1
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Ferrarone JR, Thomas J, Unni AM, Zheng Y, Nagiec MJ, Gardner EE, Mashadova O, Li K, Koundouros N, Montalbano A, Mustafa M, Cantley LC, Blenis J, Sanjana NE, Varmus H. Genome-wide CRISPR screens in spheroid culture reveal that the tumor suppressor LKB1 inhibits growth via the PIKFYVE lipid kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403685121. [PMID: 38743625 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403685121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor LKB1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is frequently mutated in human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). LKB1 regulates a complex signaling network that is known to control cell polarity and metabolism; however, the pathways that mediate the tumor-suppressive activity of LKB1 are incompletely defined. To identify mechanisms of LKB1-mediated growth suppression, we developed a spheroid-based cell culture assay to study LKB1-dependent growth. We then performed genome-wide CRISPR screens in spheroidal culture and found that LKB1 suppresses growth, in part, by activating the PIKFYVE lipid kinase. Finally, we used chemical inhibitors and a pH-sensitive reporter to determine that LKB1 impairs growth by promoting the internalization of wild-type EGFR in a PIKFYVE-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Ferrarone
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Jerin Thomas
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Arun M Unni
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Yuxiang Zheng
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Michal J Nagiec
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Eric E Gardner
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | | | - Kate Li
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Nikos Koundouros
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Antonino Montalbano
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Meer Mustafa
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - John Blenis
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Neville E Sanjana
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Harold Varmus
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
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2
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Ferrarone JR, Thomas J, Unni AM, Zheng Y, Nagiec MJ, Gardner EE, Mashadova O, Li K, Koundouros N, Montalbano A, Mustafa M, Cantley LC, Blenis J, Sanjana NE, Varmus H. LKB1 suppresses growth and promotes the internalization of EGFR through the PIKFYVE lipid kinase. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.19.563158. [PMID: 37904985 PMCID: PMC10614957 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.19.563158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor LKB1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is frequently mutated in human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). LKB1 regulates a complex signaling network that is known to control cell polarity and metabolism; however, the pathways that mediate the tumor suppressive activity of LKB1 are incompletely defined. To identify mechanisms of LKB1- mediated growth suppression we developed a spheroid-based cell culture assay to study LKB1- dependent growth. Using this assay, along with genome-wide CRISPR screens and validation with orthogonal methods, we discovered that LKB1 suppresses growth, in part, by activating the PIKFYVE lipid kinase, which promotes the internalization of wild-type EGFR. Our findings reveal a new mechanism of regulation of EGFR, which may have implications for the treatment of LKB1 -mutant LUAD.
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3
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Farnsworth DA, Inoue Y, Johnson FD, de Rappard-Yuswack G, Lu D, Shi R, Ma LIJ, Mattar MS, Somwar R, Ladanyi M, Unni AM, Lockwood WW. MEK inhibitor resistance in lung adenocarcinoma is associated with addiction to sustained ERK suppression. NPJ Precis Oncol 2022; 6:88. [PMID: 36418460 PMCID: PMC9684561 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-022-00328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MEK inhibitors (MEKi) have limited efficacy in KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients, and this is attributed to both intrinsic and adaptive mechanisms of drug resistance. While many studies have focused on the former, there remains a dearth of data regarding acquired resistance to MEKi in LUAD. We established trametinib-resistant KRAS mutant LUAD cells through dose escalation and performed targeted MSK-IMPACT sequencing to identify drivers of MEKi resistance. Comparing resistant cells to their sensitive counterparts revealed alteration of genes associated with trametinib response. We describe a state of "drug addiction" in resistant cases where cells are dependent on continuous culture in trametinib for survival. We show that dependence on ERK2 suppression underlies this phenomenon and that trametinib removal hyperactivates ERK, resulting in ER stress and apoptosis. Amplification of KRASG12C occurs in drug-addicted cells and blocking mutant-specific activity with AMG 510 rescues the lethality associated with trametinib withdrawal. Furthermore, we show that increased KRASG12C expression is lethal to other KRAS mutant LUAD cells, consequential to ERK hyperactivation. Our study determines the drug-addicted phenotype in lung cancer is associated with KRAS amplification and demonstrates that toxic acquired genetic changes can develop de novo in the background of MAPK suppression with MEK inhibitors. We suggest that the presence of mutant KRAS amplification in patients may identify those that may benefit from a "drug holiday" to circumvent drug resistance. These findings demonstrate the toxic potential of hyperactive ERK signaling and highlight potential therapeutic opportunities in patients bearing KRAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan A. Farnsworth
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fraser D. Johnson
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Lu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rocky Shi
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lok In Josephine Ma
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marissa S. Mattar
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Romel Somwar
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Arun M. Unni
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XMeyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - William W. Lockwood
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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4
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Melese ES, Franks E, Cederberg RA, Harbourne BT, Shi R, Wadsworth BJ, Collier JL, Halvorsen EC, Johnson F, Luu J, Oh MH, Lam V, Krystal G, Hoover SB, Raffeld M, Simpson RM, Unni AM, Lam WL, Lam S, Abraham N, Bennewith KL, Lockwood WW. CCL5 production in lung cancer cells leads to an altered immune microenvironment and promotes tumor development. Oncoimmunology 2021; 11:2010905. [PMID: 35481284 PMCID: PMC9038050 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2010905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Current immunotherapies for lung cancer are only effective in a subset of patients. Identifying tumor-derived factors that facilitate immunosuppression offers the opportunity to develop novel strategies to supplement and improve current therapeutics. We sought to determine whether expression of driver oncogenes in lung cancer cells affects cytokine secretion, alters the local immune environment, and influences lung tumor progression. We demonstrate that oncogenic EGFR and KRAS mutations, which are early events in lung tumourigenesis, can drive cytokine and chemokine production by cancer cells. One of the most prominent changes was in CCL5, which was rapidly induced by KRASG12V or EGFRL858R expression, through MAPK activation. Immunocompetent mice implanted with syngeneic KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells deficient in CCL5 have decreased regulatory T cells (Tregs), evidence of T cell exhaustion, and reduced lung tumor burden, indicating tumor-cell CCL5 production contributes to an immune suppressive environment in the lungs. Furthermore, high CCL5 expression correlates with poor prognosis, immunosuppressive regulatory T cells, and alteration to CD8 effector function in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Our data support targeting CCL5 or CCL5 receptors on immune suppressive cells to prevent formation of an immune suppressive tumor microenvironment that promotes lung cancer progression and immunotherapy insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne S. Melese
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Franks
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rachel A. Cederberg
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Bc, Canada
| | - Bryant T. Harbourne
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rocky Shi
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brennan J. Wadsworth
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Bc, Canada
| | - Jenna L. Collier
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Bc, Canada
| | - Elizabeth C. Halvorsen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Bc, Canada
| | - Fraser Johnson
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Bc, Canada
| | - Jennifer Luu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Bc, Canada
| | - Min Hee Oh
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Bc, Canada
| | - Vivian Lam
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gerald Krystal
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shelley B. Hoover
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R. Mark Simpson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Wan L. Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Bc, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Bc, Canada
| | - Stephen Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ninan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kevin L. Bennewith
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Bc, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Bc, Canada
| | - William W. Lockwood
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Bc, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Bc, Canada
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5
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El Tekle G, Bernasocchi T, Unni AM, Bertoni F, Rossi D, Rubin MA, Theurillat JP. Co-occurrence and mutual exclusivity: what cross-cancer mutation patterns can tell us. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:823-836. [PMID: 34031014 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the dysregulated proliferation of cells caused by acquired mutations in key driver genes. The most frequently mutated driver genes promote tumorigenesis in various organisms, cell types, and genetic backgrounds. However, recent cancer genomics studies also point to the existence of context-dependent driver gene functions, where specific mutations occur predominately or even exclusively in certain tumor types or genetic backgrounds. Here, we review examples of co-occurring and mutually exclusive driver gene mutation patterns across cancer genomes and discuss their underlying biology. While co-occurring driver genes typically activate collaborating oncogenic pathways, we identify two distinct biological categories of incompatibilities among the mutually exclusive driver genes depending on whether the mutated drivers trigger the same or divergent tumorigenic pathways. Finally, we discuss possible therapeutic avenues emerging from the study of incompatible driver gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geniver El Tekle
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, TI 6500, Switzerland
| | - Tiziano Bernasocchi
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, TI 6500, Switzerland
| | - Arun M Unni
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, TI 6500, Switzerland
| | - Davide Rossi
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, TI 6500, Switzerland; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, TI 6500, Switzerland
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Department for BioMedical Research, Precision Oncology Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern and Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Theurillat
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, TI 6500, Switzerland.
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6
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Starrett JH, Guernet A, Cuomo ME, Poels K, van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh IK, Nagelberg A, Farnsworth D, Price K, Khan H, Ashtekar KD, Gaefele M, Ayeni D, Stewart TF, Kuhlmann A, Kaech SM, Unni AM, Homer R, Lockwood WW, Michor F, Goldberg SB, Lemmon MA, Smith P, Cross D, Politi K. Drug Sensitivity and Allele‐specificity of First‐line Osimertinib Resistance
EGFR
Mutations. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Starrett JH, Guernet AA, Cuomo ME, Poels KE, van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh IK, Nagelberg A, Farnsworth D, Price KS, Khan H, Ashtekar KD, Gaefele M, Ayeni D, Stewart TF, Kuhlmann A, Kaech SM, Unni AM, Homer R, Lockwood WW, Michor F, Goldberg SB, Lemmon MA, Smith PD, Cross DAE, Politi K. Drug Sensitivity and Allele Specificity of First-Line Osimertinib Resistance EGFR Mutations. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2017-2030. [PMID: 32193290 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osimertinib, a mutant-specific third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is emerging as the preferred first-line therapy for EGFR-mutant lung cancer, yet resistance inevitably develops in patients. We modeled acquired resistance to osimertinib in transgenic mouse models of EGFRL858R -induced lung adenocarcinoma and found that it is mediated largely through secondary mutations in EGFR-either C797S or L718V/Q. Analysis of circulating free DNA data from patients revealed that L718Q/V mutations almost always occur in the context of an L858R driver mutation. Therapeutic testing in mice revealed that both erlotinib and afatinib caused regression of osimertinib-resistant C797S-containing tumors, whereas only afatinib was effective on L718Q mutant tumors. Combination first-line osimertinib plus erlotinib treatment prevented the emergence of secondary mutations in EGFR. These findings highlight how knowledge of the specific characteristics of resistance mutations is important for determining potential subsequent treatment approaches and suggest strategies to overcome or prevent osimertinib resistance in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides insight into the biological and molecular properties of osimertinib resistance EGFR mutations and evaluates therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/10/2017/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis A Guernet
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D Biopharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Emanuela Cuomo
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D Biopharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kamrine E Poels
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Iris K van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Cancer Biology Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Amy Nagelberg
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dylan Farnsworth
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Hina Khan
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kumar Dilip Ashtekar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Cancer Biology Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Deborah Ayeni
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tyler F Stewart
- Department of Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alexandra Kuhlmann
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Susan M Kaech
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Arun M Unni
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Robert Homer
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA CT HealthCare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - William W Lockwood
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Franziska Michor
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Center for Cancer Evolution, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and The Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah B Goldberg
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mark A Lemmon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Cancer Biology Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Paul D Smith
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katerina Politi
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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8
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Chen HJ, Poran A, Unni AM, Huang SX, Elemento O, Snoeck HW, Varmus H. Generation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and SCLC-like tumors from human embryonic stem cells. J Exp Med 2019; 216:674-687. [PMID: 30737256 PMCID: PMC6400536 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
By blocking an important signaling pathway (called NOTCH) and interfering with expression of two tumor suppressor genes in cells derived from human embryonic stem cells, Chen et al. have developed a model for studying small cell lung cancers. Cancer models based on cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may reveal why certain constellations of genetic changes drive carcinogenesis in specialized lineages. Here we demonstrate that inhibition of NOTCH signaling induces up to 10% of lung progenitor cells to form pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs), putative precursors to small cell lung cancers (SCLCs), and we can increase PNECs by reducing levels of retinoblastoma (RB) proteins with inhibitory RNA. Reducing levels of TP53 protein or expressing mutant KRAS or EGFR genes did not induce or expand PNECs, but tumors resembling early-stage SCLC grew in immunodeficient mice after subcutaneous injection of PNEC-containing cultures in which expression of both RB and TP53 was blocked. Single-cell RNA profiles of PNECs are heterogeneous; when RB levels are reduced, the profiles resemble those from early-stage SCLC; and when both RB and TP53 levels are reduced, the transcriptome is enriched with cell cycle–specific RNAs. Our findings suggest that genetic manipulation of hESC-derived pulmonary cells will enable studies of this recalcitrant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asaf Poran
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Arun M Unni
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Sarah Xuelian Huang
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Harold Varmus
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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9
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Unni AM, Harbourne B, Oh MH, Wild S, Ferrarone JR, Lockwood WW, Varmus H. Hyperactivation of ERK by multiple mechanisms is toxic to RTK-RAS mutation-driven lung adenocarcinoma cells. eLife 2018; 7:33718. [PMID: 30475204 PMCID: PMC6298772 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic lethality results when mutant KRAS and EGFR proteins are co-expressed in human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells, revealing the biological basis for mutual exclusivity of KRAS and EGFR mutations. We have now defined the biochemical events responsible for the toxic effects by combining pharmacological and genetic approaches and to show that signaling through extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) mediates the toxicity. These findings imply that tumors with mutant oncogenes in the RAS pathway must restrain the activity of ERK1/2 to avoid toxicities and enable tumor growth. A dual specificity phosphatase, DUSP6, that negatively regulates phosphorylation of (P)-ERK is up-regulated in EGFR- or KRAS-mutant LUAD, potentially protecting cells with mutations in the RAS signaling pathway, a proposal supported by experiments with DUSP6-specific siRNA and an inhibitory drug. Targeting DUSP6 or other negative regulators might offer a treatment strategy for certain cancers by inducing the toxic effects of RAS-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun M Unni
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Bryant Harbourne
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Min Hee Oh
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sophia Wild
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - John R Ferrarone
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - William W Lockwood
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Harold Varmus
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
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10
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Varmus H, Unni AM, Lockwood WW. How Cancer Genomics Drives Cancer Biology: Does Synthetic Lethality Explain Mutually Exclusive Oncogenic Mutations? Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2017; 81:247-255. [PMID: 28123049 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale analyses of cancer genomes are revealing patterns of mutations that suggest biologically significant ideas about many aspects of cancer, including carcinogenesis, classification, and preventive and therapeutic strategies. Among those patterns is "mutual exclusivity," a phenomenon observed when two or more mutations that are commonly observed in samples of a type of cancer are not found combined in individual tumors. We have been studying a striking example of mutual exclusivity: the absence of coexisting mutations in the KRAS and EGFR proto-oncogenes in human lung adenocarcinomas, despite the high individual frequencies of such mutations in this common type of cancer. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that toxic effects of the joint expression of KRAS and EGFR mutant oncogenes, rather than loss of any selective advantages conferred by a second oncogene that operates through the same signaling pathway, are responsible for the observed mutational pattern. We discuss the potential for understanding the physiological basis of such toxicity, for exploiting it therapeutically, and for extending the studies to other examples of mutual exclusivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Varmus
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Arun M Unni
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - William W Lockwood
- BC Cancer Agency and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
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Unni AM, Lockwood WW, Zejnullahu K, Lee-Lin SQ, Varmus H. Evidence that synthetic lethality underlies the mutual exclusivity of oncogenic KRAS and EGFR mutations in lung adenocarcinoma. eLife 2015; 4:e06907. [PMID: 26047463 PMCID: PMC4478584 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) contain mutations in EGFR in ∼15% of cases and in KRAS in ∼30%, yet no individual adenocarcinoma appears to carry activating mutations in both genes, a finding we have confirmed by re-analysis of data from over 600 LUAD. Here we provide evidence that co-occurrence of mutations in these two genes is deleterious. In transgenic mice programmed to express both mutant oncogenes in the lung epithelium, the resulting tumors express only one oncogene. We also show that forced expression of a second oncogene in human cancer cell lines with an endogenous mutated oncogene is deleterious. The most prominent features accompanying loss of cell viability were vacuolization, other changes in cell morphology, and increased macropinocytosis. Activation of ERK, p38 and JNK in the dying cells suggests that an overly active MAPK signaling pathway may mediate the phenotype. Together, our findings indicate that mutual exclusivity of oncogenic mutations may reveal unexpected vulnerabilities and therapeutic possibilities. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06907.001 A person develops cancer when changes in a cell's DNA (called mutations) allow the cell to grow rapidly and spread around the body. The mutated genes are often involved in controlling the growth of cells, such as two genes called EGFR and KRAS, which are associated with forms of lung cancer. In a type of lung cancer called adenocarcinoma, the KRAS gene is mutated in about one-third of tumors and the EGFR gene is mutated in about 15%. However, the two mutations rarely or never occur in the same tumor. This could be because the effects of the mutations overlap, so that cells with both mutations have no advantages over cells with just one. Alternatively, it is possible that having both mutations may be harmful to tumor cells. Here, Unni, Lockwood et al. analyzed genetic data from over 600 lung tumors and confirmed that none of them have cancer-causing mutations in both KRAS and EGFR. Then, Unni, Lockwood et al. carried out experiments using genetically engineered mice with mutated forms of both KRAS and EGFR that are activated by a drug called doxycycline. As expected, the mice developed lung tumors when exposed to the drug, but these tumors didn't grow any faster than mouse tumors that had mutations in only one of the genes. In the mice with both mutant genes, only one of the two genes was actually active in most of the tumor cells. Unni, Lockwood et al. manipulated human lung tumor cells in the laboratory so that the cells had mutated versions of both genes. These cells developed serious abnormalities and died, which may be due to the over-activation of a communication pathway within the cells called MAPK signaling. The next challenges are to understand why the combination of these two mutant genes kills these cancer cells and to look for other combinations of mutations that can be toxic to cancer cells. In the future, it might be possible to develop drugs that can mimic the effects of these gene mutations to treat cancers. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06907.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun M Unni
- Cancer Biology Section, Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - William W Lockwood
- Cancer Biology Section, Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Kreshnik Zejnullahu
- Cancer Biology Section, Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Shih-Queen Lee-Lin
- Cancer Biology Section, Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Harold Varmus
- Cancer Biology Section, Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, United States
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Unni AM, Bondar T, Medzhitov R. Intrinsic sensor of oncogenic transformation induces a signal for innate immunosurveillance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:1686-91. [PMID: 18223157 PMCID: PMC2234205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701675105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cell-autonomous mechanisms exist in complex metazoans to resist oncogenic transformation, including a variety of tumor- suppressor pathways that control cell proliferation and apoptosis. In vertebrates, additional mechanisms of tumor resistance could potentially rely on cancer cell elimination by specialized cytotoxic leukocytes, such as natural killer (NK) cells. Such mechanisms would require that cancer cells be reliably distinguished from normal cells. The ligands for NKG2D, an activating NK cell receptor, are expressed on many tumor cell lines and at least some primary human tumors. However, it is unknown whether their expression is induced as a direct result of oncogenic transformation in vivo. We provide evidence that NKG2D ligands are induced on spontaneously arising tumors in a murine model of lymphomagenesis and that c-Myc is involved in their regulation. Expression of NKG2D ligands is induced at an early, distinct stage of tumorigenesis upon acquisition of genetic lesions unique to cancer cells, potentially defining a critical step in carcinogenesis. This finding suggests that the regulation of NKG2D ligands depends on a mechanism for intrinsic sensing of oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun M. Unni
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Tanya Bondar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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