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Solinas M, Chauvet C, Lafay-Chebassier C, Vanderkam P, Barillot L, Moeller SJ, Goldstein RZ, Noël X, Jaafari N, Chatard A. Tobacco Images Choice and Its Association with Craving and Dependence in Cigarette Smokers. bioRxiv 2024:2023.08.30.555462. [PMID: 37693420 PMCID: PMC10491230 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Increased salience of drug-related cues over non-drug reinforcers can drive drug use and contribute to tobacco use disorder (TUD). An important scientific and clinical goal is to effectively measure this elevated drug-seeking behavior in TUD. However, most TUD assessments rely on self-reported cravings and cigarette consumption, not providing an objective measure of the impact of drug-cues on biasing behavior towards drugs. The probabilistic image choice (PIC) task investigates the choice of viewing drug-related pictures as compared to other salient pictures (e.g., pleasant and unpleasant). This study aimed to develop and validate the PIC task for TUD and evaluate the associations between behavioral choice and tobacco craving, daily cigarette consumption, quit attempts and motivation to quit, and nicotine dependence (the Fagerström score). Methods We recruited 468 smokers and 121 nonsmokers using the Prolific online platform. Participants performed the PIC task twice (at a one-month interval) and completed other measures relevant to TUD. Results compared to nonsmokers, tobacco smokers selected to view significantly more tobacco images and less pleasant (non-drug reinforcer) images, a profile that remained stable at retest. Individual differences in choice of tobacco as compared to pleasant images on the PIC task were associated with craving but not with the other tobacco dependence measures, suggesting that the task may serve as a behavioral proxy measure of drug "wanting" rather than of cumulative nicotine exposure or physical dependence. Conclusions these results suggest that the PIC task can be a valuable tool for objectively assessing craving-associated tobacco seeking in TUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Solinas
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Poitiers, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
| | - Claudia Chauvet
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
| | - Claire Lafay-Chebassier
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Poitiers, France
- INSERM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique CIC 1402, Université de Poitiers, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Paul Vanderkam
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Lila Barillot
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
- Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, CNRS 7295, CeRCA, Poitiers, France. France
| | - Scott J. Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | | | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Armand Chatard
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers
- Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, CNRS 7295, CeRCA, Poitiers, France. France
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2
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Fontesse S, Chevallereau T, Stinglhamber F, Demoulin S, Fiorito A, Chatard A, Jaafari N, Maurage P. Suicidal ideations and self-dehumanization in recently detoxified patients with severe alcohol use disorder: an experimental exploration through joint explicit-implicit measures. J Addict Dis 2023:1-8. [PMID: 38112194 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2292303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metadehumanization (the feeling of being considered as less than human by others) is a pervasive phenomenon in psychiatric states, notably promoting self-dehumanization and suicide antecedents. However, its role in suicidal ideations among patients with addictive disorders remains unexplored. We thus investigated the involvement of metadehumanization/self-dehumanization in suicidal ideations and suicidal thoughts interference in severe alcohol use disorder. METHODS We measured metadehumanization, suicidal ideations, and desire for social contact through questionnaires among 35 recently detoxified patients with severe alcohol use disorder (26 males). We measured animalistic/mechanistic self-dehumanization using an Implicit Association Task, and suicidal thoughts interference using a Stroop Task with suicide-related words. We performed regression analyses while controlling for depression/anxiety. RESULTS Animalistic self-dehumanization was positively associated with suicidal thoughts interference and with decreased desire for social interactions, such link being absent for metadehumanization or mechanistic self-dehumanization. CONCLUSIONS This link between self-dehumanization and suicide-related factors suggests that a reduced sense of belonging to humanity is associated with self-harm antecedents. Results also emphasize the importance of using indirect measures to investigate sensitive variables, such as self-dehumanization and suicidal thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sullivan Fontesse
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Tina Chevallereau
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Florence Stinglhamber
- Work and Organizational Psychology Lab, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Demoulin
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Armand Chatard
- Université de Poitiers & CNRS, Poitiers, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Nemat Jaafari
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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3
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Ghavam SE, Delbreil A, Harika-Germaneau G, Davignon G, Cailleau V, Arnoult M, Jaafari N, Chatard A. No mercy for victims: Exploring the link between dark personality traits, aggressive video game behavior, and severe traffic violations. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:492-498. [PMID: 37039508 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between dark personality traits, aggressive behavior in violent video games, and severe traffic violations among 200 driving offenders from Tehran, Iran, participating in a rehabilitation program. Participants engaged in a computerized shooting decision task, where their tendency to shoot unarmed targets (innocent victims), compared to armed targets (criminals), was used as an indicator of aggressive behavior toward innocent victims. Additionally, they completed self-report measures of narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism to evaluate the impact of Dark Tetrad personality traits on their behavior. Bivariate analyses revealed associations between Dark Tetrad personality traits and aggressive behavior in the video game with serious traffic offenses. Multivariate analyses identified Machiavellianism, sadism, and aggressive behavior in video games as significant predictors of severe traffic offenses. The results suggest that dark personality traits and aggressive behavior in video games may aid in better identifying road traffic offenders with the most severe violations. Potential implications for preventing repeated traffic offenses by tailoring rehabilitation programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Ebrahimi Ghavam
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexia Delbreil
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Laborit, Poitiers, France
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Service de médecine légale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Poitiers, France
| | - Ghina Harika-Germaneau
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Laborit, Poitiers, France
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Guillaume Davignon
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Virginie Cailleau
- Centre Ressources pour les Intervenants auprès des Auteurs de Violences Sexuelles, Centre Hospitalier Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Manon Arnoult
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nemat Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Laborit, Poitiers, France
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Armand Chatard
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Laborit, Poitiers, France
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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4
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Barillot L, Chauvet C, Besnier M, Jaafari N, Solinas M, Chatard A. Effect of environmental enrichment on relapse rates in patients with severe alcohol use disorder: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069249. [PMID: 37173113 PMCID: PMC10186436 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol use disorder (AUD) ranks among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide. Despite current treatments, more than half of patients relapse within weeks after treatment. In animal models, exposure to environmental enrichment (EE) has been shown to be a promising approach to reduce relapse. However, controlled, multimodal EE is difficult to transpose to humans. To address this gap, this study aims at assessing the effectiveness of exposure to a newly designed EE protocol during AUD treatment in reducing relapse to alcohol use. Our EE will allow an enhancement of the standard intervention, and will combine several promising enrichment factors identified in the literature-physical activity, cognitive stimulation, mindfulness and virtual reality (VR). METHODS AND ANALYSIS A randomised controlled trial involving 135 participants receiving treatment for severe AUD will be conducted. Patients will be randomised to an intervention enhancement group or a control group. The enhanced intervention will consist of six 40-min sessions of EE spread over 9 days. During the first 20 min of these sessions, patients will practise mindfulness in multisensory VR, in virtual environments designed to practise mindfulness and use it to regulate craving induced by virtual cues or stress. Then, participants will practise indoor cycling combined with cognitive training exercises. The control group will undergo standard management for AUD. The primary outcome is relapse assessed at 2 weeks after treatment, using a questionnaire and biological indicators. Relapse will be defined as drinking at least five drinks per occasion or drinking at least five times a week. It is predicted that the group receiving the EE intervention will have a lower relapse rate than the control group. The secondary outcomes are relapse at 1 month and 3 months after treatment, craving and drug-seeking behaviour, mindfulness skills acquisition and the effect of the intervention enhancement on the perceived richness of the daily environment, assessed by questionnaires and neuropsychological tasks. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION All participants have to give written informed consent to the investigator. This study is approved by the Ethics Committee Nord Ouest IV of Lille (reference number 2022-A01156-37). Results will be disseminated through presentations, peer-reviewed journals and seminar conferences. All information on ethical considerations and open science practices can be accessed at https://osf.io/b57uj/ TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05577741.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Barillot
- Université de Poitiers, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Poitiers, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, Poitou-Charentes, France
| | - Claudia Chauvet
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, Poitou-Charentes, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Marc Besnier
- Université de Poitiers, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Poitiers, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, Poitou-Charentes, France
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Université de Poitiers, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Poitiers, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, Poitou-Charentes, France
| | - Marcello Solinas
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, Poitou-Charentes, France
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Armand Chatard
- Université de Poitiers, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Poitiers, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, Poitou-Charentes, France
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5
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Arnoult M, Selimbegović L, Hirschberger G, Pyszczynski T, Chatard A. Under the veil of tolerance: A justification-suppression approach to anti-Islamic implicit bias in reaction to terrorist attacks. J Pers Soc Psychol 2023:2023-38413-001. [PMID: 36689390 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years after 9/11, the impact of terrorism on social and political attitudes remains unclear. Several large-scale surveys suggest that terrorism has no discernible effects on direct, self-report measures of prejudice toward Arab-Muslims. However, direct measures may lack the sensitivity to detect subtle underlying attitudes that are considered socially unacceptable to openly express. To tap these subtle reactions, we assessed more sensitive and implicit measures of the cognitive-affective aspects of prejudice. Building on the justification-suppression model of prejudice, we hypothesized that terrorist attacks increase implicit bias toward Arab-Muslims, especially among individuals who are unable to regulate automatic hostile reactions due to personality or situational variables. Study 1, using data from Project Implicit (N = 276,311), showed that terrorist attacks increased implicit bias but not expressed prejudice toward Arab-Muslims. Study 2, using data from Google Trends, showed that terrorist attacks increased anti-Islamic searches on the internet. Four studies that collected original data (total N = 851) showed that the effects of reminders of terrorism on anti-Islamic implicit bias are moderated by individual differences in prejudice and automaticity (Studies 3-4), by the strength of implicit Muslim-terrorist associations (Study 5), and by momentary self-control depletion (Study 6). Overall, the present research indicates that despite little evidence for elevated overt expression of prejudice against Arab-Muslims following terrorist attacks, terrorist attacks increase anti-Islamic implicit bias whenever individuals are unlikely to control automatic hostile reactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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6
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McLamore Q, Syropoulos S, Leidner B, Hirschberger G, van Bezouw MJ, Rovenpor D, Paladino MP, Baumert A, Bilewicz M, Bilgen A, Chatard A, Chekroun P, Chinchilla J, Choi HS, Euh H, Gomez A, Kardos P, Khoo YH, Li M, Légal JB, Loughnan S, Mari S, Tan-Mansukhani R, Muldoon O, Noor M, Petrović N, Selvanathan HP, Uluğ ÖM, Wohl MJ, Yeung WLV, Young K, Zein RA. The distinct associations of ingroup attachment and glorification with responses to the coronavirus pandemic: Evidence from a multilevel investigation in 21 countries. Br J Soc Psychol 2022; 62:992-1012. [PMID: 36507575 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While public health crises such as the coronavirus pandemic transcend national borders, practical efforts to combat them are often instantiated at the national level. Thus, national group identities may play key roles in shaping compliance with and support for preventative measures (e.g., hygiene and lockdowns). Using data from 25,159 participants across representative samples from 21 nations, we investigated how different modalities of ingroup identification (attachment and glorification) are linked with reactions to the coronavirus pandemic (compliance and support for lockdown restrictions). We also examined the extent to which the associations of attachment and glorification with responses to the coronavirus pandemic are mediated through trust in information about the coronavirus pandemic from scientific and government sources. Multilevel models suggested that attachment, but not glorification, was associated with increased trust in science and compliance with federal COVID-19 guidelines. However, while both attachment and glorification were associated with trust in government and support for lockdown restrictions, glorification was more strongly associated with trust in government information than attachment. These results suggest that both attachment and glorification can be useful for promoting public health, although glorification's role, while potentially stronger, is restricted to pathways through trust in government information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinnehtukqut McLamore
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.,University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Baumert
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany.,University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hyun Euh
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Angel Gomez
- Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Mengyao Li
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kevin Young
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Monéger J, Chatard A, Selimbegović L. (Eye-)tracking the escape from the self: guilt proneness moderates the effect of failure on self-avoidance. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:1374-1388. [PMID: 36181473 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2126441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Failure increases the motivation to escape self-awareness. To date, however, the role of self-conscious emotions (shame and guilt) in triggering escape responses after failure has not been sufficiently addressed. In this pre-registered study (N = 156 undergraduates), we adapted a classic paradigm (avoidance of one's image in a mirror) to a modern eye-tracking technology to test the hypothesis that shame proneness moderates the effect of failure on self-awareness avoidance. Individual differences in guilt and shame proneness were assessed before priming thoughts of failure or success. Then, an eye-tracking paradigm was used to monitor gaze avoidance of one's screen-reflected face during a neutral, unrelated task. Unexpectedly, results showed that guilt but not shame proneness exacerbated self-avoidance after failure. The present findings challenge the dominant view that shame fosters avoidance more so than guilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Monéger
- Department of Psychology, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Research Center on Cognition and Learning, CNRS 7295, Poitiers, France
| | - Armand Chatard
- Department of Psychology, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Research Center on Cognition and Learning, CNRS 7295, Poitiers, France.,Clinical Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Leila Selimbegović
- Department of Psychology, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Research Center on Cognition and Learning, CNRS 7295, Poitiers, France
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8
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Monéger J, Chatard A, Selimbegović L. The defeated self: Evidence that entrapment moderates first name priming effects on failure-thought accessibility. Self and Identity 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2022.2099454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Monéger
- Department of psychology, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Research Center on Cognition and Learning, CNRS, Poitiers, France
| | - Armand Chatard
- Department of psychology, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Research Center on Cognition and Learning, CNRS, Poitiers, France
- Clinical Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Leila Selimbegović
- Department of psychology, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Research Center on Cognition and Learning, CNRS, Poitiers, France
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9
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Noël X, Saeremans M, Kornreich C, Chatard A, Jaafari N, D'Argembeau A. Reduced calibration between subjective and objective measures of episodic future thinking in alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:300-311. [PMID: 35181906 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A reduced capacity to mentally simulate future scenarios could be of clinical importance in alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying episodic future thinking (EFT) impairment in AUD. METHODS We tested patients with severe AUD using two measures of EFT: the individual's own subjective experience of their imaginings (phenomenology) and the objective number of details included in imagined events, as assessed by an independent observer (examination). The comparison between the two measures allowed us to investigate the extent to which the subjective and objective characteristics of EFT are calibrated in healthy and AUD participants matched for age, education, and gender. The possible impact of cognitive functioning and disturbed mood on EFT measures was also investigated. RESULTS In terms of objective details of EFT, patients with AUD (n = 40) generated fewer episodic components and more non-episodic components than control participants (n = 40), even when controlling for cognitive functioning. However, self-ratings of phenomenological characteristics indicated that participants with AUD perceived imagined future events at a similar level of detail as control participants. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between objective and subjective measures in healthy individuals but not in the AUD group. A higher depression score in the AUD group was not associated with the EFT measures. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a distorted self-assessment of the richness of imagined future events in individuals with AUD. We discuss these apparent limitations in metacognitive abilities and verbal descriptions of imagined events among individuals with AUD and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Noël
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Saeremans
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie (ULB), Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie (ULB), Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Armand Chatard
- UMR-7295 CNRS, Faculté de Psychologie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nemet Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, INSERM CIC-P 1402, Poitiers, France.,INSERM U 1084 Laboratoire Expérimental et Clinique en Neurosciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Arnaud D'Argembeau
- Unité de Recherche en Psychologie et Neuroscience Cognitives, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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10
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Harika-Germaneau G, Lafay-Chebassier C, Langbour N, Thirioux B, Wassouf I, Noël X, Jaafari N, Chatard A. Preliminary Evidence That the Short Allele of 5-HTTLPR Moderates the Association of Psychiatric Symptom Severity on Suicide Attempt: The Example in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:770414. [PMID: 35432015 PMCID: PMC9010527 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.770414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severity of symptoms represents an important source of distress in patients with a psychiatric disease. However, the extent to which this endogenous stress factor interacts with genetic vulnerability factors for predicting suicide risks remains unclear. METHODS We evaluated whether the severity of symptoms interacts with a genetic vulnerability factor (the serotonin transporter gene-linked promoter region variation) in predicting the frequency of lifetime suicide attempts in patients with a psychiatric disease. Symptom severity and 5-HTTLPR polymorphism were collected from a sample of 95 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Lifetime suicide attempt was the primary outcome, and antecedent of multiple suicide attempts was the secondary outcome. RESULTS The gene-by-symptoms interaction was associated with an excess risk of suicide attempts (OR = 4.39, 95CI[1.44, 13.38], p < 0.009) and of multiple suicide attempts (OR = 4.18, 95CI[1.04, 16.77], p = 0.043). Symptom severity (moderate, severe, or extreme) was associated with an approximately five-fold increase in the odds of a lifetime suicide attempt in patients carrying one or two copies of the short allele of 5-HTTLPR. No such relationship was found for patients carrying the long allele. CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary evidence for the gene-by-stress interaction on suicide attempt when stress is operationalized as symptom severity. Progress in suicide research may come from efforts to investigate the gene-by-symptoms interaction hypothesis in a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghina Harika-Germaneau
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Centre de Recherches Cognition et Apprentissage, CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Claire Lafay-Chebassier
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Vigilances, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Langbour
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Centre de Recherches Cognition et Apprentissage, CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Bérangère Thirioux
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Centre de Recherches Cognition et Apprentissage, CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Issa Wassouf
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Centre de Recherches Cognition et Apprentissage, CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Xavier Noël
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nemat Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Centre de Recherches Cognition et Apprentissage, CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Armand Chatard
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Centre de Recherches Cognition et Apprentissage, CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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11
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Noël X, Dubuson M, Rougier M, Lelard T, Mouras H, Kornreich C, Wyckmans F, Pereira M, Chatard A, Jaafari N, Campanella S. Distinct Whole-Body Movements in Response to Alcohol and Sexual Content in Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:620-629. [PMID: 33486791 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous motor responses of approach and avoidance toward stimuli are important in characterizing psychopathological conditions, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, divergent results have been reported, possibly due to confounded parameters (e.g., using a symbolic vs. a sensorimotor task, implementation of approach-avoidance as a measure vs. a manipulation). METHODS We studied whole-body/posturometric changes by using a sensorimotor measure relying on embodied cognition principles to assess forward (approach) and backward (avoidance) spontaneous leaning movements. Over a 12-second period, 51 male patients with AUD and 29 male control participants were instructed to stand still in response to both alcohol and sexual visual content. Patients with AUD were then divided into "abstainers" and "relapsers," depending on their continuous abstinence at 2 weeks postdischarge (obtained via a telephone follow-up interview). The effects of the group, the stimulus type, the experimental period, and their interactions on the posturometric changes were tested using mixed Analyses of variance (ANOVAs), with a significance threshold set at 0.05. RESULTS Contrary to our expectations, patients and controls did not show significant difference in their forward/backward micromovements while passively viewing alcohol or sexual content (p > 0.1). However, in line with our hypothesis, patients who relapsed several weeks following discharge from the rehabilitation program were significantly more reactive and more likely to lean back during the first seconds of viewing alcohol cues (p = 0.002). Further, "relapsers" were more likely to lean forward during exposure to sexual content than participants who remained abstinent (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Among individuals with AUD, there are distinct pattern of spontaneous movements that differentiate "abstainers" and "relapsers," findings that can be understood in light of existing data and theories on action tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Noël
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Macha Dubuson
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Marine Rougier
- IPSY, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thierry Lelard
- UR-UPJV: APERE 3300, Adaptations Physiologiques à l'Exercice et Réadaptation à l'Effort, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université de Picardie-Jules-Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Harold Mouras
- UR-UPJV: LNFP 4559, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Amiens Cedex 1, France
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Florent Wyckmans
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Maylis Pereira
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Armand Chatard
- UMR-7295 CNRS, Faculté de Psychologie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Némat Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, INSERM CIC-P 1402, Poitiers, France.,INSERM U 1084, Laboratoire Expérimental et Clinique en Neurosciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Salvatore Campanella
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Bruxelles, Belgium
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12
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Wyckmans F, Chatard A, Saeremans M, Kornreich C, Jaafari N, Fantini-Hauwel C, Noël X. Habitual Routines and Automatic Tendencies Differential Roles in Alcohol Misuse Among Undergraduates. Front Psychol 2021; 11:607866. [PMID: 33408673 PMCID: PMC7779402 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a debate over whether actions that resist devaluation (i.e., compulsive alcohol consumption) are primarily habit- or goal-directed. The incentive habit account of compulsive actions has received support from behavioral paradigms and brain imaging. In addition, the self-reported Creature of Habit Scale (COHS) has been proposed to capture inter-individual differences in habitual tendencies. It is subdivided into two dimensions: routine and automaticity. We first considered a French version of this questionnaire for validation, based on a sample of 386 undergraduates. The relationship between two dimensions of habit and the risk of substance use disorder and impulsive personality traits was also investigated. COHS has good psychometric properties with both features of habits positively associated with an Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory score. Besides, the propensity to rely more on routines was associated with lower levels of alcohol abuse and nicotine use, suggesting that some degree of routine might act as a protective factor against substance use. In contrast, a high automaticity score was associated with an increased risk of harmful alcohol use. These results demonstrate that the COHS is a valid measure of habitual tendencies and represents a useful tool for capturing inter-individual variations in drug use problems in undergraduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Wyckmans
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Armand Chatard
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Mélanie Saeremans
- Psychiatric Institute, Universitary Hospital Brugmann, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Psychiatric Institute, Universitary Hospital Brugmann, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Nemat Jaafari
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Carole Fantini-Hauwel
- Research Centre of Clinical Psychology, Psychopathology and Psychosomatic, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Noël
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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13
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Abstract
This study examined the transmission of social dominance orientation (SDO) from parents and grandparents to children. It was predicted that parents as well as grandparents would pass their social dominance attitudes to children. Children's levels of SDO would thus be the highest when parental and grandparental attitudes are high; the lowest when parental and grandparental attitudes are low; and intermediate when parental and grandparental attitudes are incongruent. These hypotheses were examined in a sample of 93 families including children (in early adulthood), one of their parents, and one of their grandparents. Results yielded support for the predictions. These findings' implications are discussed in terms of their potential to explain previous inconsistent results on the transmission of social attitudes to children. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Chatard
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Selimbegović L, Dupuy O, Terache J, Blandin Y, Bosquet L, Chatard A. Evaluative Threat Increases Effort Expenditure in a Cycling Exercise: An Exploratory Study. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2020; 42:336-343. [PMID: 32570213 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research shows that negative or threatening emotional stimuli can foster movement velocity and force. However, less is known about how evaluative threat may influence movement parameters in endurance exercise. Based on social self-preservation theory, the authors predicted that evaluative threat would facilitate effort expenditure in physical exercise. In an exploratory study, 27 young men completed a bogus intelligence test and received either low-intelligence-quotient feedback (evaluative threat) or no feedback (control). Next, they were asked to pedal on a stationary bicycle for 30 min at a constant cadence. After 10 min (calibration period), the cadence display was hidden. Findings show that participants under evaluative threat increased cadence more than control participants during the subsequent 20-min critical period. These findings underline the potential importance of unrelated evaluative threat on physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Selimbegović
- Université de Poitiers
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
| | | | | | - Yannick Blandin
- Université de Poitiers
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
| | | | - Armand Chatard
- Université de Poitiers
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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15
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Dandaba M, Serra W, Harika-Germaneau G, Silvain C, Langbour N, Solinas M, Noël X, Jaafari N, Chatard A. Predicting relapse in patients with severe alcohol use disorder: The role of alcohol insight and implicit alcohol associations. Addict Behav 2020; 107:106433. [PMID: 32289744 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Low insight is reported as a risk factor for relapse among patients treated for alcohol use disorders. However, to date, little is known on why patients with low insight are at higher risk for relapse. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that an implicit preference for alcohol over abstinence predicts relapse in patients with low, but not high, alcohol insight. Participants consisted of 77 patients who had received treatment for severe alcohol use disorder in a hospital in France. During hospitalization, they completed a self-report measure of insight and an implicit association test to assess implicit preference for alcohol over abstinence. The primary outcome was relapse assessed one month after discharge. Control variables were gender, age, cognitive deficit, anxiety, depression, craving, and impulsivity. Data were analysed using logistic regression analysis. After adjusting for demographic and clinical variables, relapse was predicted by the interaction between insight and implicit preference for alcohol but not by their main effects alone. Implicit preference for alcohol predicted relapse among patients with relatively low insight, but not among those with relatively high insight. These findings suggest that patients with low insight and strong implicit preference for alcohol are at a higher risk of relapse. Clinicians may therefore focus on and tailor specific interventions to prevent relapse in this vulnerable and at-risk population.
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16
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Harika-Germaneau G, Heit D, Chatard A, Thirioux B, Langbour N, Jaafari N. Treating refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder with transcranial direct current stimulation: An open label study. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01648. [PMID: 32406608 PMCID: PMC7375126 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex disorder with 40%-60% of patients' refractory to treatment. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to induce potent and long-lasting effects on cortical excitability. The aim of the present clinical trial was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of cathodal tDCS over the supplementary motor area (SMA) in treatment-resistant OCD patients. METHODS Twenty-one treatment-resistant OCD outpatients received 10 sessions of tDCS. Each treatment session consisted of 2 mA stimuli for 30 min. The cathode was positioned over the bilateral SMA and the anode over the right supraorbital area. Patients were evaluated at baseline, end of treatment, one-month follow-up, and three-month follow-up. Response to treatment was defined as at least a decrease of 35% on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) and a score of 2 or less on the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) between baseline and 1-month follow-up. RESULTS There was a significant decrease of YBOCS scores between baseline and one-month assessment. At one month, five patients (24%) were considered as responders and 3 (15%) at 3 months. We also observed concomitant changes in depressive symptoms, and insight. The treatment was well tolerated. Short-lasting side effects were reported as localized tingling sensation and skin redness. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the use of cathodal tDCS over the SMA and anodal tDCS over the right supraorbital area in OCD treatment-refractory patients is safe and promising to improve obsessive and compulsive symptoms. Large randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm this positive result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghina Harika-Germaneau
- Unité de Recherché Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à vocation régionale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, INSERM U 1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Damien Heit
- Unité de Recherché Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à vocation régionale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Armand Chatard
- Unité de Recherché Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à vocation régionale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire CeRCA, CNRS 7295, Poitiers, France
| | - Berangere Thirioux
- Unité de Recherché Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à vocation régionale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Langbour
- Unité de Recherché Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à vocation régionale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Nemat Jaafari
- Unité de Recherché Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à vocation régionale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.,Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, INSERM U 1084, Poitiers, France
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17
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Tello N, Jaafari N, Chatard A. Effects of Evaluative Conditioning on Implicit Evaluation of Alcohol and Drinking Behaviors: A Direct Replication. Alcohol Alcohol 2020; 55:299-303. [PMID: 32181808 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recent research suggests that evaluative conditioning (EC) can change implicit evaluations of alcohol and reduce drinking behaviors among college students (Houben et al., 2010a). This research has been conceptually replicated in two previous studies. To date, however, no direct and independent replication of the original study has been performed. In this paper, we report a high-powered direct replication of Houben et al.'s (2010a) study. METHOD About 168 French college students took part in this preregistered study. Drinking behavior was assessed before and 2 weeks after the intervention. The intervention consisted of 120 trials of words related to alcoholic beverages or soft drinks paired with neutral, positive or negative pictures. The two conditions were factually equivalent and differed only in the repeated pairing between alcohol-related words and negative pictures; in the EC condition, but not in the control condition, alcohol-related words were systematically paired with negative pictures. RESULTS EC did not change participants' implicit evaluations of alcohol and drinking behaviors. However, EC reduced drinking behaviors among hazardous drinkers. Yet, further non-preregistered Bayesian analysis did not provide much support for this hypothesis. CONCLUSION This high-powered preregistered direct replication of Houben et al.'s (2010a) study suggests that the original effects are more fragile than initially thought. The effect of EC on drinking behaviors may be restricted to heavy drinkers, and we found no evidence that this effect is mediated by a change in implicit attitudes. It is necessary to perform further studies to test the original effects in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Tello
- Département de psychologie, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire CeRCA (CNRS 7295), 86073, Poitiers, France
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Armand Chatard
- Département de psychologie, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire CeRCA (CNRS 7295), 86073, Poitiers, France.,Unité de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, 86000 Poitiers, France
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18
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Landrault H, Jaafari N, Amine M, Malka G, Selimbegović L, Chatard A. Suicidal Ideation in Elite Schools: A Test of the Interpersonal Theory and the Escape Theory of Suicide. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2020; 50:201-210. [PMID: 31376217 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study compared the ability of two contemporary theories of suicidal behavior-the interpersonal and escape theories of suicide-to predict suicidal ideation. The interpersonal theory proposes that the interaction of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness predicts suicidal ideation. The escape theory proposes that feelings of failure predict suicidal ideation and that escape motivation mediates this relationship. The present study intended to determine which of the two theories more successfully explains suicidal ideation. METHOD A sample of 306 students from elite schools in Morocco (193 women, Mage = 21.21 years, predominantly Muslims) completed a questionnaire assessing feelings of failure and escape motivation, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, suicide ideation, and control variables. RESULTS In line with previous research, separate tests revealed support for the two theories. Interestingly, when entered simultaneously in a multiple regression analysis, the two frameworks explained a unique and cumulative part of the variance in suicidal ideation. Moreover, the effects remained significant after controlling for past suicide attempts, depression, hopelessness, and stress. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that combining the interpersonal and escape theories of suicide could help better explain the emergence of suicidal ideation among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Landrault
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de biostatistiques, Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, Marrakech, Morocco
- Laboratoire CeRCA, CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Unité de recherche clinique Pierre Deniker du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nemat Jaafari
- Unité de recherche clinique Pierre Deniker du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Mohamed Amine
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de biostatistiques, Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Gabriel Malka
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie et de biostatistiques, Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, Marrakech, Morocco
| | | | - Armand Chatard
- Laboratoire CeRCA, CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Unité de recherche clinique Pierre Deniker du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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19
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Dandaba M, Ebrahimighavam S, Langbour N, Chatard A, Jaafari N. Échelle d’évaluation de l’insight dans l’alcoolisme : validation de la version française du questionnaire Hanil Alcohol Insight Scale (HAIS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.3917/psyt.264.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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20
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Monéger J, Chatard A, Selimbegović L. The Mirror Effect: A Preregistered Replication. Collabra: Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When individuals are exposed to their own image in a mirror, known to increase self-awareness, they may show increased accessibility of suicide-related words (a phenomenon labeled “the mirror effect”; Selimbegović & Chatard, 2013). We attempted to replicate this effect in a pre-registered study (N = 150). As in the original study, self-awareness was manipulated using a mirror and recognition latencies for accurately detecting suicide-related words, negative words, and neutral words in a lexical decision task were assessed. We found no evidence of the mirror effect in pre-registered analyses. A multiverse analysis revealed a significant mirror effect only when excluding extreme observations. An equivalence TOST test did not yield evidence for or against the mirror effect. Overall, the results suggest that the original effect was a false positive or that the conditions for obtaining it (in terms of statistical power and/or outlier detection method) are not yet fully understood. Implications for the mirror effect and recommendations for pre-registered replications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Monéger
- Center for Research on Cognition and Learning (CeRCA), UMR 7295, University of Poitiers and National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), FR
| | - Armand Chatard
- Center for Research on Cognition and Learning (CeRCA), UMR 7295, University of Poitiers and National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), FR
| | - Leila Selimbegović
- Center for Research on Cognition and Learning (CeRCA), UMR 7295, University of Poitiers and National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), FR
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21
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Tello N, Harika-Germaneau G, Serra W, Jaafari N, Chatard A. Forecasting a Fatal Decision: Direct Replication of the Predictive Validity of the Suicide–Implicit Association Test. Psychol Sci 2019; 31:65-74. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797619893062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study by Nock et al. (2010) suggested that people’s implicit identification with “death” or “suicide” can accurately predict whether they will attempt suicide several months in advance. We report the first direct and independent replication of this promising finding. Participants were 165 patients seeking treatment at a psychiatric unit in France. At baseline, patients completed the Suicide–Implicit Association Test (S–IAT), a semistructured interview, and a self-report measure of suicide ideation. Six months later, we contacted participants by phone and examined their hospital medical records to determine whether they had made a new suicide attempt. Results showed that the S–IAT did not distinguish between patients who were admitted to the hospital following suicide attempts and those who were admitted for other reasons. As in the original study, however, the S–IAT predicted suicide attempts within the 6-month follow-up period beyond well-known predictors. The test correctly classified 85% of patients (95% confidence interval = [76.91, 91.53]), supporting its diagnostic value for identifying who will make a suicide attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Tello
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Poitiers
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Poitiers, France
- Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Poitiers, France
| | - Ghina Harika-Germaneau
- Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Wilfried Serra
- Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Poitiers, France
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1084, Poitiers, France
- Département de Médecine, Université de Poitiers
| | - Armand Chatard
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Poitiers
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Poitiers, France
- Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Poitiers, France
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22
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Serra W, Chatard A, Tello N, Harika-Germaneau G, Noël X, Jaafari N. Mummy, daddy, and addiction: Implicit insecure attachment is associated with substance use in college students. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:522-529. [PMID: 30855152 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Indirect measures of cognition have become an important tool in research on addiction. To date, however, no research has examined whether indirect measures of parent attachment relate to substance use. To examine this issue, a sample of college students (N = 121) was asked to complete two measures of explicit attachment (the Relationship Questionnaire; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991, and the Adult Attachment Styles; Collins & Read, 1990), and a measure of implicit attachment (the Single Category Implicit Association Test, Karpinski & Steinman, 2006). The indirect attachment measure assessed the strength of automatic mental association between the concepts parents and secure. Participants also completed different measures of tobacco, cannabis, and alcohol use. Results showed that, for most of the participants, the parents were considered a source of security at both the explicit and implicit levels. Direct and indirect attachment measures were not related to each other. Overall, explicit attachment was not related to substance use. However, implicit attachment was significantly associated with the use of licit (tobacco) and illicit (cannabis) drugs. We also found some evidence that polydrug use is especially common among students with an insecure implicit attachment. This is the first study to examine how implicit attachment processes relate to addictive behaviors. The results suggest that implicit attachment, thought to reflect unconscious traces of past experiences, is a better predictor of substance use in college students than direct, self-reported measures of attachment. Further studies should examine whether implicit attachment is associated with severe substance use disorders in clinical populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nina Tello
- Clinical Research Unit, Poitiers Hospital
| | | | - Xavier Noël
- Department of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles
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Harika-Germaneau G, Rachid F, Chatard A, Lafay-Chebassier C, Solinas M, Thirioux B, Millet B, Langbour N, Jaafari N. Continuous theta burst stimulation over the supplementary motor area in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment: A randomized sham-controlled trial. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:1565-1571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Harika-Germaneau G, Langbour N, Thirioux B, Chatard A, Lafay-Chebassier C, Jaafari N. Randomized sham-controlled trial of continuous theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) in the treatment–resistant obsessive–compulsive disorder. Encephale 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schuhl J, Lambert E, Chatard A. Can Imagination Reduce Prejudice Over Time? A Preregistered Test of the Imagined Contact Hypothesis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1579719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schuhl
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (UMR CNRS 7295), Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Eric Lambert
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (UMR CNRS 7295), Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Armand Chatard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (UMR CNRS 7295), Université de Poitiers, France
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Klein RA, Vianello M, Hasselman F, Adams BG, Adams RB, Alper S, Aveyard M, Axt JR, Babalola MT, Bahník Š, Batra R, Berkics M, Bernstein MJ, Berry DR, Bialobrzeska O, Binan ED, Bocian K, Brandt MJ, Busching R, Rédei AC, Cai H, Cambier F, Cantarero K, Carmichael CL, Ceric F, Chandler J, Chang JH, Chatard A, Chen EE, Cheong W, Cicero DC, Coen S, Coleman JA, Collisson B, Conway MA, Corker KS, Curran PG, Cushman F, Dagona ZK, Dalgar I, Dalla Rosa A, Davis WE, de Bruijn M, De Schutter L, Devos T, de Vries M, Doğulu C, Dozo N, Dukes KN, Dunham Y, Durrheim K, Ebersole CR, Edlund JE, Eller A, English AS, Finck C, Frankowska N, Freyre MÁ, Friedman M, Galliani EM, Gandi JC, Ghoshal T, Giessner SR, Gill T, Gnambs T, Gómez Á, González R, Graham J, Grahe JE, Grahek I, Green EGT, Hai K, Haigh M, Haines EL, Hall MP, Heffernan ME, Hicks JA, Houdek P, Huntsinger JR, Huynh HP, IJzerman H, Inbar Y, Innes-Ker ÅH, Jiménez-Leal W, John MS, Joy-Gaba JA, Kamiloğlu RG, Kappes HB, Karabati S, Karick H, Keller VN, Kende A, Kervyn N, Knežević G, Kovacs C, Krueger LE, Kurapov G, Kurtz J, Lakens D, Lazarević LB, Levitan CA, Lewis NA, Lins S, Lipsey NP, Losee JE, Maassen E, Maitner AT, Malingumu W, Mallett RK, Marotta SA, Međedović J, Mena-Pacheco F, Milfont TL, Morris WL, Murphy SC, Myachykov A, Neave N, Neijenhuijs K, Nelson AJ, Neto F, Lee Nichols A, Ocampo A, O’Donnell SL, Oikawa H, Oikawa M, Ong E, Orosz G, Osowiecka M, Packard G, Pérez-Sánchez R, Petrović B, Pilati R, Pinter B, Podesta L, Pogge G, Pollmann MMH, Rutchick AM, Saavedra P, Saeri AK, Salomon E, Schmidt K, Schönbrodt FD, Sekerdej MB, Sirlopú D, Skorinko JLM, Smith MA, Smith-Castro V, Smolders KCHJ, Sobkow A, Sowden W, Spachtholz P, Srivastava M, Steiner TG, Stouten J, Street CNH, Sundfelt OK, Szeto S, Szumowska E, Tang ACW, Tanzer N, Tear MJ, Theriault J, Thomae M, Torres D, Traczyk J, Tybur JM, Ujhelyi A, van Aert RCM, van Assen MALM, van der Hulst M, van Lange PAM, van ’t Veer AE, Vásquez- Echeverría A, Ann Vaughn L, Vázquez A, Vega LD, Verniers C, Verschoor M, Voermans IPJ, Vranka MA, Welch C, Wichman AL, Williams LA, Wood M, Woodzicka JA, Wronska MK, Young L, Zelenski JM, Zhijia Z, Nosek BA. Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245918810225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance ( p < .05), we found that 15 (54%) of the replications provided evidence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion ( p < .0001), 14 (50%) of the replications still provided such evidence, a reflection of the extremely high-powered design. Seven (25%) of the replications yielded effect sizes larger than the original ones, and 21 (75%) yielded effect sizes smaller than the original ones. The median comparable Cohen’s ds were 0.60 for the original findings and 0.15 for the replications. The effect sizes were small (< 0.20) in 16 of the replications (57%), and 9 effects (32%) were in the direction opposite the direction of the original effect. Across settings, the Q statistic indicated significant heterogeneity in 11 (39%) of the replication effects, and most of those were among the findings with the largest overall effect sizes; only 1 effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity according to this measure. Only 1 effect had a tau value greater than .20, an indication of moderate heterogeneity. Eight others had tau values near or slightly above .10, an indication of slight heterogeneity. Moderation tests indicated that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the tasks were administered in lab versus online. Exploratory comparisons revealed little heterogeneity between Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultures and less WEIRD cultures (i.e., cultures with relatively high and low WEIRDness scores, respectively). Cumulatively, variability in the observed effect sizes was attributable more to the effect being studied than to the sample or setting in which it was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Klein
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Psychologie, Personnalité, Cognition, Changement Social (LIP/PC2S), Université Grenoble Alpes
| | - Michelangelo Vianello
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | - Fred Hasselman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen
| | - Byron G. Adams
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University
- Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg
| | | | | | - Mark Aveyard
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah
| | | | | | - Štěpán Bahník
- Department of Management, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Economics, Prague
| | - Rishtee Batra
- Erivan K. Haub School of Business, Saint Joseph’s University
| | | | - Michael J. Bernstein
- Psychological and Social Sciences Program, Pennsylvania State University Abington
| | - Daniel R. Berry
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos
| | - Olga Bialobrzeska
- Warsaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | - Konrad Bocian
- Sopot Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | | | | | - Huajian Cai
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Fanny Cambier
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations (LouRIM), Université catholique de Louvain
- Center on Consumers and Marketing Strategy (CCMS), Université catholique de Louvain
| | - Katarzyna Cantarero
- Social Behavior Research Centre, Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | - Francisco Ceric
- Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad del Desarrollo
- Centro de Apego y Regulacion Emocional, Universidad del Desarrollo
| | - Jesse Chandler
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
- Mathematica Policy Research, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Jen-Ho Chang
- Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University
| | - Armand Chatard
- Department of Psychology, Poitiers University
- CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 7295, Poitiers, France
| | - Eva E. Chen
- Division of Social Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
| | | | | | - Sharon Coen
- Directorate of Psychology and Public Health, University of Salford
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ilker Dalgar
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University
| | - Anna Dalla Rosa
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | | | | | - Leander De Schutter
- Leadership and Human Resource Management, WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management
| | - Thierry Devos
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University
| | - Marieke de Vries
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen
- Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen
- Tilburg Institute for Behavioral Economics Research, Tilburg University
| | | | - Nerisa Dozo
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland
| | | | | | - Kevin Durrheim
- School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal
| | | | - John E. Edlund
- Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology
| | - Anja Eller
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | | | - Carolyn Finck
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
| | - Natalia Frankowska
- Warsaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | - Mike Friedman
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations (LouRIM), Université catholique de Louvain
- Center on Consumers and Marketing Strategy (CCMS), Université catholique de Louvain
| | - Elisa Maria Galliani
- Department of Political and Juridical Sciences and International Studies, University of Padua
| | - Joshua C. Gandi
- Department of General and Applied Psychology, University of Jos
| | - Tanuka Ghoshal
- Department of Marketing and International Business, Baruch College, CUNY
| | - Steffen R. Giessner
- Department of Organisation and Personnel Management, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University
| | - Tripat Gill
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University
| | - Timo Gnambs
- Educational Measurement, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg, Germany
- Institute of Education and Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz
| | - Ángel Gómez
- Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Grahek
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University
| | - Eva G. T. Green
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne
| | - Kakul Hai
- Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences, Amity University
| | | | | | | | - Marie E. Heffernan
- Smith Child Health Research, Outreach, and Advocacy Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua A. Hicks
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University
| | - Petr Houdek
- Department of Economics and Management, Faculty of Social and Economic Studies, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University
| | | | - Ho Phi Huynh
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Texas A&M University-San Antonio
| | - Hans IJzerman
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Psychologie, Personnalité, Cognition, Changement Social (LIP/PC2S), Université Grenoble Alpes
| | - Yoel Inbar
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough
| | | | | | - Melissa-Sue John
- Department of Social Science and Policy Studies, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
| | | | | | | | - Serdar Karabati
- Department of Business Administration, Istanbul Bilgi University
| | - Haruna Karick
- Warsaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
- Department of General and Applied Psychology, University of Jos
| | - Victor N. Keller
- Department of Social and Work Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia
| | - Anna Kende
- Department of Social Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Nicolas Kervyn
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations (LouRIM), Université catholique de Louvain
- Center on Consumers and Marketing Strategy (CCMS), Université catholique de Louvain
| | - Goran Knežević
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
| | - Carrie Kovacs
- Department of Work, Organizational and Media Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz
| | - Lacy E. Krueger
- Department of Psychology & Special Education, Texas A&M University-Commerce
| | - German Kurapov
- International Victimology Institute Tilburg, Tilburg University
| | - Jamie Kurtz
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University
| | - Daniël Lakens
- School of Innovation Science, Eindhoven University of Technology
| | | | | | | | - Samuel Lins
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | | | | | - Esther Maassen
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University
| | | | - Winfrida Malingumu
- Department of Education Policy Planning and Administration, Faculty of Education, Open University of Tanzania
| | | | | | - Janko Međedović
- Faculty of Media and Communications, Singidunum University
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Taciano L. Milfont
- Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, Victoria University of Wellington
| | | | - Sean C. Murphy
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne
| | | | - Nick Neave
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University
| | - Koen Neijenhuijs
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Félix Neto
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | | | - Aaron Ocampo
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | - Elsie Ong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Professional and Continuing Education (LiPACE), The Open University of Hong Kong
| | - Gábor Orosz
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University
| | | | - Grant Packard
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University
| | | | - Boban Petrović
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ronaldo Pilati
- Department of Social and Work Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia
| | - Brad Pinter
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Lysandra Podesta
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander K. Saeri
- BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University
| | - Erika Salomon
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago
| | - Kathleen Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Agata Sobkow
- Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | - Walter Sowden
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Manini Srivastava
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science and Physical Education, University of Regensburg
| | | | - Jeroen Stouten
- Occupational & Organisational Psychology and Professional Learning, KU Leuven
| | | | | | - Stephanie Szeto
- Directorate of Psychology and Public Health, University of Salford
| | - Ewa Szumowska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków
| | - Andrew C. W. Tang
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Professional and Continuing Education (LiPACE), The Open University of Hong Kong
| | | | - Morgan J. Tear
- BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University
| | | | | | - David Torres
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Iberoamerica
| | - Jakub Traczyk
- Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | - Joshua M. Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | - Adrienn Ujhelyi
- Department of Social Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | | | | | - Marije van der Hulst
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandra Vázquez
- Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
| | | | - Catherine Verniers
- Institute of Psychology, Paris Descartes University - Sorbonne Paris Cité
| | - Mark Verschoor
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen
| | | | - Marek A. Vranka
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University
| | - Cheryl Welch
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University
| | - Aaron L. Wichman
- Department of Psychological Science, Western Kentucky University
| | | | - Michael Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Winchester
| | | | - Marta K. Wronska
- Sopot Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | | | - Zeng Zhijia
- Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics
| | - Brian A. Nosek
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
- Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Moshontz H, Campbell L, Ebersole CR, IJzerman H, Urry HL, Forscher PS, Grahe JE, McCarthy RJ, Musser ED, Antfolk J, Castille CM, Evans TR, Fiedler S, Flake JK, Forero DA, Janssen SMJ, Keene JR, Protzko J, Aczel B, Solas SÁ, Ansari D, Awlia D, Baskin E, Batres C, Borras-Guevara ML, Brick C, Chandel P, Chatard A, Chopik WJ, Clarance D, Coles NA, Corker KS, Dixson BJW, Dranseika V, Dunham Y, Fox NW, Gardiner G, Garrison SM, Gill T, Hahn AC, Jaeger B, Kačmár P, Kaminski G, Kanske P, Kekecs Z, Kline M, Koehn MA, Kujur P, Levitan CA, Miller JK, Okan C, Olsen J, Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Özdoğru AA, Pande B, Parganiha A, Parveen N, Pfuhl G, Pradhan S, Ropovik I, Rule NO, Saunders B, Schei V, Schmidt K, Singh MM, Sirota M, Steltenpohl CN, Stieger S, Storage D, Sullivan GB, Szabelska A, Tamnes CK, Vadillo MA, Valentova JV, Vanpaemel W, Varella MAC, Vergauwe E, Verschoor M, Vianello M, Voracek M, Williams GP, Wilson JP, Zickfeld JH, Arnal JD, Aydin B, Chen SC, DeBruine LM, Fernandez AM, Horstmann KT, Isager PM, Jones B, Kapucu A, Lin H, Mensink MC, Navarrete G, Silan MA, Chartier CR. The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing Psychology through a Distributed Collaborative Network. Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci 2018; 1:501-515. [PMID: 31886452 PMCID: PMC6934079 DOI: 10.1177/2515245918797607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been growing about the veracity of psychological research. Many findings in psychological science are based on studies with insufficient statistical power and nonrepresentative samples, or may otherwise be limited to specific, ungeneralizable settings or populations. Crowdsourced research, a type of large-scale collaboration in which one or more research projects are conducted across multiple lab sites, offers a pragmatic solution to these and other current methodological challenges. The Psychological Science Accelerator (PSA) is a distributed network of laboratories designed to enable and support crowdsourced research projects. These projects can focus on novel research questions, or attempt to replicate prior research, in large, diverse samples. The PSA's mission is to accelerate the accumulation of reliable and generalizable evidence in psychological science. Here, we describe the background, structure, principles, procedures, benefits, and challenges of the PSA. In contrast to other crowdsourced research networks, the PSA is ongoing (as opposed to time-limited), efficient (in terms of re-using structures and principles for different projects), decentralized, diverse (in terms of participants and researchers), and inclusive (of proposals, contributions, and other relevant input from anyone inside or outside of the network). The PSA and other approaches to crowdsourced psychological science will advance our understanding of mental processes and behaviors by enabling rigorous research and systematically examining its generalizability.
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Tello N, Bocage-Barthélémy Y, Dandaba M, Jaafari N, Chatard A. Evaluative conditioning: A brief computer-delivered intervention to reduce college student drinking. Addict Behav 2018; 82:14-18. [PMID: 29477901 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research suggests that a brief computer-delivered intervention based on evaluative conditioning (EC) can change the implicit evaluation of alcohol and reduce drinking behaviors among college students. We tested whether we could obtain similar findings in a high-powered preregistered study and whether hazardous drinking moderates these effects. METHOD Before the intervention, 122 French college students were screened for hazardous drinking using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Implicit evaluation of alcohol was assessed before and immediately after the intervention using an Implicit Association Test (IAT). Drinking behavior was assessed before the intervention and approximately two weeks after using the TimeLine Follow Back (TLFB) method. The EC consisted of 120 trials of words (related to alcoholic beverages, soft drinks or neutral) paired with pictures (neutral, positive or negative). In the EC condition, alcohol-related words were systematically paired with negative pictures. In the control condition, alcohol-related words were systematically paired with neutral pictures. RESULTS The EC did not change the implicit evaluation of alcohol, Cohen's d = 0.01, 95CI [-0.35, 0.35]. However, the EC reduced drinking behavior, Cohen's d = 0.37, 95CI [0.01, 0.72]. This effect was independent of hazardous drinking behavior, but it was especially pronounced among participants with the most positive implicit evaluation of alcohol before the intervention. CONCLUSION This preregistered study suggests that evaluative conditioning can successfully reduce drinking behavior among college students by 31% (compared to 4% in the control condition) without causing an immediate change in the implicit evaluation of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Tello
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, France; Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Meira Dandaba
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Armand Chatard
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, France; Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France.
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Bocage-Barthélémy Y, Chatard A, Jaafari N, Tello N, Billieux J, Daveau E, Selimbegović L. Automatic social comparison: Cognitive load facilitates an increase in negative thought accessibility after thin ideal exposure among women. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193200. [PMID: 29590125 PMCID: PMC5873941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Women are routinely exposed to images of extremely slim female bodies (the thin ideal) in advertisements, even if they do not necessarily pay much attention to these images. We hypothesized that paradoxically, it is precisely in such conditions of low attention that the impact of the social comparison with the thin ideal might be the most pronounced. To test this prediction, one hundred and seventy-three young female participants were exposed to images of the thin ideal or of women’s fashion accessories. They were allocated to either a condition of high (memorizing 10 digits) or low cognitive load (memorizing 4 digits). The main dependent measure was implicit: mean recognition latency of negative words, relative to neutral words, as assessed by a lexical decision task. The results showed that thin-ideal exposure did not affect negative word accessibility under low cognitive load but that it increased it under high cognitive load. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that social comparison with the thin ideal is an automatic process, and contribute to explain why some strategies to prevent negative effects of thin-ideal exposure are inefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Armand Chatard
- Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, and CNRS, Poitiers, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Nina Tello
- Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, and CNRS, Poitiers, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Joël Billieux
- Université du Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgique
| | | | - Leila Selimbegović
- Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, and CNRS, Poitiers, France
- * E-mail:
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Chatard A, Bocage-Barthélémy Y, Selimbegović L, Guimond S. The woman who wasn't there: Converging evidence that subliminal social comparison affects self-evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chatard A, Selimbegović L, Pyszczynski T, Jaafari N. Dysphoria, Failure, and Suicide: Level of Depressive Symptoms Moderates Effects of Failure on Implicit Thoughts of Suicide and Death. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2017. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2017.36.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Autobiographical memories are a major feature of mental life in humans. However, research on the influence of autobiographical recall on actual behaviour is scarce. We predicted and found that general memories of failure and specific memories of success resulted in worse performance than general memories of success and specific memories of failure. This performance pattern was mediated by task appraisal, suggesting that autobiographical memories (of failure and success) impact performance by shaping the perception of the upcoming task. Combined with the fact that these effects occurred even when the content of autobiographical memories was unrelated to the upcoming task, the present research represents an important step forward in understanding how autobiographical recall influences actual behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Selimbegović
- a Center for Research on Cognition and Learning (CeRCA) , UMR CNRS 7295, University of Poitiers and National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) , Poitiers , France
| | - Isabelle Régner
- b Laboratory for Cognitive Psychology , UMR CNRS 7290, University of Aix-Marseille and National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) , Marseille , France
| | - Pascal Huguet
- b Laboratory for Cognitive Psychology , UMR CNRS 7290, University of Aix-Marseille and National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) , Marseille , France
| | - Armand Chatard
- a Center for Research on Cognition and Learning (CeRCA) , UMR CNRS 7295, University of Poitiers and National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) , Poitiers , France
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Selimbegović L, Chatard A. Single exposure to disclaimers on airbrushed thin ideal images increases negative thought accessibility. Body Image 2015; 12:1-5. [PMID: 25260193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Disclaimers on airbrushed thin ideal images can attract attention to the thin ideal standard promoted by the advertisements, which can be damaging rather than helpful. In this study, 48 female college students were exposed to a thin ideal image including a disclaimer, a neutral sentence, or nothing. Two weeks and two months after this, they were again exposed to the same image but with no accompanying text in any of the conditions. Negative thought accessibility was assessed three times, after each exposure to the thin-ideal image, using reaction time measures. Participants randomly assigned to the disclaimer condition systematically showed greater accessibility of negative thoughts than those in the other two conditions, irrespective of the time of measurement. These results suggest that disclaimers on airbrushed images may have some counter-productive effects by accentuating the problems that they precisely aim to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Selimbegović
- Center for Research on Cognition and Learning (CeRCA), CNRS UMR 7295, University of Poitiers and National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Poitiers, France.
| | - Armand Chatard
- Center for Research on Cognition and Learning (CeRCA), CNRS UMR 7295, University of Poitiers and National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Poitiers, France
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34
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Selimbegović L, Chatard A. The mirror effect: Self-awareness alone increases suicide thought accessibility. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:756-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Falomir-Pichastor JM, Chatard A, Selimbegovic L, Konan PN, Mugny G. Conformity and counter-conformity to anti-discrimination norms: the moderating effect of attitude toward foreigners and perceived in-group threat. J Appl Soc Psychol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Armand Chatard
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Leila Selimbegovic
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Paul N'Dri Konan
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Mugny
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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Kesebir P, Pyszczynski T, Chatard A, Hirschberger G. Reliving history: Using priming to assess the effects of world events on public opinion. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 2013. [DOI: 10.1037/a0031563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Chatard A, Pyszczynski T, Arndt J, Selimbegović L, Konan PN, Van der Linden M. Extent of trauma exposure and PTSD symptom severity as predictors of anxiety-buffer functioning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1037/a0021085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Chatard A, Selimbegović L. When self-destructive thoughts flash through the mind: Failure to meet standards affects the accessibility of suicide-related thoughts. J Pers Soc Psychol 2011; 100:587-605. [DOI: 10.1037/a0022461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Lorenzi-Cioldi F, Chatard A, Marques JM, Selimbegović L, Konan P, Faniko K. What Do Drawings Reveal About People’s Attitudes Toward Countries and Their Citizens? Social Psychology 2011. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Participants (N = 567) from six countries (Belgium, Ivory Coast, Italy, Kosovo, Portugal, and Switzerland) drew borders of their own and of neighbor countries on boundary-free maps. It was predicted and found that the tendency to overestimate versus underestimate the sizes of the countries, compared to the original maps, reflects the perceiver’s attitudes toward the target country, status asymmetries, and the quality of relations between the ingroup and outgroup countries. The findings are discussed with regard to the use of drawings in revealing people’s attitudes toward outgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José M. Marques
- University of Porto and Institute of Social Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
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Chatard A, Arndt J, Pyszczynski T. Loss Shapes Political Views? Terror Management, Political Ideology, and the Death of Close Others. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/01973530903539713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Abstract
Drawing on data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Program for International Student Assessment (OECD/PISA), we examined the relationship between the percentage of immigrant students and the reading and mathematics performances of native and immigrant students across nations. In line with research on cultural diversity, results indicated performance benefits as the percentage of immigrant students increased across nations. Interestingly, these effects remained significant for both native and immigrant students, once several other predictors of test performance at the national, school, and individual levels were controlled for. These findings challenge the assumption that the increasing presence of immigrant students in educational institutions represents a threat to native students’ academic performance. Potential mechanisms are proposed and discussed, offering new avenues for research.
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Quiamzade A, Mugny G, Chatard A. When teaching style matches students’ epistemic (in)dependence: The moderating effect of perceived epistemic gap. Eur J Psychol Educ 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03174766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chatard A, Selimbegovic L. The Impact of Higher Education on Egalitarian Attitudes and Values: Contextual and Cultural Determinants. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chatard A, Guimond S, Selimbegovic L. “How good are you in math?” The effect of gender stereotypes on students’ recollection of their school marks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2006.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Selimbegovic L, Quiamzade A, Chatard A, Mugny G, Fluri D. Conflict of Competences, Counterfactual Thinking, and Performance. Swiss Journal of Psychology 2007. [DOI: 10.1024/1421-0185.66.3.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two studies were run to explore the relations between a conflict of competences (i.e., a situation in which two competent individuals present divergent solutions to the same task), counterfactual thinking, and performance. The first study shows that individuals who imagine themselves in a situation involving a conflict of competences generate more intensive subtractive than additive counterfactual thoughts. The second study tested the impact of a conflict of competences on performance in an anagram task. A condition involving a mere conflict of competences was compared to one involving a conflict of competences with additive counterfactuals (known to improve performance) and one involving a conflict of competences with subtractive counterfactuals (known to have no such effect on performance). As predicted, the performance of participants in the condition involving a mere conflict of competences and in that involving subtractive counterfactuals was inferior to that of participants in the condition involving additive counterfactuals.
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Guimond S, Branscombe NR, Brunot S, Buunk AP, Chatard A, Désert M, Garcia DM, Haque S, Martinot D, Yzerbyt V. Culture, gender, and the self: variations and impact of social comparison processes. J Pers Soc Psychol 2007; 92:1118-34. [PMID: 17547492 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Psychological differences between women and men, far from being invariant as a biological explanation would suggest, fluctuate in magnitude across cultures. Moreover, contrary to the implications of some theoretical perspectives, gender differences in personality, values, and emotions are not smaller, but larger, in American and European cultures, in which greater progress has been made toward gender equality. This research on gender differences in self-construals involving 950 participants from 5 nations/cultures (France, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United States, and Malaysia) illustrates how variations in social comparison processes across cultures can explain why gender differences are stronger in Western cultures. Gender differences in the self are a product of self-stereotyping, which occurs when between-gender social comparisons are made. These social comparisons are more likely, and exert a greater impact, in Western nations. Both correlational and experimental evidence supports this explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Guimond
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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47
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Mugny G, Chatard A, Quiamzade A. The social transmission of knowledge at the University: Teaching style and epistemic dependence. Eur J Psychol Educ 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03173511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Abstract
Four studies examined gender differences in self-construals and the role of social comparison in generating these differences. Consistent with previous research, Study 1 (N=461) showed that women define themselves as higher in relational interdependence than men, and men define themselves as higher in independence/agency than women. Study 2 (N=301) showed that within-gender social comparison decreases gender differences in self-construals relative to a control condition, whereas between-genders comparison increases gender differences on both relational interdependence and independence/agency. Studies 3 (N=169) and 4 (N=278) confirmed these findings and showed that changing self-construal changes gender differences in social dominance orientation. Across the 4 studies, strong evidence for the role of in-group stereotyping as mediator of the effect of gender on self-construal was observed on the relational dimension but not on the agentic dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Guimond
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universite Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Chatard A, Guimont S, Martinot D. Impact de la féminisation lexicale des professions sur l'auto-efficacité des élèves : une remise en cause de l'universalisme masculin ? psy 2005. [DOI: 10.3406/psy.2005.29694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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