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Zhang Y, Clausmeyer J, Babakinejad B, Córdoba AL, Ali T, Shevchuk A, Takahashi Y, Novak P, Edwards C, Lab M, Gopal S, Chiappini C, Anand U, Magnani L, Coombes RC, Gorelik J, Matsue T, Schuhmann W, Klenerman D, Sviderskaya EV, Korchev Y. Spearhead Nanometric Field-Effect Transistor Sensors for Single-Cell Analysis. ACS Nano 2016; 10:3214-3221. [PMID: 26816294 PMCID: PMC4933202 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanometric field-effect-transistor (FET) sensors are made on the tip of spear-shaped dual carbon nanoelectrodes derived from carbon deposition inside double-barrel nanopipettes. The easy fabrication route allows deposition of semiconductors or conducting polymers to comprise the transistor channel. A channel from electrodeposited poly pyrrole (PPy) exhibits high sensitivity toward pH changes. This property is exploited by immobilizing hexokinase on PPy nano-FETs to give rise to a selective ATP biosensor. Extracellular pH and ATP gradients are key biochemical constituents in the microenvironment of living cells; we monitor their real-time changes in relation to cancer cells and cardiomyocytes. The highly localized detection is possible because of the high aspect ratio and the spear-like design of the nano-FET probes. The accurately positioned nano-FET sensors can detect concentration gradients in three-dimensional space, identify biochemical properties of a single living cell, and after cell membrane penetration perform intracellular measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Clausmeyer
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Tayyibah Ali
- Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Pavel Novak
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Max Lab
- Department of Cardiac Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sahana Gopal
- Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Ciro Chiappini
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Uma Anand
- Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Magnani
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - R. Charles Coombes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Gorelik
- Department of Cardiac Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Corresponding Authors (Wolfgang Schuhmann)
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- (David Klenerman)
| | - Elena V. Sviderskaya
- Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre, St. George's
University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
- (Elena V. Sviderskaya)
| | - Yuri Korchev
- Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- (Yuri Korchev)
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López-Córdoba A, Jönsson P, Babakinejad B, Actis P, Novak P, Yasufumi T, Shevchuck A, Anand U, Anand P, Drews A, Ferrer-Montiel A, Klenerman D, Korchev Y. SICM-Based Nanodelivery System for Local TRPV1 Stimulation. Biophys J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Actis P, Tokar S, Clausmeyer J, Babakinejad B, Mikhaleva S, Cornut R, Takahashi Y, López Córdoba A, Novak P, Shevchuck AI, Dougan JA, Kazarian SG, Gorelkin PV, Erofeev AS, Yaminsky IV, Unwin PR, Schuhmann W, Klenerman D, Rusakov DA, Sviderskaya EV, Korchev YE. Electrochemical nanoprobes for single-cell analysis. ACS Nano 2014; 8:875-84. [PMID: 24377306 DOI: 10.1021/nn405612q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of key molecules in individual cells with minimal disruption to the biological milieu is the next frontier in single-cell analyses. Nanoscale devices are ideal analytical tools because of their small size and their potential for high spatial and temporal resolution recordings. Here, we report the fabrication of disk-shaped carbon nanoelectrodes whose radius can be precisely tuned within the range 5-200 nm. The functionalization of the nanoelectrode with platinum allowed the monitoring of oxygen consumption outside and inside a brain slice. Furthermore, we show that nanoelectrodes of this type can be used to impale individual cells to perform electrochemical measurements within the cell with minimal disruption to cell function. These nanoelectrodes can be fabricated combined with scanning ion conductance microscopy probes, which should allow high resolution electrochemical mapping of species on or in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Actis
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Babakinejad B, Jönsson P, López Córdoba A, Actis P, Novak P, Takahashi Y, Shevchuk A, Anand U, Anand P, Drews A, Ferrer-Montiel A, Klenerman D, Korchev YE. Local delivery of molecules from a nanopipette for quantitative receptor mapping on live cells. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9333-42. [PMID: 24004146 DOI: 10.1021/ac4021769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Using nanopipettes to locally deliver molecules to the surface of living cells could potentially open up studies of biological processes down to the level of single molecules. However, in order to achieve precise and quantitative local delivery it is essential to be able to determine the amount and distribution of the molecules being delivered. In this work, we investigate how the size of the nanopipette, the magnitude of the applied pressure or voltage, which drives the delivery, and the distance to the underlying surface influences the number and spatial distribution of the delivered molecules. Analytical expressions describing the delivery are derived and compared with the results from finite element simulations and experiments on delivery from a 100 nm nanopipette in bulk solution and to the surface of sensory neurons. We then developed a setup for rapid and quantitative delivery to multiple subcellular areas, delivering the molecule capsaicin to stimulate opening of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) channels, membrane receptors involved in pain sensation. Overall, precise and quantitative delivery of molecules from nanopipettes has been demonstrated, opening up many applications in biology such as locally stimulating and mapping receptors on the surface of live cells.
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Babakinejad B, Yasufumi T, Yasufumi T, Korchev Y, Actis P. Development of Carbon Nano-Heater: Stimulation of Sensory Neurons for Functional Study of Heat Sensitive Channels. Biophys J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Babakinejad B, Yasufumi T, Jönsson P, Novak P, Shevchuk A, Anand U, Klenerman D, Korchev Y. Quantitative Characterization of Local Chemical Delivery through Nanopipette. Biophys J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Shevchuk AI, Novak P, Takahashi Y, Clarke R, Miragoli M, Babakinejad B, Gorelik J, Korchev YE, Klenerman D. Realizing the biological and biomedical potential of nanoscale imaging using a pipette probe. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:565-75. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells naturally operate on the nanoscale level, with molecules combining together to form complex molecular machines, which can work together to enable normal cell function or go wrong as in the case of many diseases. Visualizing these key processes on the nanoscale has been difficult and two main approaches have been used to date; nanometer resolution imaging of fixed cells using electron microscopy, or imaging live cells using optical or fluorescence microscopy, with a resolution of a few hundred nanometers. Scanning probe microscopy has the potential to allow live cells to be imaged at nanoscale resolution and a noncontact method based on the use of a nanopipette probe has been developed over the last 10 years that allows both topographic and functional imaging. The rapid progress in this area of research over the last 4 years is reviewed in this article, which shows that imaging of complex cellular structures and tissues is now possible and that these methods are now sufficiently mature to provide new insights into important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Novak
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Department of Cardiac Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | | | - Richard Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Michele Miragoli
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Department of Cardiac Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | | | - Julia Gorelik
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Department of Cardiac Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Yuri E Korchev
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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