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Ferroptosis: Potential opportunities for natural products in cancer therapy. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1173-1190. [PMID: 38116870 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells often exhibit defects in the execution of cell death, resulting in poor clinical outcomes for patients with many cancer types. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of programmed cell death characterized by intracellular iron overload and lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane. Increasing evidence suggests that ferroptosis is closely associated with a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes, particularly in cancer. Notably, various bioactive natural products have been shown to induce the initiation and execution of ferroptosis in cancer cells, thereby exerting anticancer effects. In this review, we summarize the core regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis and the multifaceted roles of ferroptosis in cancer. Importantly, we focus on natural products that regulate ferroptosis in cancer cells, such as terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, steroids, quinones, and polysaccharides. The clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and drug-drug interactions of these natural products need to be evaluated in further high-quality studies to accelerate their application in cancer treatment.
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Aconitine: A review of its pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, toxicology and detoxification. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115270. [PMID: 35405250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aconitine, a C19-norditerpenoid alkaloid, derives from many medicinal plants such as Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. (Chinese:), Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb (Chinese:), which were used to rheumatic fever, painful joints and some endocrinal disorders. AIMS OF THE REVIEW The present paper reviews research progress relating to the pharmacokinetics, physiological and pathological processes of aconitine, while some promising research direction and the detoxification of aconitine are also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The accessible literature on aconitine, from 1990 to 2020, obtained from published materials of electronic databases, such as SCI finder, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer and Google Scholar was systematically analyzed. RESULTS In this review, we address the pharmacokinetics of aconitine, as well as its pharmacological effects including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-virus, immunoregulation, analgesic, insecticide and inhibition of androgen synthesis. Further, we summarize the toxicity of aconitine such as cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity, on which we strikingly focus on the ways to reduce the toxicity of aconitine based. CONCLUSIONS Aconitine plays an vital role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes and we can reduce the toxicity of aconitine by compatibility and hydrolysis. Although some issues still exist, such as the correlative relationship between the dose and toxicity of aconitine not being clear, our review may provide new ideas for the application of aconitine in the treatment of related diseases.
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Correction to: Cichorium intybus L. promotes intestinal uric acid excretion by modulating ABCG2 in experimental hyperuricemia. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:109. [PMID: 34961533 PMCID: PMC8714431 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Sensitivity of item memory to fluency: Evidence from behavioral data and ERP old/new effects. Arch Ital Biol 2021; 159:28-37. [PMID: 34159575 DOI: 10.12871/00039829202113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that item memory is processed based on both familiarity and recollection, and evidence can be found from behavioral as well as event-related potential (ERP) patterns. Recently, great consideration has been given to how the memory of items generated from internal and external sources differ from each other. To date, the modulation of fluency, perceptual fluency in particular, on item memory has been rarely explored from both behavioral and neural perspectives. To address these issues, an ERP experiment was conducted. METHODS Stimuli were encoded in the status of perceived vs. imagined, of either high or low frequency, manipulated by times of exposure (once or twice). Subsequent memory for the items was tested, during which ERP signals were recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The findings of the old/new effects reveal the distinctiveness between perceived and imagined items, and demonstrate an influence of fluency, with higher accuracy for items of high fluency than those low fluent ones. The sensitivity of item memory to fluency was discussed in terms of the dual-process model, together with other possible accounts.
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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-induced exosomal microRNA-486-3p protects against diabetic retinopathy through TLR4/NF-κB axis repression. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1193-1207. [PMID: 32979189 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a chronic disease causing health and economic burdens on individuals and society. Thus, this study is conducted to figure out the mechanisms of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-induced exosomal microRNA-486-3p (miR-486-3p) in DR. METHODS The putative miR-486-3p binding sites to 3'untranslated region of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was verified by luciferase reporter assay. High glucose (HG)-treated Muller cells were transfected with miR-486-3p or TLR4-related oligonucleotides and plasmids to explore theirs functions in DR. Additionally, HG-treated Muller cells were co-cultured with BMSC-derived exosomes, exosomes collected from BMSCs that had been transfected with miR-486-3p or TLR4-related oligonucleotides and plasmids to explore their functions in DR. MiR-486-3p, TLR4 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) expression, angiogenesis-related factors, oxidative stress factors, viability and apoptosis in HG-treated Muller cells were detected by RT-qPCR, western blot analysis, ELISA, MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS MiR-486-3p was poorly expressed while TLR4 and NF-κB were highly expressed in HG-treated Muller cells. TLR4 was a target of miR-486-3p. Upregulating miR-486-3p or down-regulating TLR4 inhibited oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and promoted proliferation of HG-treated Muller cells. Meanwhile, BMSC-derived exosomes inhibited oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and promoted proliferation of HG-treated Muller cells. Restoring miR-486-3p further enhanced, while up-regulating TLR4 reversed, the improvement of exosomes treatment. CONCLUSION Our study highlights that up-regulation of miR-486-3p induced by BMSC-derived exosomes played a protective role in DR mice via TLR4/NF-κB axis repression.
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Bioactivity-guided separation of potential α-glycosidase inhibitor from clerodendranthus spicatus based on HSCCC coupled with molecular docking. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6914. [PMID: 33767281 PMCID: PMC7994796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clerodendranthus Spicatus is a traditional Dais medi-edible plant and it has been proven to have good blood glucose-lowering efficacy. However, the material basis of Clerodendranthus Spicatus has not been clarified yet and therefore needs to be determined. In this paper, the effective ingredients of this medicine were purified by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Alongside, their potential hypoglycemic activity was determined by α-glucosidase inhibitory activities in vitro and molecular docking. Finally, five compounds were purified and identified as 2-caffeoyl-L-tartaric acid (1), N-(E)-caffeoyldopamine (2), rosmarinc acid (3), methyl rosmarinate (4), 6,7,8,3',4'-Pentamethoxyflavone (5). Examination of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro showed that 2-caffeoyl-L-tartaric acid and rosmarinic acid had a higher inhibitory activity than acarbose. Molecular docking indicated that the affinity energy of the identified compounds ranged from - 7.6 to - 8.6 kcal/mol, a more desirable result than acarbose (- 6.6 kcal/mol). Particularly, rosmarinc acid with the lowest affinity energy of - 8.6 kcal/mol was wrapped with 6 hydrogen bonds. Overall, α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and molecular docking suggested that rosmarinc acid was likely to be a promising hypoglycemic drug.
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Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) catalyze the ligation of amino acids to their cognate transfer RNAs (tRNAs), thus playing an important role in protein synthesis. In eukaryotic cells, these enzymes exist in free form or in the form of multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC). The latter contains nine cytoplasmic ARSs and three ARS-interacting multifunctional proteins (AIMPs). Normally, ARSs and AIMPs are regarded as housekeeping molecules without additional functions. However, a growing number of studies indicate that ARSs are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, especially tumorigenesis. Here, we introduce the roles of ARSs and AIMPs in certain cancers, such as colon cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we particularly focus on their potential clinical applications in cancer, aiming at providing new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer.
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Chicory ameliorates hyperuricemia via modulating gut microbiota and alleviating LPS/TLR4 axis in quail. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110719. [PMID: 33152909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-purine diet can cause gut microbiota disorder, which is closely related to the occurrence of hyperuricemia (HUA). At the same time, the development of HUA is often accompanied by renal impairment. Chicory, a natural medicine, has a significant effect on lowering uric acid. However, whether its concrete mechanism is associated with the regulation of gut microbiota and renal damage is still unclear. METHODS Hyperuricemic quails induced by high-purine diet were used, and quails were divided into control (CON), model (MOD), and model plus high, middle, low doses of chicory. The uricosuric effect was evaluated by detecting the uric acid levels in serum and feces. Meanwhile, the morphology of intestine and kidney were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and the expression of intestinal barrier junction proteins Occludin, Claudin-1 were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting. Furthermore, the latent mechanism was clarified by analyzing 16S rRNA amplicon of gut microbiota and measuring the changes of LPS/TLR4 axis inflammatory response of the kidney by western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The results showed that serum uric acid levels were significantly decreased, and the feces uric acid levels were noticeably increased after the intervention of chicory. In addition, chicory could repair the damage of intestinal mucosa and improve the permeability of intestinal barrier. Moreover, the 16S rRNA sequencing analysis uncovered that chicory restored gut microbiota by increasing the probiotics flora (Bifidobacterium, Erysipelotrichaceae) and reducing the pathogenic bacteria group (Helicobacteraceae). Furthermore, it was found that chicory reduced the LPS/TLR4 axis inflammatory response by down regulating the serum LPS and TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway in kidney, thus promoting the excretion of uric acid in kidney. CONCLUSION Chicory intervention ameliorated HUA via modulating the imbalance of gut microbiota and suppressing LPS/TLR4 axis inflammatory reaction in quail model, which may be a promising candidate for hyperuricemia-relieving properties.
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Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Wolfiporia cocos (F.A. Wolf) Ryvarden & Gilb. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:505249. [PMID: 33071776 PMCID: PMC7533546 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.505249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poria cocos is the dried sclerotium of Wolfiporia cocos (F.A. Wolf) Ryvarden & Gilb., which was the current accepted name and was formerly known as Macrohyporia cocos (Schwein.) I. Johans. & Ryvarden, Pachyma cocos (Schwein.) Fr., Poria cocos F.A. Wolf and Sclerotium cocos Schwein. It is one of the most important crude drugs in traditional Chinese medicine, with a wide range of applications in ameliorating phlegm and edema, relieving nephrosis and chronic gastritis and improving uneasiness of minds. Its extensive pharmacological effects have attracted considerable attention in recent years. However, there is no systematic review focusing on the chemical compounds and pharmacological activities of Poria cocos. Therefore, this review aimed to provide the latest information on the chemical compounds and pharmacological effects of Poria cocos, exploring the therapeutic potential of these compounds. We obtained the information of Poria cocos from electronic databases such as SCI finder, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang DATA and Google Scholar. Up to now, two main active ingredients, triterpenes and polysaccharides of Poria cocos, have been identified from Poria cocos. It has been reported that they have pharmacological effects on anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, and liver and kidney protection. The review summarizes the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Poria cocos, which suggest that researchers should focus on the development of new drugs about Poria cocos to make them exert greater therapeutic potential.
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Comprehensive profiling of Stephania tetrandra (Fangji) by stepwise DFI and NL-dependent structure annotation algorithm-based UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and direct authentication by LMJ-HRMS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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The tRNA-associated dysregulation in immune responses and immune diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13391. [PMID: 31529760 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA), often considered as a housekeeping molecule, mainly participates in protein translation by transporting amino acids to the ribosome. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence has shown that tRNAs are closely related to various physiological and pathological processes. The proper functioning of the immune system is the key to human health. The aim of this review is to investigate the relationships between tRNAs and the immune system. We detail the biogenesis and structure of tRNAs and summarize the pathogen tRNA-mediated infection and host responses. In addition, we address recent advances in different aspects of tRNA-associated dysregulation in immune responses and immune diseases, such as tRNA molecules, tRNA modifications, tRNA derivatives and tRNA aminoacylation. Therefore, tRNAs play an important role in immune regulation. Although our knowledge of tRNAs in the context of immunity remains, for the most part, unknown, this field deserves in-depth research to provide new ideas for the treatment of immune diseases.
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Abstract
Bcl-2 overexpression is an important mechanism underlying the aggressive behavior of prostate cancer cells and their resistance to radio- or chemotherapy. HA14-1, a recently discovered organic Bcl-2 inhibitor, potently induces apoptosis in various human cancer cells. Sequential exposure of radioresistant LNCaP (wild-type (wt) p53), LNCaP/Bcl-2 (wt p53) and PC3 (mutant p53) prostate cancer cells to a minimally cytotoxic concentration of 10 microM HA14-1 for 1 h followed by 1-6 Gy gamma radiation, resulted in a highly synergistic (combination index <1.0) induction of cell death as determined by an apoptosis assay at 72 h, and a clonogenicity assay at 12 days, after the initial treatment. The reverse treatment sequence did not cause a synergistic induction of cell death. When compared to individual treatments, cell death induced by the combined treatment was associated with dramatically increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, Bcl-2 phosphorylation, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation. Exposure to either 200 microg/ml of the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol or 10 microM JNK inhibitor SP600125 before the combined treatment resulted in decreased activation of JNK and caspase-3 as well as decreased DNA fragmentation. However, treatment with the pancaspase inhibitor carbobenzoxyl-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]-fluoromethylketone before the combined treatment inhibited apoptosis without affecting JNK activation, and this inhibitory effect was enhanced in the presence of alpha-tocopherol or SP600125. Taken together, our results indicate that HA14-1 potently sensitizes radioresistant LNCaP and PC3 cells to gamma radiation, regardless of the status of p53. ROS and JNK are important early signals that trigger both caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways and contribute to the apoptotic synergy induced by the combined treatments.
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On Methods for Gene Function Scoring as a Means of Facilitating the Interpretation of Microarray Results. J Comput Biol 2006; 13:798-809. [PMID: 16706726 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2006.13.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As gene annotation databases continue to evolve and improve, it has become feasible to incorporate the functional and pathway information about genes, available in these databases into the analysis of gene expression data, for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. A few methods have been proposed in the literature to formally convert individual gene results into gene function results. In this paper, we will compare the various methods, propose and examine some new ones, and offer a structured approach to incorporating gene function or pathway information into the analysis of expression data. We study the performance of the various methods and also compare them on real data, using a case study from the toxicogenomics area. Our results show that the approaches based on gene function scores yield a different, and functionally more interpretable, array of genes than methods that rely solely on individual gene scores. They also suggest that functional class scoring methods appear to perform better and more consistently than overrepresentation analysis and distributional score methods.
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Electron impact fragmentation mechanisms of some cyclic esters with helical structures. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:2357-2361. [PMID: 11114050 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20001230)14:24<2357::aid-rcm168>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The electron impact mass spectra of several cyclic esters with helical structures have been studied. Their fragmentation pathways were proposed and confirmed by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) and high-resolution data. In general, the dominant fragmentation pathways in the spectra of these compounds originate from a alpha-cleavage with loss of a hydrogen or methyl group. The difference between hydrogen and methyl group loss greatly affects the subsequent fragmentations. Although, due to their helicity, these cyclic esters are optically active no stereo-related fragmentation pathway was observed. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Mass spectrometric study of six cyclic esters. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:765-771. [PMID: 10825014 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(20000515)14:9<765::aid-rcm941>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of cyclic esters, which are optically active as a consequence of their helical structures, were synthesized to investigate the relationships between their structures and their optical activities. This paper reports the electron impact fragmentation mechanisms of these six cyclic esters. Accurate mass measurements and mass analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry confirmed fragmentation patterns. The stability of the fragment ions has a great influence on the fragmentation pathways, but no correlation with the optical activity was found.
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[Effects of subretinal fluid containing proteins with different molecular weights on the proliferative vitreoretinopathy]. HUNAN YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = HUNAN YIKE DAXUE XUEBAO = BULLETIN OF HUNAN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 1998; 22:119-22. [PMID: 9868051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The stimulating effects of subretinal fluid (SRF) containing different molecular weight proteins which were isolated by fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC) and ultrafiltration on the proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) were investigated. The results showed that (1) the PVR was induced by 10-30 kD proteins injecting vitreously, and the forming duration of PVR was about two weeks; (2) the location of inducing PVR was mainly on medullary ray area in the rabbit eye; (3) In the SRF there were growth factors which were mainly those proteins with molecular weight between 10 kD and 30 kD.
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[Limbal epithelial autograft transplantation for treatment of pterygium]. [ZHONGHUA YAN KE ZA ZHI] CHINESE JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 1998; 34:391-2. [PMID: 11877236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the therapeutic effects of limbal epithelial autograft transplantation for treatment of pterygium. METHODS Limbal epithelial autograft transplantation was performed on 68 cases (76 eyes) with pterygium or its recurrent lesion. The post-operative follow-up periods ranged from 6 to 18 months (mean, 9.8 months). RESULTS Of 68 cases (76 eyes), there were 56 cases (62 eyes) with stable epithelial healing, recovery of corneal transparency and no abnormal proliferation of pterygium-like tissue, and 12 cases (14 eyes) loss of follow-up. CONCLUSION To provide new stem cell source for injured limbus with limbal epithelial autograft transplantation is a reasonable therapeutic method for treatment of pterygium.
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Changes of plasma tPA and PAI activities in patients with diabetic retinopathy. YAN KE XUE BAO = EYE SCIENCE 1997; 13:17-20. [PMID: 11189320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between the diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the activity of plasma tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI). METHODS tPA and PAI activities were measured by chromatogenous substrate assay in plasma samples obtained from patients with and without diabetic retinopathy (n = 42). Retinopathy was determined by stereoscopic color fundus photographs graded according to a modification of Chinese National Fundus Disease Academic Meeting. And 21 sex-age matched normal people were as controls. This study was in a masked fashion. RESULTS 1. tPA activity was lower and PAI activity was higher in all of diabetic patients than those in controls (P < 0.001); 2. tPA activity was lower and PAI activity was higher in proliferative DR (PDR) subgroup than those in non-DR (NDR) and background-DR (BDR) subgroups (P < 0.01, respectively); 3. there was no significant difference between BDR and NDR subgroups (P > 0.05); and 4. the results also suggested that the severity of DR and duration of diabetes were correlated negatively with the activity of tPA but positively with that of PAI (r = -0.564, -0.416, 0.671, 0.442; P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Reduced plasma tPA activity and enhanced PAI activity in diabetic patients, probably is one of the causes for thromboembolic diseases and are related to the severity of DR and duration of diabetes. Therefore, the change and imbalance between activities of plasma tPA and PAI might play a role in developing and progression of DR.
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