the Olympic Games, no one had abnormalities in cardiopulmonary exercise test parameters, and 28 became medal winners with 6 gold, 6 silver and 19 bronze medals. Conclusions Among athletes with COVID-19, there is a low prevalence of cardiac sequelae. For those athletes allowed to resume physical activity after the RTP evaluation, the infection and the forced period of inactivity didn't have a negative impact on athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Monosilio
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gismondi
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Perrone
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Emanuele Gregorace
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Mango
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Prosperi
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Spataro
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Giacinto
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
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Zorzi A, D'Ascenzi F, Andreini D, Castelletti S, Casella M, Cavarretta E, Cipriani A, Compagnucci P, Delise P, Dello Russo A, Graziano F, Palamà Z, Pelliccia A, Sarto P, Corrado D, Sciarra L. Interpretation and management of premature ventricular beats in athletes: An expert opinion document of the Italian Society of Sports Cardiology (SICSPORT). Int J Cardiol 2023; 391:131220. [PMID: 37517780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Premature ventricular beats (PVBs) are recorded in a sizeable proportion of athletes during pre-participation screening, especially if the evaluation includes both resting and exercise ECG. While in the majority of cases no underlying heart disease is present, in others PVBs may be the sign of a condition at risk of sudden cardiac death, including cardiomyopathies, congenital, coronary artery, heart valves and ion channels diseases. In this expert opinion document of the Italian Society of Sports Cardiology, we propose a multiparametric interpretation approach to PVBs in athletes and a stepwise diagnostic algorithm. The clinical work-up should include the assessment of the probable site of origin based on the ECG pattern of the ectopic QRS and of the arrhythmia behavior (including the number of different PVB morphologies, complexity, response to exercise and reproducibility), as well as first-line tests such as echocardiography. Based on this initial evaluation, most athletes can be reassured of the benign nature of PVBs and cleared for competition under periodical follow-up. However, when the clinical suspicion is high, further investigations with non-invasive (e.g. cardiac magnetic resonance, cardiac computed tomography, genetic testing) and, in very selected cases, invasive (e.g. endocardial voltage mapping and endomyocardial biopsy) tests should be carried out to rule out a high-risk condition. Importantly, such advanced tests should be performed in centers with a consolidated experience not only in the technique, but also in evaluation of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Zorzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Flavio D'Ascenzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Sports Cardiology Unit, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Andreini
- Division of University Cardiology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant'Ambrogio, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Castelletti
- Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Casella
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Marche University Hospital, Ancona, Italy; Department of Clinical Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy; Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alberto Cipriani
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Compagnucci
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Marche University Hospital, Ancona, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pietro Delise
- U.O. di Cardiologia, Ospedale P. Pederzoli, Peschiera del Garda and Centro di Medicina, Poliambulatorio di Mestre e Conegliano, Italy
| | - Antonio Dello Russo
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Marche University Hospital, Ancona, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Graziano
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Zefferino Palamà
- Cardiology Department, Casa di Cura "Villa Verde", Taranto, Italy; Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Patrizio Sarto
- UO Sports Medicine, Regional Center for Exercise Prescription in Young Patients with Heart Diseases, ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Italy.
| | - Luigi Sciarra
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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15
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Pelliccia A, Larson K. Shared Decision Making in young elite and professional athletes: pros and pitfalls. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2023:zwad339. [PMID: 37883716 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn Larson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine. Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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16
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Pelliccia A, Ferrara R, Prosperi S, Spataro A, Maestrini V, Squeo MR. Long-Term Clinical Consequences of Right Ventricular Remodeling in Olympic Endurance Athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 82:750-751. [PMID: 37587587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
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17
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Pelliccia A, Tatangelo M, Borrazzo C, Zampaglione D, Mango F, Fedele E, Lanzillo C, Martino A, Crescenzi C, Maestrini V, Zorzi A, Corrado D, Calò L. Low QRS voltages and left ventricular hypertrophy: a risky association. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2023; 30:1132-1138. [PMID: 36779916 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Low QRS voltages (LQRSV) are an unexpected finding in left ventricular hypertrophy, i.e. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or athlete's heart. METHODS AND RESULTS Prevalence and clinical correlates of LQRSV were investigated in 197 consecutive HCM patients, aged 58 ± 13 years and comparatively in 771 Olympic athletes, aged 23 ± 4. Clinical characterization included family/personal history, symptoms, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, electrocardiographic pattern, ventricular arrhythmias, and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Twenty-two (11%) of HCM and 18 (2.3%) of athletes presented LQRSV. At initial evaluation, in HCM, LQRSV showed no differences vs. non-LQRSV for functional class (90% vs. 91%, in Classes I and II; P = 0.983), symptoms (27% vs. 18%; P = 0.478), and ventricular arrhythmias (40% vs. 39%; P = 857) but showed larger extent of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) at CMR (4.1 ± 1.5 vs. 1.5 ± 0.7 affected segments; P < 0.001). In athletes, LQRSV was associated with larger prevalence of inverted T-waves (22% vs. 9%; P < 0.001) and ventricular arrhythmias (28% vs. 8%; P = 0.005). In one LQRSV athlete, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy was identified. Over 4.5 ± 2.6-year follow-up, presence of LQRSV in HCM was associated with larger incidence of functional deterioration (31% vs. 14%; P = 0.038), stroke (22% vs. 6%; P = 0.008), and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implant (27% vs. 10%; P = 0.015). No clinical events occurred in LQRSV athletes without initial evidence of cardiac disease. CONCLUSION LQRSV are relatively common (11%) in HCM and have clinical relevance, being predictive over a medium term for a worsening functional class, incidence of stroke, and ICD implant. Instead, LQRSV are rare (2.3%) in athletes but may occasionally be a marker that raises suspicion for underlying cardiac disease at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pelliccia
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Tatangelo
- Department of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino Via Casilina 1049, 00169 Roma, Italy
| | - Cristian Borrazzo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, University Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Domenico Zampaglione
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Mango
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Fedele
- Department of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino Via Casilina 1049, 00169 Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Lanzillo
- Department of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino Via Casilina 1049, 00169 Roma, Italy
| | - Annamaria Martino
- Department of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino Via Casilina 1049, 00169 Roma, Italy
| | - Cinzia Crescenzi
- Department of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino Via Casilina 1049, 00169 Roma, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zorzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Science and Public Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2 - 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Science and Public Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2 - 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Calò
- Department of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino Via Casilina 1049, 00169 Roma, Italy
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Limongelli G, Monda E, Lioncino M, Di Paolo F, Ferrara F, Vriz O, Calabro P, Bossone E, Pelliccia A. Aortic Root Diameter in Highly-Trained Competitive Athletes: Reference Values According to Sport and Prevalence of Aortic Enlargement. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39:889-897. [PMID: 36803973 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies exploring the extent of aortic root dilation across the different types of sport are limited. We aimed to define the physiological limits of aortic remodelling in a large population of healthy elite athletes in comparison with nonathletic controls. METHODS A total of 1995 consecutive athletes evaluated at the Institute of Sports Medicine (Rome, Italy) and 515 healthy controls underwent a comprehensive cardiovascular screening. The aortic diameter was measured at the level of the sinuses of Valsalva. The 99th percentile from the mean of the aortic diameter in the control population was used to define an abnormally enlarged aortic root dimension. RESULTS Athletes showed a larger aortic root diameter (30.6 [± 3.3] vs 28.1 [± 3.1] mm, P value < 0.001) than controls. The difference was evident in male and female athletes, regardless of sport- predominant component and level of intensity. The 99th percentile value for aortic root diameter in control male and female subjects was 37 mm and 32 mm, respectively. Based on these values, 50 (4.2%) male and 21 (2.6%) female athletes would have been diagnosed with an enlarged aortic root. However, aortic root diameter of clinical relevance-ie, ≥ 40 mm-was observed in only 17 male athletes (0.85%) and did not exceed > 44 mm. CONCLUSIONS Athletes show a mild, although significant, increased aortic dimension in comparison with healthy controls. The degree of aortic enlargement varies in relation to type of sports and sex. Eventually, only a small minority of athletes exhibited a markedly enlarged aortic diameter (ie, ≥ 40 mm) in a range of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Limongelli
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational, Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College of London and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Emanuele Monda
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational, Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College of London and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michele Lioncino
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational, Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Olga Vriz
- Echocardiography Department, Heart Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paolo Calabro
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational, Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo Bossone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Dello Russo A, Compagnucci P, Zorzi A, Cavarretta E, Castelletti S, Contursi M, D'Aleo A, D'Ascenzi F, Mos L, Palmieri V, Patrizi G, Pelliccia A, Sarto P, Delise P, Zeppilli P, Romano S, Palamà Z, Sciarra L. Electroanatomic mapping in athletes: Why and when. An expert opinion paper from the Italian society of sports cardiology. Int J Cardiol 2023:S0167-5273(23)00702-7. [PMID: 37178805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping (EAM) has the potential to identify the pathological substrate underlying ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) in different clinical settings by detecting myocardial areas with abnormally low voltages, which reflect the presence of different cardiomyopathic substrates. In athletes, the added value of EAM may be to enhance the efficacy of third-level diagnostic tests and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in detecting concealed arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. Additional benefits of EAM in the athlete include the potential impact on disease risk stratification and the consequent implications for eligibility to competitive sports. This opinion paper of the Italian Society of Sports Cardiology aims to guide general sports medicine physicians and cardiologists on the clinical decision when to eventually perform an EAM study in the athlete, highlighting strengths and weaknesses for each cardiovascular disease at risk of sudden cardiac death during sport. The importance of early (preclinical) diagnosis to prevent the negative effects of exercise on phenotypic expression, disease progression, and worsening of the arrhythmogenic substrate is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dello Russo
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital "Lancisi-Umberto I- Salesi", Ancona, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paolo Compagnucci
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital "Lancisi-Umberto I- Salesi", Ancona, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zorzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy; Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Castelletti
- Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Contursi
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital of Peschiera del Garda, Veneto, Italy
| | | | - Flavio D'Ascenzi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucio Mos
- San Antonio Hospital, San Daniele del Friuli, Udine, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palmieri
- Sports Medicine Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Paolo Zeppilli
- Sports Medicine Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvio Romano
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Aquila, Italy
| | - Zefferino Palamà
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Aquila, Italy; Casa di Cura Villa Verde, Taranto, Italy.
| | - Luigi Sciarra
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Aquila, Italy
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20
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Pelliccia A, Borrazzo C, Maestrini V, D'Ascenzi F, Caselli S, Lemme E, Squeo MR, Di Giacinto B. Determinants of LV mass in athletes: the impact of sport, constitutional traits and cardiovascular risk factors. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:769-779. [PMID: 36449099 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether cardiovascular (CV) risk factors might impact Left Ventricular (LV) mass in athletes is unknown. METHODS The impact of CV risk factors (Total/LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, positive family history, smoking, body fat, blood pressure), constitutional characteristics (age, sex, body mass index) and type of sport was assessed in 1111 Olympic athletes. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant impact: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.8. 95° Confidence Interval [CI] 0.9-13.7; < 0.001; in males); age ≥ 20-year (OR = 2.1, CI 1.4-3.3; p < 0.001) in males; (OR = 2.3; CI 1.4-3.7) in females; systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg (OR = 1.1, CI 1.01-1.16; p < 0.001) in males; (OR = 1.03; CI 1.01-1.06; p < 0.03) in females; diastolic ≥ 85 mmHg (OR = 1.1, CI 1.03-1.2; p = 0.003) in males; (OR = 1.05, CI 1.02-1.08, p < 0.001) in females. No association was found for family history, smoking, body fat, LDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides. Overall, constitutional traits explain > 60% of the LV mass. Sport explains on average 14%, but large differences existed among disciplines, i.e., endurance showed the highest impact (55%, mixed: 20%, power: 17%, skill: 8%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION LV mass in athletes is largely governed by constitutional traits and type of sport, and independent from CV risk factors, except for systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Overall, constitutional traits explain more than 60% of LV mass. The impact of sport is largely different in relation to the discipline, and highest in endurance, moderate mixed and power and mild in skill disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pelliccia
- The Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197, Rome, Italy.
| | - Cristian Borrazzo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- The Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio D'Ascenzi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Caselli
- Cardiovascular Medicine Center Zurich, Hirslanden Klinik im Park, Seestrasse 247, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erika Lemme
- The Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- The Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Giacinto
- The Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
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21
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Di Gioia G, Maestrini V, Colella A, Mango R, Segreti A, Squeo MR, Lemme E, Pelliccia A. Reversible Apical Hypertrophy in a Young Competitive Athlete with Familiar Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Am J Case Rep 2023; 24:e939058. [PMID: 37029482 PMCID: PMC10091469 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.939058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differential diagnosis between athlete's heart and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is sometimes challenging in sport cardiology since endurance training can cause a distinct pattern of functional and structural changes of the cardiovascular system. It is of crucial importance to accurately diagnose it and stratify the arrhythmic risk since hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is one of the leading causes of sudden cardiac death in young athletes. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a relatively rare form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that predominantly affects the apex of the left ventricle and usually has a nonobstructive physiology. Few data and studies are available on influence of aerobic training (and detraining) on morphological changes in athletes with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 19-year-old male soccer athlete with family history for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with electrocardiographic and morphological left ventricular remodeling in association with sports activity. Intensive aerobic training led to marked T-wave inversion on 12-lead ECG and left ventricular hypertrophy compatible with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Genetic testing confirmed the presence of familial variant c853C>T, p.(Arg 285Cys) on TNNT2 gene. After 18 months detraining, we observed a complete regression of ECG abnormalities and a reverse remodeling of the left ventricular hypertrophy. No pharmacological therapy was indicated; periodic cardiological evaluations were advised. Monitoring devices or implantable cardioverter defibrillator were not recommended. CONCLUSIONS This case suggests that intensive aerobic training can affect the pathological hypertrophic cardiomyopathy substrate, facilitating the development of left ventricular hypertrophy and, more interesting, regression of structural changes after detraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Department of Cardiology and Sport Medicine, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Department of Cardiology and Sport Medicine, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colella
- Department of Cardiology and Sport Medicine, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Mango
- Department of Cardiology and Sport Medicine, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Segreti
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Department of Cardiology and Sport Medicine, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Department of Cardiology and Sport Medicine, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Department of Cardiology and Sport Medicine, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy
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22
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Pelliccia A, Day S, Olivotto I. Leisure-time and competitive sport participation: a changing paradigm for HCM patients. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2023; 30:zwad011. [PMID: 36638119 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
HCM has long been considered the most frequent cause of death in athletes, and reason for disqualification from sport. However, our perception of the impact of sports on HCM is largely based on anecdotal evidence. In this review, we provide a reappraisal of current knowledge relative to 1) the impact of sport on LV remodeling, and 2) on the clinical outcome of HCM in athletes. 1) The limited available evidence argues against the hypothesis that intensive exercise conditioning may trigger and/or worsen the development of LV hypertrophy or cause changes in LV function in adult HCM athletes. 2) Recent observations challenge the concept of a detrimental effect of sport on HCM clinical course. The Reset-HCM study showed that 16-week moderate-intensity exercise resulted in a small, significant increase in exercise capacity and no adverse events. In a cohort of 88 low-risk HCM athletes followed for a 7-year period, survival analyses showed no difference in mortality between HCM who discontinued or pursued vigorous exercise programmes. Further reassurance was provided by the ICD Sports Safety Registry. Clinical implications: At present, patients' attitude to sport participation is highly variable, based on social and legal backgrounds surrounding medical practice in different countries. The shared-decision-making as suggested by current US and European guidelines allows the physician to deliver a tailored and more liberal advice. Physicians should be aware of the changing paradigm relative to exercise and sport prescription for HCM and promote active lifestyle as an integral component of modern management of HCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharlene Day
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Iacopo Olivotto
- Cardiomyopathy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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23
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Castelletti S, Zorzi A, Ballardini E, Basso C, Biffi A, Brancati F, Cavarretta E, Crotti L, Contursi M, D'Aleo A, D'Ascenzi F, Delise P, Dello Russo A, Gazale G, Mos L, Novelli V, Palamà Z, Palermi S, Palmieri V, Patrizi G, Pelliccia A, Pilichou K, Romano S, Sarto P, Schwartz PJ, Tiberi M, Zeppilli P, Corrado D, Sciarra L. Corrigendum to "Molecular genetic testing in athletes: Why and when a position statement from the Italian Society of Sports Cardiology" [International Journal of Cardiology Volume 364, 1 October 2022, Pages 169-177]. Int J Cardiol 2023; 370:476. [PMID: 36344375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.10.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Zorzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Ballardini
- Sports Medicine Centre, Gruppo Mantova Salus, Ospedale San Pellegrino, Mantova, Italy
| | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Biffi
- Med-Ex, Medicine and Exercise srl, Medical Partner Scuderia Ferrari, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Brancati
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Aquila, Italy
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy; Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Lia Crotti
- Cardiology Department, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Contursi
- Sports Cardiology Unit, Centro Polidiagnostico Check-up, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Flavio D'Ascenzi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Delise
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital of Peschiera del Garda, Veneto, Italy
| | - Antonio Dello Russo
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital "Lancisi-Umberto I- Salesi", Ancona, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gazale
- Center of Sport Medicine and Sports Cardiology, ASL 1, Sassari, Italy
| | - Lucio Mos
- San Antonio Hospital, San Daniele del Friuli, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Zefferino Palamà
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Aquila, Italy; Casa di Cura Villa Verde, Taranto, Italy
| | - Stefano Palermi
- Med-Ex, Medicine and Exercise srl, Medical Partner Scuderia Ferrari, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palmieri
- Sports Medicine Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Kalliopi Pilichou
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvio Romano
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Peter J Schwartz
- Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Tiberi
- Department of Public Health, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche AV 1, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Zeppilli
- Sports Medicine Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Luigi Sciarra
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Aquila, Italy
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24
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Maestrini V, Penza M, Filomena D, Birtolo LI, Monosilio S, Lemme E, Squeo MR, Mango R, Di Gioia G, Serdoz A, Fiore R, Fedele F, Pelliccia A, Di Giacinto B. Low prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in competitive athletes at return-to-play after COVID-19. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:8-13. [PMID: 36372623 PMCID: PMC9622018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to evaluate the prevalence of cardiac involvement after COVID-19 in competitive athletes at return-to-play (RTP) evaluation, following the recommended Italian protocol including cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and 24-Hour Holter monitoring. DESIGN AND METHODS this is a single centre observational, cross-sectional study. Since October 2020, all competitive athletes (age ≥ 14 years) evaluated in our Institute after COVID-19, prior RTP were enrolled. The protocol dictated by the Italian governing bodies included: 12‑lead ECG, blood test, CPET, 24-h ECG monitoring, spirometry. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) was performed based on clinical indication. RESULTS 219 consecutive athletes were examined (59% male), age 23 years (IQR 19-27), 21% asymptomatic, 77% mildly symptomatic, 2% with previous pneumonia. The evaluation was performed after a median of 10 (6-17) days from negative SARS-CoV-2 swab. All athletes showed a good exercise capacity at CPET without cardiovascular and respiratory limitations. Uncommon premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) were found in 9.5% (n = 21) at CPET/Holter ECG monitoring. Two athletes (0.9%) were diagnosed with acute myocarditis (by CMR) and another one with new pericardial effusion. All the three athletes were temporally restricted from sport participation. CONCLUSIONS Myocarditis in competitive athletes screened after COVID-19 resolution was detected in a low minority of the cases (0.9%). However, a non-negligible prevalence of uncommon PVCs (9%) was observed, either at CPET and/or Holter ECG monitoring, including all athletes with COVID-19 related cardiovascular abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Maestrini
- Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy,Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy,Corresponding author at: Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy
| | - Marco Penza
- Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Filomena
- Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy,Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Ilaria Birtolo
- Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy,Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Monosilio
- Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy,Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Mango
- Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy
| | - Andrea Serdoz
- Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy
| | - Roberto Fiore
- Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy
| | - Francesco Fedele
- Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy,Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Giacinto
- Institute of Sport Medicine, Sport and Health, National Italian Olympic Committee, Italy
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25
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Tso JV, Pelliccia A. Psychiatric Medications and Cardiovascular Performance: Uncommon Depressing Side Effects. JACC Case Rep 2022; 4:1341-1343. [PMID: 36299654 PMCID: PMC9588446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason V. Tso
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Address for correspondence: Dr Jason V. Tso, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 319, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. @jasontsomd
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26
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Pelliccia A. New evidences recommend an active lifestyle in young HCM patients. Int J Cardiol 2022; 369:82-83. [PMID: 35987311 PMCID: PMC9550157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Castelletti S, Zorzi A, Ballardini E, Basso C, Biffi A, Bracati F, Cavarretta E, Crotti L, Contursi M, D'Aleo A, D'Ascenzi F, Delise P, Dello Russo A, Gazale G, Mos L, Novelli V, Palamà Z, Palermi S, Palmieri V, Patrizi G, Pelliccia A, Pilichou K, Romano S, Sarto P, Schwartz PJ, Tiberi M, Zeppilli P, Corrado D, Sciarra L. Molecular genetic testing in athletes: Why and when a position statement from the Italian society of sports cardiology. Int J Cardiol 2022; 364:169-177. [PMID: 35662561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Molecular genetic testing is an increasingly available test to support the clinical diagnosis of inherited cardiovascular diseases through identification of pathogenic gene variants and to make a preclinical genetic diagnosis among proband's family members (so-called "cascade family screening"). In athletes, the added value of molecular genetic testing is to assist in discriminating between physiological adaptive changes of the athlete's heart and inherited cardiovascular diseases, in the presence of overlapping phenotypic features such as ECG changes, imaging abnormalities or arrhythmias ("grey zone"). Additional benefits of molecular genetic testing in the athlete include the potential impact on the disease risk stratification and the implications for eligibility to competitive sports. This position statement of the Italian Society of Sports Cardiology aims to guide general sports medical physicians and sports cardiologists on clinical decision as why and when to perform a molecular genetic testing in the athlete, highlighting strengths and weaknesses for each inherited cardiovascular disease at-risk of sudden cardiac death during sport. The importance of early (preclinical) diagnosis to prevent the negative effects of exercise on phenotypic expression, disease progression and worsening of the arrhythmogenic substrate is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Castelletti
- Cardiomyopathy Center and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zorzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Ballardini
- Sports Medicine Centre, Gruppo Mantova Salus, Ospedale San Pellegrino, Mantova, Italy
| | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Biffi
- Med-Ex, Medicine and Exercise srl, Medical Partner Scuderia Ferrari, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Bracati
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Aquila, Italy
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy; Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Lia Crotti
- Cardiomyopathy Center and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Contursi
- Sports Cardiology Unit, Centro Polidiagnostico Check-up, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Flavio D'Ascenzi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Delise
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital of Peschiera del Garda, Veneto, Italy
| | - Antonio Dello Russo
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital "Lancisi-Umberto I- Salesi", Ancona, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gazale
- Center of Sport Medicine and Sports Cardiology, ASL 1, Sassari, Italy
| | - Lucio Mos
- San Antonio Hospital, San Daniele del Friuli, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Zefferino Palamà
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Aquila, Italy; Casa di Cura Villa Verde, Taranto, Italy
| | - Stefano Palermi
- Med-Ex, Medicine and Exercise srl, Medical Partner Scuderia Ferrari, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palmieri
- Sports Medicine Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Kalliopi Pilichou
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvio Romano
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Peter J Schwartz
- Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Tiberi
- Department of Public Health, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche AV 1, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Zeppilli
- Sports Medicine Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Luigi Sciarra
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Aquila, Italy
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28
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Monosilio S, Filomena D, Birtolo LI, Penza M, Lemme E, Squeo MR, Mango R, Tonti G, Pedrizzetti G, Fedele F, Gualdi G, Spataro A, Pelliccia A, Di Giacinto B, Maestrini V. Left ventricle myocardial deformation in olympic athletes assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance: does the sex and discipline matter? Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac056.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
Background
Sport induces structural and functional cardiac adaptation with different entity related to several factors including type of training and gender. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) is the gold standard for morpho-functional evaluation of athletes’ heart and commonly relies on ventricular volume, wall thickness and ejection fraction (EF) assessment. Data on myocardial deformation (MD) are limited to echocardiography and are scarce.
Purpose
To assess MD in Olympic athletes and to evaluate the possible influence of sport categories and gender.
Methods
A group of Olympic athletes evaluated prior the Olympic games with unremarkable cardiovascular pre-participation screening tests underwent CMR without contrast administration. A group of sedentary subjects was enrolled as a control group. Cine-images were post-processed for volume and function evaluation and to assess global longitudinal strain (GLS) and global circumferential strain (GCS) by feature-tracking software. Athletes were divided in subgroups according to ESC sport classification. Male and female athletes were compared. Athletes were also divided based on EF (≤53% or >53%).
Results
93 elite athletes (33% power, 33% mixed, 33% endurance) and 18 controls were enrolled. No differences in terms of EF were observed, while endurance athletes showed the greater LV remodeling (Table). GLS and GCS values of the entire population were -22.5±2.7% and -30.7±3.4%, respectively. No significant differences were found comparing athletes of different sport categories and sedentary controls for GLS (p= 0.940) and GCS (p=0.072). Female athletes showed higher GLS compared to male (-23.5±2.8% vs-21.9±2.8%, p=0.002) but not differences in terms of GCS (-31.5±3.1% vs-30.2±3.5%, p=0.076). Athletes with EF≤53% had lower GLS values compared with those with >53% but within normal limits (Figure).
Conclusion
No differences were observed in MD assessed by CMR between different sport categories and controls. Female athletes showed higher longitudinal but not circumferential strain compared with male. Athletes with lower EF presented lower values of strain but within normal range with the potentiality to be used as a tool for differential diagnosis between normal adaptation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Monosilio
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - D Filomena
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - L I Birtolo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - M Penza
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - E Lemme
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - M R Squeo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - R Mango
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - G Tonti
- G. d Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - F Fedele
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - G Gualdi
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - A Spataro
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - A Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - B Di Giacinto
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - V Maestrini
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
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29
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Maestrini V, Filomena D, Birtolo LI, Monosilio S, Tatangelo M, Penza M, Serdoz A, Fiore R, Lemme E, Squeo MR, Fedele F, Gualdi G, Spataro A, Pelliccia A, Di Giacinto B. Cardiovascular screening in olympic athletes before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9384012 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac056.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Conflicting results on the cardiovascular involvement after SARS-CoV-2 infection generated concerns on the safety of return-to-play (RTP) in the athletic population. However, these data are mainly based on Troponin and imaging findings. Purpose Aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of cardiac involvement after COVID-19 in Olympic athletes, who had previously been screened in our pre-participation program. Methods Since November 2020, all consecutive Olympic athletes presented to our Institute after COVID-19 prior RTP were enrolled. The protocol was dictated by the Italian governing bodies and comprised: 12-lead ECG, blood test, cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), 24-hours ECG monitoring, spirometry. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) was also performed. All Athletes were previously screened in our Institute as part of their periodical pre-participation evaluation. Results Forty-seven Italian Olympic athletes were enrolled: 83% asymptomatic, 13% mildly asymptomatic, 4% had pneumonia. The evaluation was performed after a median of 9 days from negative SARS-CoV-2 swab. Uncommon premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) were found in 13% athletes, however, only 6% (n=3) were newly detected. All newly diagnosed uncommon PVCs were detected by CPET. One of these three athletes had evidence for acute myocarditis by CMR, along with Troponin raise; another had mild pericardial effusion. No one of the remaining athletes had abnormalities detected by CMR (Figure). Conclusions Cardiac abnormalities in Olympic athletes screened after COVID-19 resolution were detected in a minority and were associated with new ventricular arrhythmias. Only one had evidence for acute myocarditis (in presence of symptoms and elevated biomarkers). No one of the remaining athletes had abnormalities by imaging or laboratory test. Our data support the efficacy of the clinical assessment including exercise-ECG to raise suspicion for cardiovascular abnormalities after COVID-19. Instead, the routine use of CMR as a screening tool appears not justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Maestrini
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - D Filomena
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - L I Birtolo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - S Monosilio
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - M Tatangelo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - M Penza
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - A Serdoz
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - R Fiore
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - E Lemme
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - M R Squeo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - F Fedele
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - G Gualdi
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - A Spataro
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - A Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - B Di Giacinto
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
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30
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Filomena D, Monosilio S, Birtolo LI, Penza M, Lemme E, Squeo MR, Di Gioia G, Tonti G, Pedrizzetti G, Fedele F, Gualdi G, Spataro A, Pelliccia A, Di Giacinto B, Maestrini V. Hemodynamic forces in olympic athletes assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance: a new non-invasive screening tool? Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac056.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
Background
Non-invasive evaluation of left ventricular hemodynamic forces (HDFs) by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) is a promising tool to improve systolic and diastolic evaluation. No data are available on athletic population.
Purpose
To provide the range of normal values of HDFs in Olympic athletes and to evaluate the possible influence of different sport categories.
Methods
A group of Olympic athletes evaluated prior the Olympic games with unremarkable cardiovascular pre-participation screening tests underwent CMR without contrast administration. A group of sedentary subjects was enrolled as a control group. Cine-images were post-processed by a feature-tracking based software to estimate HDFs. HDFs were measured in apex-base (AB) and latero-septal (LS) directions, over the entire heartbeat, in systole and diastole. Athletes were divided in subgroups according to ESC sport classification for comparison. They were also divided according to the ejection fraction (EF ≤ or >53%).
Results
93 elite athletes (33% power, 33% mixed, 33% endurance) were enrolled. HDFs in AB and LS direction were 20.5%± 4.3 and 2.9%± 0.7 in the entire heartbeat, 32.6% ± 7 and 3.6%± 1 in systole, 11%± 4.1 and 2.3%± 0.8 in diastole. Comparing athletes of different sport category and sedentary controls no significant differences were found between groups (Table). Comparing athletes with ejection fraction (EF) £ 53% and > 53%, the former showed lower values of AB-HDFs assessed in the entire heartbeat and in systole (18.9 ± 4.6 % vs 20.9 ± 4.1; p= 0.024 and 29.6 ± 6.3 vs 33.3 ± 7; p= 0.024, respectively), but within the normal range.
Conclusion
We provide normal range for HDFs assessed by CMR in elite athletes and no differences were observed between sedentary controls and athletes involved in different sport categories. Comparing athletes with low-normal and normal ejection fraction, the former showed lower values of AB-HDFs but within the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Filomena
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - S Monosilio
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - L I Birtolo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - M Penza
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - E Lemme
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - M R Squeo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Gioia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - G Tonti
- G. d Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - F Fedele
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - G Gualdi
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - A Spataro
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - A Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - B Di Giacinto
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - V Maestrini
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
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31
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Penza M, Filomena D, Birtolo L, Monosilio S, Serdoz A, Fiore R, Mango R, Lemme E, Squeo M, Fedele F, Gualdi G, Spataro A, Pelliccia A, Di Giacinto B, Maestrini V. Low prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in competitive athletes before the return-to-play after COVID-19 based on the italian strategy. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9383976 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac056.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Conflicting results on the cardiovascular involvement after SARS-CoV-2 infection generated concerns on the safety of return-to-play (RTP) in the athletic population. However, data are limited to the approached based on Troponine, ECG and echocardiogram while the data on exercise test are scarce. Purpose Aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of cardiac involvement after COVID-19 in competitive athletes for the RTP applying a comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation. Methods Since October 2020, all consecutive competitive athletes (age≥14 years) presented to our Institute after COVID-19 prior RTP were enrolled. The protocol was dictated by the Italian governing bodies and comprised: 12-lead ECG, blood test, cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), 24-hours ECG monitoring, spirometry. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) was performed based on clinical indication. Results 219 competitive athletes were enrolled (59% male), age 23 years (19,27): 20% asymptomatic, 77% mildly asymptomatic, 2% had pneumonia. The evaluation was performed after a median of 10 days (6-17 days) from negative SARS-CoV-2 swab. All athletes had a good performance at CPET. Uncommon premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) were found in 10% (n=21) and were detected by CPET. Two athletes (1%) were finally diagnosed with acute myocarditis (confirmed by CMR) and another had newly diagnosed mild pericardial effusion (Figure). All the three athletes were temporally refrain from sport participation. Conclusions Cardiac abnormalities in competitive athletes screened after COVID-19 resolution were detected in a minority of the cases (1.4%). No one of the remaining athletes had abnormalities by imaging or laboratory test neither reduction in cardiopulmonary fitness. Our data are in line with those reporting low prevalence of cardiovascular complication in mildly symptomatic or symptomatic athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Penza
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - D Filomena
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - L Birtolo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - S Monosilio
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - A Serdoz
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - R Fiore
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - R Mango
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - E Lemme
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - M Squeo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - F Fedele
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - G Gualdi
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - A Spataro
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - A Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - B Di Giacinto
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - V Maestrini
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
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32
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Penza M, Filomena D, Monosilio S, Birtolo L, Serdoz A, Lemme E, Squeo M, Mango R, Di Gioia G, Fedele F, Gualdi G, Spataro A, Pelliccia A, Di Giacinto B, Maestrini V. Positive CMR findings are associated with polymorphic ventricle arrhythmias and ECG repolarization changes but not with exercises induced arrhythmias in competitive and non-competitive athletes. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac056.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
Background
Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) provides an effective contribution for the prevention of sudden cardiac death with its ability to provide accurate information on morpho-functional abnormalities and on myocardial tissue characterization. However, data on its utility in clinical scenario in the competitive athletes are limited to selected cohort of patients with complex arrhythmias.
Objective
To retrospectively analyze all the CMR performed at our center for evaluating the predictors of positive CMR findings in a large cohort of competitive and non-competitive athletes presenting with different clinical indications.
Methods
Over a period of 30 months all the CMR performed on athletes aged > 14 years and training for at least 5 hours per week at our Institutes were retrospectively recruited. The following data were also collected: medical history, ECG, echocardiography, exercise testing. CMR were categorized as "positive" or "negative" based on the presence or absence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE, excluding RV insertion point) and/or morphological and/or functional abnormalities. Predictors of "positive" CMR were explored.
Results
503 CMR were recruited and the most frequent indications for CMR were: ventricular arrythmias (n= 213, 42%), ECG abnormalities (n= 140, 28%) followed by echocardiogram abnormalities, symptoms and family history (Figure A). 308 (61%) CMR were "negative" and 195 (39%) "positive" (Figure B). Uncommon ventricular arrythmias did not result associated with positive CMR (p= 0.43), while polymorphic ventricular beats are associated with positive CMR (p= 0.02). Among ECG abnormalities only T-waves inversion, particularly on lateral and infero-lateral leads, were associated with positive CMR (p= 0.04).
Conclusion
Ventricular arrhythmias represented the most common indication for require a CMR but in almost half the cases, the CMR was negative. Excises induced ventricular arrhythmias is not significantly associated with pathological findings on CMR, while the polymorphic morphology of arrhythmias and the presence of lateral and infero-lateral repolarization abnormalities on ECG were associated with positive CMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Penza
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - D Filomena
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - S Monosilio
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - L Birtolo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - A Serdoz
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - E Lemme
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - M Squeo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - R Mango
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Gioia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - F Fedele
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - G Gualdi
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - A Spataro
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - A Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - B Di Giacinto
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Roma, Italy
| | - V Maestrini
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Roma, Italy
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Zorzi A, Bettella N, Tatangelo M, Del Monte A, Vessella T, Poscolieri B, Crescenzi C, Pegorin D, D'Ascenzi F, Pescatore V, Giada F, Sarto P, Calò L, Schiavon M, Gregori D, Hadley DM, Drezner JA, Pelliccia A, Corrado D. Prevalence and clinical significance of isolated low QRS voltages in young athletes. Europace 2022; 24:1484-1495. [PMID: 35243505 PMCID: PMC9559913 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Low QRS voltages (peak to peak <0.5 mV) in limb leads (LQRSV) on the athlete's electrocardiogram (ECG) may reflect an underlying cardiomyopathy, mostly arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) or non-ischaemic left ventricular scar (NILVS). We studied the prevalence and clinical meaning of isolated LQRSV in a large cohort of competitive athletes. METHODS AND RESULTS The index group included 2229 Italian competitive athletes [median age 18 years (16-25), 67% males, 97% Caucasian] without major ECG abnormalities at pre-participation screening. Three control groups included Black athletes (N = 1115), general population (N = 1115), and patients with ACM or NILVS (N = 58). Echocardiogram was performed in all athletes with isolated LQRSV and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in those with ventricular arrhythmias or echocardiographic abnormalities. The isolated LQRSV pattern was found in 1.1% index athletes and was associated with increasing age (median age 28 vs. 18 years; P < 0.001), elite status (71% vs. 34%; P < 0.001), body surface area, and body mass index but not with sex, type of sport, and echocardiographic left ventricular mass. The prevalence of isolated LQRSV was 0.2% in Black athletes and 0.3% in young individuals from the general population. Cardiomyopathy patients had a significantly greater prevalence of isolated LQRSV (12%) than index athletes, Black athletes, and general population. Five index athletes with isolated LQSRV and exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias underwent CMR showing biventricular ACM in 1 and idiopathic NILVS in 1. CONCLUSIONS Unlike cardiomyopathy patients, the ECG pattern of isolated LQRSV was rarely observed in athletes. This ECG sign should prompt clinical work-up for exclusion of an underlying cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Zorzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Natascia Bettella
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Alvise Del Monte
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Davide Pegorin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Flavio D'Ascenzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Italy
| | | | - Franco Giada
- Sports Medicine Unit, ULSS3 Venezia, Venezia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Dario Gregori
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - David M Hadley
- Research & Development Department, Cardiac Insight Inc., Bellevue, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Drezner
- Center for Sports Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
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34
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Adami PE, Koutlianos N, Baggish A, Bermon S, Cavarretta E, Deligiannis A, Furlanello F, Kouidi E, Marques-Vidal P, Niebauer J, Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Solberg EE, Stuart M, Papadakis M. Cardiovascular effects of doping substances, commonly prescribed medications and ergogenic aids in relation to sports: a position statement of the sport cardiology and exercise nucleus of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022; 29:559-575. [PMID: 35081615 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of substances and medications with potential cardiovascular effects among those practicing sports and physical activity has progressively increased in recent years. This is also connected to the promotion of physical activity and exercise as core aspects of a healthy lifestyle, which has led also to an increase in sport participation across all ages. In this context, three main users' categories can be identified, (i) professional and amateur athletes using substances to enhance their performance, (ii) people with chronic conditions, which include physical activity and sport in their therapeutic plan, in association with prescribed medications, and (iii) athletes and young individuals using supplements or ergogenic aids to integrate their diet or obtaining a cognitive enhancement effect. All the substances used for these purposes have been reported to have side effects, among whom the cardiovascular consequences are the most dangerous and could lead to cardiac events. The cardiovascular effect depends on the type of substance, the amount, the duration of use, and the individual response to the substances, considering the great variability in responses. This Position Paper reviews the recent literature and represents an update to the previously published Position Paper published in 2006. The objective is to inform physicians, athletes, coaches, and those participating in sport for a health enhancement purpose, about the adverse cardiovascular effects of doping substances, commonly prescribed medications and ergogenic aids, when associated with sport and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Emilio Adami
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, 6-8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco 98000, Monaco
| | - Nikolaos Koutlianos
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, AUTH DPESS, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aaron Baggish
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, 6-8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco 98000, Monaco
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79 - 04100 - Latina (LT), Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Via Orazio, 2, 80122, Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Asterios Deligiannis
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, AUTH DPESS, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Francesco Furlanello
- Aritmologia Clinica e Sportiva, IRCCS Gruppo MultiMedica Elettrofisiologia, Via Milanese 300, 20099, Sesto San Giovanni(MI), Italy
| | - Evangelia Kouidi
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, AUTH DPESS, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josef Niebauer
- Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Sports Medicine and Science Institute, CONI, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | | | - Mark Stuart
- International Testing Agency-ITA, Av. de Rhodanie 58, 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Papadakis
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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35
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Heidbuchel H, Adami PE, Antz M, Braunschweig F, Delise P, Scherr D, Solberg EE, Wilhelm M, Pelliccia A. Recommendations for participation in leisure-time physical activity and competitive sports in patients with arrhythmias and potentially arrhythmogenic conditions: Part 1: Supraventricular arrhythmias. A position statement of the Section of Sports Cardiology and Exercise from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), both associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 28:1539-1551. [PMID: 32597206 DOI: 10.1177/2047487320925635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Symptoms attributable to arrhythmias are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Cardiologists and sport physicians are required to identify high-risk individuals harbouring such conditions and provide appropriate advice regarding participation in regular exercise programmes and competitive sport. The three aspects that need to be considered are: (a) the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias by participating in sports; (b) control of symptoms due to arrhythmias that are not life-threatening but may hamper performance and/or reduce the quality of life; and (c) the impact of sports on the natural progression of the underlying arrhythmogenic condition. In many cases, there is no unequivocal answer to each aspect and therefore an open discussion with the athlete is necessary, in order to reach a balanced decision. In 2006 the Sports Cardiology and Exercise Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology published recommendations for participation in leisure-time physical activity and competitive sport in individuals with arrhythmias and potentially arrhythmogenic conditions. More than a decade on, these recommendations are partly obsolete given the evolving knowledge of the diagnosis, management and treatment of these conditions. The present document presents a combined effort by the Sports Cardiology and Exercise Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology and the European Heart Rhythm Association to offer a comprehensive overview of the most updated recommendations for practising cardiologists and sport physicians managing athletes with supraventricular arrhythmias, and provides pragmatic advice for safe participation in recreational physical activities, as well as competitive sport at amateur and professional level. A companion text on recommendations in athletes with ventricular arrhythmias, inherited arrhythmogenic conditions, pacemakers and implantable defibrillators is published as Part 2 in Europace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hein Heidbuchel
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paolo E Adami
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Italy
| | - Matthias Antz
- Department of Electrophysiology, Hospital Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniel Scherr
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Italy
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36
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Delise P, Mos L, Sciarra L, Basso C, Biffi A, Cecchi F, Colivicchi F, Corrado D, D'Andrea A, Di Cesare E, Di Lenarda A, Gervasi S, Giada F, Guiducci V, Inama G, Leoni L, Palamà Z, Patrizi G, Pelliccia A, Penco M, Robles AG, Romano S, Romeo F, Sarto P, Sarubbi B, Sinagra G, Zeppilli P. Italian Cardiological Guidelines (COCIS) for Competitive Sport Eligibility in athletes with heart disease: update 2020. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2021; 22:874-891. [PMID: 33882535 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since 1989, SIC Sport and a FMSI, in partnership with leading Italian Cardiological Scientific Associations (ANCE, ANMCO and SIC) have produced Cardiological Guidelines for Completive Sports Eligibility for athletes with heart disease (COCIS -- 1989, 1995, 2003, 2009 and 2017). The English version of the Italian Cardiological Guidelines for Competitive Sports Eligibility for athletes with heart disease was published in 2013 in this Journal. This publication is an update with respect to the document previously published in English in 2013. It includes the principal innovations that have emerged over recent years, and is divided into five main chapters: arrhythmias, ion channel disorders, congenital heart diseases, acquired valve diseases, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis and pericarditis and ischemic heart disease. Wherever no new data have been introduced with respect to the 2013 publication, please refer to the previous version. This document is intended to complement recent European and American guidelines but an important difference should be noted. The European and American guidelines indicate good practice for people engaging in physical activity at various levels, not only at the competitive level. In contrast, the COCIS guidelines refer specifically to competitive athletes in various sports including those with high cardiovascular stress. This explains why Italian guidelines are more restrictive than European and USA ones. COCIS guidelines address 'sports doctors' who, in Italy, must certify fitness to participate in competitive sports. In Italy, this certificate is essential for participating in any competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Delise
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital 'P. Pederzoli', Peschiera del Garda, VR
| | - Lucio Mos
- San Antonio Hospital, San Daniele del Friuli, UD
| | | | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padua
| | | | - Franco Cecchi
- Referral Center for Cardiomyopathies, Careggi University Hospital, Florence
| | | | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padua
| | - Antonello D'Andrea
- Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Monaldi Hospital, Second University of Naples, Naples
| | - Ernesto Di Cesare
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila
| | | | - Salvatore Gervasi
- Sports Medicine Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome
| | - Franco Giada
- Sports Medicine and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, Cardiovascular Department, PF Calvi Hospital, Noale, Venice
| | - Vincenzo Guiducci
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, S. Maria Nuova Hospital, Reggio Emilia
| | | | - Loira Leoni
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padua
| | | | | | | | - Maria Penco
- Cardiology, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences|, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila
| | | | - Silvio Romano
- Cardiology, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences|, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila
| | - Francesco Romeo
- Department of Cardiology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome
| | | | - Berardo Sarubbi
- Unit of Grown-up Congenital Heart Disease, Monaldi Hospital, Naples
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata, University of Trieste (ASUITS), Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Zeppilli
- Sports Medicine Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome
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37
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Pelliccia A, Borrazzo C, Caselli S, Lemme E, Musumeci MB, Maestrini V, Francia P, Russo D, Pelliccia M, Olivotto I, Autore C. Neither Athletic Training nor Detraining Affects LV Hypertrophy in Adult, Low-Risk Patients With HCM. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 15:170-171. [PMID: 34656472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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38
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Sciarra L, Cavarretta E, Siciliani S, Sette A, Scarà A, Grieco D, DE Ruvo E, Palamà Z, Nesti M, Romano S, Penco M, Pelliccia A, Calò L. Managing athletes with palpitations of unknown origin with an external loop recorder: a cohort study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:554-559. [PMID: 34498825 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palpitations in athletes are usually benign, but the presence of major cardiac arrhythmias should be ruled out despite the infrequent appraisal of symptoms. External loop recorders (ELR) are promising to identify arrhythmias in these circumstances, but experiences in athletes are lacking. We aimed to investigate the feasibility and diagnostic yield of an ELR in athletes with unexplained palpitations in a cohort study. METHODS 122 consecutive subjects (61 athletes and 61 sedentary controls) with sporadic palpitations and inconclusive diagnosis were enrolled and equipped with an ELR. Findings were categorized as major and minor arrhythmic findings, non-arrhythmic findings or negative monitoring. RESULTS Long-term ELR monitoring was feasible in all subjects, with median duration of 12 (11; 15) days. Major arrhythmic events during palpitations were found in 9 (14.8%) athletes: 7 experienced sustained paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, and 2 had non sustained ventricular tachycardia. Minor arrhythmic events (premature supraventricular or ventricular beats) were observed in 13 athletes (21.3%). Non-arrhythmic findings (i.e., sinus rhythm or sinus tachycardia) were recorded in 28 athletes (45.9%), whereas 11 (18%) had negative monitoring. In the sedentary group, arrhythmic events were similar for types and frequency to athletes. The diagnostic yield of loop monitoring was 82.8% in the overall population and 82.0% in the athlete's group. CONCLUSIONS In the management of an athlete symptomatic with unexplained palpitations after 24-hour ECG monitoring and stress test, ELR is an efficient tool to identify major arrhythmic events, which can be present in up to 10% of symptomatic athletes during practice and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Sciarra
- Department of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and iotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy - .,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Scarà
- Department of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvio Romano
- Department of Cardiology, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Penco
- Department of Cardiology, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Calò
- Department of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino, Rome, Italy
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39
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Pelliccia A, De Martino L, Borrazzo C, Serdoz A, Lemme E, Zorzi A, Corrado D. Clinical correlates and outcome of the patterns of premature ventricular beats in Olympic athletes: a long-term follow-up study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 28:1038-1047. [PMID: 32484042 DOI: 10.1177/2047487320928452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pattern of premature ventricular beats, as a clue to site of origin, may help identify underlying cardiac diseases. AIM To assess the value of premature ventricular beat patterns in managing athletes with ventricular arrhythmias. METHODS Athletes with 50 or more isolated premature ventricular beats/24 hours, and/or multifocal and/or repetitive premature ventricular beats at baseline, and/or exercise, and/or 24-hour electrocardiograms were selected for this analysis. Premature ventricular beats were defined as 'common' (outflow tract or fascicular origin), or 'uncommon' (other morphologies and/or multifocal or repetitive). RESULTS From 4595 athletes consecutively examined, 205 (4%, 24.6 ± 6.9 years, 67% men) were included, 118 (58%) with uncommon and 87 (42%) with common premature ventricular beats. In particular, 81 (39%) showed complex patterns; 63 (31%) right/left ventricular outflow tract origin; 24 (12%) fascicular origin; 20 (10%) right bundle branch block pattern, intermediate/superior axis, wide QRS; and 17 (8%) left bundle branch block pattern, intermediate/superior axis. Uncommon premature ventricular beat patterns were predominant among men (62% vs. 38%; P < 0.001) but not among women. Uncommon premature ventricular beats were equally prevalent in endurance, mixed and skill disciplines, but lower in power sports. Cardiac diseases were detected in 11 (5%), 10 with uncommon patterns. Over a 6-year follow-up, cardiac diseases occurred in four (0.6%/year), all with uncommon patterns. Overall, cardiac diseases at baseline and during follow-up were detected in 14/118 athletes with uncommon versus one/87 with common premature ventricular beats (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of premature ventricular beat patterns in Olympic athletes identified cardiac diseases, requiring disqualification and/or follow-up, in 12% with uncommon versus 1% with common patterns. This result suggests that athletes with uncommon premature ventricular beat patterns should undergo comprehensive cardiac evaluation and/or serial follow-up, irrespective of gender or sporting discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pelliccia
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Italy
| | - Lorena De Martino
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Italy
| | - Cristian Borrazzo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Serdoz
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zorzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Italy
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, Rome 00197, Italy
| | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zorzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padova 35121, Italy
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bernardi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Italian Paralympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Sport e Salute, Rome, Italy
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42
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Heidbuchel H, Arbelo E, D'Ascenzi F, Borjesson M, Boveda S, Castelletti S, Miljoen H, Mont L, Niebauer J, Papadakis M, Pelliccia A, Saenen J, Sanz de la Garza M, Schwartz PJ, Sharma S, Zeppenfeld K, Corrado D. Recommendations for participation in leisure-time physical activity and competitive sports of patients with arrhythmias and potentially arrhythmogenic conditions. Part 2: ventricular arrhythmias, channelopathies, and implantable defibrillators. Europace 2021; 23:147-148. [PMID: 32596731 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper belongs to a series of recommendation documents for participation in leisure-time physical activity and competitive sports by the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Together with an accompanying paper on supraventricular arrhythmias, this second text deals specifically with those participants in whom some form of ventricular rhythm disorder is documented, who are diagnosed with an inherited arrhythmogenic condition, and/or who have an implanted pacemaker or cardioverter defibrillator. A companion text on recommendations in athletes with supraventricular arrhythmias is published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. Since both texts focus on arrhythmias, they are the result of a collaboration between EAPC and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). The documents provide a framework for evaluating eligibility to perform sports, based on three elements, i.e. the prognostic risk of the arrhythmias when performing sports, the symptomatic impact of arrhythmias while performing sports, and the potential progression of underlying structural problems as the result of sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hein Heidbuchel
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, University Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elena Arbelo
- Arrhythmia Section, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Flavio D'Ascenzi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mats Borjesson
- Centre for Health and Performance (CHP), Department of Food, Nutrition and Sport Sciences, Gothenburg University, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Serge Boveda
- Cardiology Department, Clinique Pasteur, 45 Avenue de Lombez, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Silvia Castelletti
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Hielko Miljoen
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, University Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lluis Mont
- Arrhythmia Section, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josef Niebauer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Papadakis
- Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St. George's University of London, London, UK.,St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, Italian National Olympic Committee, Via dei Campi Sportivi 46, Rome, Italy
| | - Johan Saenen
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, University Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Peter J Schwartz
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St. George's University of London, London, UK.,St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Katja Zeppenfeld
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Pathology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo E Adami
- World Athletics, Department of Medical Manager, Health and Science, Monaco Cedex, Principality of Monaco
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Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, Bäck M, Börjesson M, Caselli S, Collet JP, Corrado D, Drezner JA, Halle M, Hansen D, Heidbuchel H, Myers J, Niebauer J, Papadakis M, Piepoli MF, Prescott E, RoosHesselink JW, Stuart AG, Taylor RS, Thompson PD, Tiberi M, Vanhees L, Wilhelm M. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Russ J Cardiol 2021. [DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Task Force on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St George’s, University of London
| | - Sabiha Gati
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College;
United Kingdom and Cardiology, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Maria Bäck
- Linköping University;
Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital
| | - Mats Börjesson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital;
Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food, Nutrition and Sports Science, Gothenburg University
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Collet
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêetrière (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris) (AP-HP)
| | | | | | - Martin Halle
- Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Dominique Hansen
- Hasselt University, BIOMED/REVAL/Heart Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital
| | - Hein Heidbuchel
- Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp and Antwerp University
| | | | - Josef Niebauer
- University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University;
Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Prevention
| | - Michael Papadakis
- Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St George’s, University of London
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Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, Bäck M, Börjesson M, Caselli S, Collet JP, Corrado D, Drezner JA, Halle M, Hansen D, Heidbuchel H, Myers J, Niebauer J, Papadakis M, Piepoli MF, Prescott E, Roos-Hesselink JW, Stuart AG, Taylor RS, Thompson PD, Tiberi M, Vanhees L, Wilhelm M. 2020 ESC Guidelines on Sports Cardiology and Exercise in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2021; 74:545. [PMID: 34020769 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Corrado D, van Tintelen PJ, McKenna WJ, Hauer RNW, Anastastakis A, Asimaki A, Basso C, Bauce B, Brunckhorst C, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Duru F, Elliott P, Hamilton RM, Haugaa KH, James CA, Judge D, Link MS, Marchlinski FE, Mazzanti A, Mestroni L, Pantazis A, Pelliccia A, Marra MP, Pilichou K, Platonov PGA, Protonotarios A, Rampazzo A, Saffitz JE, Saguner AM, Schmied C, Sharma S, Tandri H, Te Riele ASJM, Thiene G, Tsatsopoulou A, Zareba W, Zorzi A, Wichter T, Marcus FI, Calkins H. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: evaluation of the current diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:1414-1429. [PMID: 31637441 PMCID: PMC7138528 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Peter J van Tintelen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - William J McKenna
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, 7GR5+RW Doha, Qatar.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 62 Huntley St, Fitzrovia, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Richard N W Hauer
- Department of Cardiology, Netherlands Heart Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Moreelsepark 1, 3511 EP Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aris Anastastakis
- Unit of Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, Leof. Andrea Siggrou 356, Kallithea 176 74, Greece
| | - Angeliki Asimaki
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's University of London NHS Trust, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Bauce
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Corinna Brunckhorst
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Bucciarelli-Ducci
- Department of Cardiology, Bristol Heart Institute, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation, Trust Headquarters, Marlborough St, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK
| | - Firat Duru
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Perry Elliott
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 62 Huntley St, Fitzrovia, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Robert M Hamilton
- The Labatt Family Heart Centre and Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kristina H Haugaa
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Cardiological Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Problemveien 7, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cynthia A James
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Daniel Judge
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), 30 Courtenay Drive Room 326 Gazes, Charleston, MSC 592, USA
| | - Mark S Link
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Francis E Marchlinski
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Program, Cardiovascular Division Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 9 Founders Pavilion - Cardiology, 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Corso Str. Nuova 25, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luisa Mestroni
- Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Antonis Pantazis
- Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions services, The Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Sydney St, Chelsea, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197 Roma, Italy
| | - Martina Perazzolo Marra
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Kalliopi Pilichou
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Pyotr G A Platonov
- Department of Cardiology, Lund University Arrhythmia Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Entrégatan 7, 222 42 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexandros Protonotarios
- Inherited Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, W Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Alessandra Rampazzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Viale Giuseppe Colombo, 3, 35131 Padova PD, Italy
| | - Jeffry E Saffitz
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ardan M Saguner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schmied
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Hari Tandri
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Anneline S J M Te Riele
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Moreelsepark 1, 3511 EP Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gaetano Thiene
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Wojciech Zareba
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 150 Lucius Gordon Dr, West Henrietta, NY 14586, USA
| | - Alessandro Zorzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas Wichter
- Heart Center Osnabrück, Bad Rothenfelde Niels-Stensen-Kliniken Marienhospital Osnabrück, Ulmenallee 5 - 11, 49214 Bad Rothenfelde, Germany
| | - Frank I Marcus
- Sarver Heart Center, The University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Hugh Calkins
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, Bäck M, Börjesson M, Caselli S, Collet JP, Corrado D, Drezner JA, Halle M, Hansen D, Heidbuchel H, Myers J, Niebauer J, Papadakis M, Piepoli MF, Prescott E, Roos-Hesselink JW, Graham Stuart A, Taylor RS, Thompson PD, Tiberi M, Vanhees L, Wilhelm M. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:17-96. [PMID: 32860412 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 217.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Ferrara R, Serdoz A, Egisto G, Zuccaro M, Di Giacinto B, Maestrini V, Cavarretta E, Spataro A, Pelliccia A. Natural history of right ventricle: longitudinal study in veteran athletes. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab061.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
INTRODUCTION
Right ventricular (RV) enlargement is a physiologic adaptation to long lasting athletic training. Its clinical implications for veteran athletes are poorly understood. In recent years, controversial data suggest an association between ultra-endurance exercise and a RV cardiomyopathy similar to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). In this context, the effects of exercise detraining have not been extensively studied yet.
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to assess the morphological and functional RV changes in veteran athletes and to evaluate the effect of a long period of detraining.
METHODS
This is a longitudinal study including 22 veteran rowers with at least 10 years of competitive career. We evaluated them with an echocardiographic assessment at baseline and after a minimum of 3 years of detraining (age: 23.2 ± 4.4 and 43 ± 7.4 years), by reducing the weekly training volume from 26 ± 0.7 to 3 ± 2 hours. In this second evaluation we also performed an RV strain analysis and a cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) study.
RESULTS
RV end diastolic (ED) areas significantly reduced after detraining (31.48 ± 5.8 versus 28.59 ± 6.8; p = 0.001), although remaining larger than normal. RV enlargement was balanced: the ratio between inflow (IT) and outflow tract (OT) (RVIT/RVOT = 1.4 ± 0.1) and the ratio between RV and left ventricle (LV) (RV/LV = 0.81 ± 0.1) were within normal limits. The fractional area change (FAC%) was normal at baseline and increased significantly (41.5 ± 6% versus 45.8 ± 7%; p = 0.011). After detraining, RV longitudinal strain was normal (-19.7 ± 2.7%). CMR assessment showed enlarged RVED volumes (97.9 ± 14 ml/m2) but normal RV ejection fraction (55.5 ± 4.1%).
CONCLUSIONS
RV enlargement in endurance athletes persists after a long period of detraining. However, detraining results in a significant reduction of RV dimensions. Furthermore, the absence of RV dysfunction or disproportionate RV geometry are reassuring findings that suggest a physiological remodeling of the RV.
Significant echo findings. RV ECHO PARAMETERS BASELINE DETRAINING MEAN DIFF. (C.I. 95%) p VALUE RVOT plax (mm) 34.8 ± 4 33.7 ± 14 1.1 (0.18; 2.1) p = 0.011 RVOT psax (mm) 34.9 ± 3.3 33.09 ± 3.5 1.8 (0.9; 2.7) p < 0.001 RV basal diameter (mm) 47.31 ± 5.3 45.86 ± 6.4 1.4 (0.04; 2.8) p = 0.022 RV end-diastolic area (cm²) 31.48 ± 5.8 28.59 ± 6.8 2.8 (1.1; 4.6) p = 0.001 FAC% 41.5 ± 6 45.8 ± 7 0.04 (-0.07; -0.007) p = 0.011 RV inflow/outflow ratio 1.36 ± 0.1 1.36 ± 0.2 -0.003 (-0.06; 0.06) p = 0.454 RV/LV ratio 0.82 ± 0.07 0.81 ±0.1 0.01 (-0.01; 0.04) p = 0.219
Abstract Figure. Comparison in the same veteran athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ferrara
- Military hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Serdoz
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - G Egisto
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - M Zuccaro
- Military hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - B Di Giacinto
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - V Maestrini
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | | | - A Spataro
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
| | - A Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science CONI, Rome, Italy
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Budts W, Pieles GE, Roos-Hesselink JW, Sanz de la Garza M, D'Ascenzi F, Giannakoulas G, Müller J, Oberhoffer R, Ehringer-Schetitska D, Herceg-Cavrak V, Gabriel H, Corrado D, van Buuren F, Niebauer J, Börjesson M, Caselli S, Fritsch P, Pelliccia A, Heidbuchel H, Sharma S, Stuart AG, Papadakis M. Recommendations for participation in competitive sport in adolescent and adult athletes with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD): position statement of the Sports Cardiology & Exercise Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC), the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Working Group on Adult Congenital Heart Disease and the Sports Cardiology, Physical Activity and Prevention Working Group of the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J 2021; 41:4191-4199. [PMID: 32845299 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Improved clinical care has led to an increase in the number of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) engaging in leisure time and competitive sports activities. Although the benefits of exercise in patients with CHD are well established, there is a low but appreciable risk of exercise-related complications. Published exercise recommendations for individuals with CHD are predominantly centred on anatomic lesions, hampering an individualized approach to exercise advice in this heterogeneous population. This document presents an update of the recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease published by the Sports Cardiology & Exercise section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) in 2005. It introduces an approach which is based on the assessment of haemodynamic, electrophysiological and functional parameters, rather than anatomic lesions. The recommendations provide a comprehensive assessment algorithm which allows for patient-specific assessment and risk stratification of athletes with CHD who wish to participate in competitive sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Budts
- Department of Congenital and Structural Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B- 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B- 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guido E Pieles
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Congenital Heart Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - Jolien W Roos-Hesselink
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Sanz de la Garza
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinic, Calle Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Flavio D'Ascenzi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - George Giannakoulas
- Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stilp. Kiriakidi 1, 546 37 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jan Müller
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, German Heart Center, Technical University Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62 80992 München, Germany
| | - Renate Oberhoffer
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, German Heart Center, Technical University Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62 80992 München, Germany
| | - Doris Ehringer-Schetitska
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Corvinusring 3-5, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Vesna Herceg-Cavrak
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Children's Hospital Zagreb, Libertas International University and University of Applied Health Sciences, Klaićeva 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Harald Gabriel
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna/General Hospital Vienna, 1090 Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova Medical School, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Frank van Buuren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Hospital Southwestfalia-St. Martinus-Hospital Olpe, Angiology and Intensive Care Unit, Hospitalweg 6, 57462 Olpe, Germany
| | - Josef Niebauer
- University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mats Börjesson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy and Center for Health and Performance, Göteborg University and Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Medicinaregatan 11-13, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Stefano Caselli
- Cardiovascular Center Zurich, Hirslanden Klinik im Park, Seestrasse 220, 8027 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fritsch
- Institute for Paediatric Cardiology, University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34/2, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Hein Heidbuchel
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University and Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St. George's, University of London, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackshaw Rd, Tooting, London SW17 0QT, UK
| | - A Graham Stuart
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Congenital Heart Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - Michael Papadakis
- Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St. George's, University of London, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackshaw Rd, Tooting, London SW17 0QT, UK
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Battistoni A, Gallo G, Aragona CO, Barchiesi F, Basolo A, Bellone S, Bellotti P, Bertolotti M, Bianco A, Biffi A, Borghi C, Cicero AFG, Consoli A, Corsini A, Desideri G, Di Giacinto B, Fernando F, Ferri C, Galiuto L, Grassi D, Grassi G, Icardi G, Indolfi C, Lodi E, Modena MG, Muiesan ML, Nati G, Orsi A, Palermi S, Parati G, Passantino A, Patelli A, Pelliccia A, Pengo M, Filardi PP, Perseghin G, Pirro M, Pontremoli R, Rengo G, Ricotti R, Rizzoni D, Rocca B, Rotella C, Rubattu S, Salvetti G, Sciacqua A, Serdoz A, Sirico F, Squeo MR, Tocci G, Trimarco B, Vigili de Kreutzenberg S, Volpe R, Volpe M. [Prevention Italy 2021 - An update of the 2018 Consensus document and recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in Italy]. G Ital Cardiol (Rome) 2021; 22:1-105. [PMID: 34741593 DOI: 10.1714/3605.35841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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