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Walker CK, Govindaswami B. Editorial: SARS-CoV-2: implications for maternal-fetal-infant and perinatal mortality, morbidity, pregnancy outcomes and well-being. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1375501. [PMID: 38390282 PMCID: PMC10882071 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1375501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl K Walker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Barlow SM, Liao C, Lee J, Kim S, Maron JL, Song D, Jegatheesan P, Govindaswami B, Wilson BJ, Bhakta K, Cleary JP. Spectral features of non-nutritive suck dynamics in extremely preterm infants. Pediatr Med 2023; 6:23. [PMID: 37900782 PMCID: PMC10611428 DOI: 10.21037/pm-21-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Non-nutritive suck (NNS) is used to promote ororhythmic patterning and assess oral feeding readiness in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). While time domain measures of NNS are available in real time at cribside, our understanding of suck pattern generation in the frequency domain is limited. The aim of this study is to model the development of NNS in the frequency domain using Fourier and machine learning (ML) techniques in extremely preterm infants (EPIs). Methods A total of 117 EPIs were randomized to a pulsed or sham orocutaneous intervention during tube feedings 3 times/day for 4 weeks, beginning at 30 weeks post-menstrual age (PMA). Infants were assessed 3 times/week for NNS dynamics until they attained 100% oral feeding or NICU discharge. Digitized NNS signals were processed in the frequency domain using two transforms, including the Welch power spectral density (PSD) method, and the Yule-Walker PSD method. Data analysis proceeded in two stages. Stage 1: ML longitudinal cluster analysis was conducted to identify groups (classes) of infants, each showing a unique pattern of change in Welch and Yule-Walker calculations during the interventions. Stage 2: linear mixed modeling (LMM) was performed for the Welch and Yule-Walker dependent variables to examine the effects of gestationally-aged (GA), PMA, sex (male, female), patient type [respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)], treatment (NTrainer, Sham), intervention phase [1, 2, 3], cluster class, and phase-by-class interaction. Results ML of Welch PSD method and Yule-Walker PSD method measures revealed three membership classes of NNS growth patterns. The dependent measures peak_Hz, PSD amplitude, and area under the curve (AUC) are highly dependent on PMA, but show little relation to respiratory status (RDS, BPD) or somatosensory intervention. Thus, neural regulation of NNS in the frequency domain is significantly different for each identified cluster (classes A, B, C) during this developmental period. Conclusions Efforts to increase our knowledge of the evolution of the suck central pattern generator (sCPG) in preterm infants, including NNS rhythmogenesis will help us better understand the observed phenotypes of NNS production in both the frequency and time domains. Knowledge of those features of the NNS which are relatively invariant vs. other features which are modifiable by experience will likewise inform more effective treatment strategies in this fragile population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Barlow
- Department of Communication Disorders and Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Center for Brain, Biology & Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Chunxiao Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- Department of Educational Psychology, Leadership & Counseling, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Seungman Kim
- Department of Educational Psychology, Leadership & Counseling, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jill L. Maron
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dongli Song
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Priya Jegatheesan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Balaji Govindaswami
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bernard J. Wilson
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, CHI Health St. Elizabeth, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kushal Bhakta
- Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - John P. Cleary
- Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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3
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Peltz G, Jansson LM, Adeniyi-Jones S, Cohane C, Drover D, Shafer S, Wang M, Wu M, Govindaswami B, Jegatheesan P, Argani C, Khan S, Kraft WK. Ondansetron to reduce neonatal opioid withdrawal severity a randomized clinical trial. J Perinatol 2023; 43:271-276. [PMID: 36030327 PMCID: PMC9968817 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-022-01487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if treatment with a 5-HT3 antagonist (ondansetron) reduces need for opioid therapy in infants at risk for neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). STUDY DESIGN A multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled, double blind clinical trial of ninety (90) infants. The intervention arms were intravenous ondansetron or placebo during labor followed by a daily dose of ondansetron or placebo in infants for five days. RESULTS Twenty-two (49%) ondansetron-treated and 26 (63%) placebo-treated infants required pharmacologic treatment (p > 0.05). The Finnegan score was lower in the ondansetron-treated group (4.6 vs. 5.6, p = 0.02). A non-significant trend was noted for the duration of hospitalization. There was no difference in need for phenobarbital or clonidine therapy, or total dose of morphine in the first 15 days of NOWS treatment. CONCLUSIONS Ondansetron treatment reduced the severity of NOWS symptoms; and there was an indication that it could reduce the length of stay. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01965704.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Lauren M Jansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan Adeniyi-Jones
- Department of Pediatrics Nemours Neonatology at Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carol Cohane
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Drover
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steven Shafer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meiyue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Manhong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Balaji Govindaswami
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Priya Jegatheesan
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Argani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Salwa Khan
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Walter K Kraft
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Mendenhall E, Hogan MB, Nudelman M, Preston DL, Weese H, Muckleroy G, Needens J, Addicott K, Haas JD, Roybal A, Miller D, Cottrell J, Massey C, Govindaswami B. Examination of cord blood at birth in women with SARS-CoV-2 exposure and/or vaccination during pregnancy and relationship to fetal complete blood count, cortisol, ferritin, vitamin D, and CRP. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1092561. [PMID: 37009290 PMCID: PMC10060546 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1092561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 is known to manifest a robust innate immune response. However, little is known about inflammatory influences from maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection or maternal mRNA vaccination upon the fetus. In addition, it is unknown if Vitamin D deficiency influences fetal homeostasis or if an anti-inflammatory mechanism to the development of possible innate cytokines or acute phase reactants by the maternal/fetal dyad, in the form of cortisol elevations, occur. In addition, effects on Complete Blood Count (CBC) are not known. Objective To evaluate the neonatal acute phase reactants and anti-inflammatory responses after maternal SARS-CoV-2 disease or mRNA vaccination. Methods Samples and medical records reviews from mother/baby dyads (n = 97) were collected consecutively, and were categorized into 4 groups; no SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination exposure (Control), Vaccinated mothers, maternal SARS-CoV-2 disease positive/IgG titer positive fetal blood, and maternal SARS-CoV-2 positive/IgG titer negative fetal blood. SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM/IgA titers, CBC, CRP, ferritin, cortisol, and Vitamin D were obtained to examine the possible development of an innate immune response and possible anti-inflammatory response. Student's t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum, and Chi-squared with Bonferroni corrections were used to compare groups. Multiple imputations were performed for missing data. Results Cortisol was higher in babies of both mothers who were vaccinated (p = 0.001) and SARS-CoV-2 positive/IgG positive (p = 0.009) as compared to the control group suggesting an attempt to maintain homeostasis in these groups. Measurements of ferritin, CRP, and vitamin D did not reach statistical significance. CBC showed no variation, except for the mean platelet volume (MPV), which was elevated in babies whose mothers were vaccinated (p = 0.003) and SARS-CoV-2 positive/IgG positive (p = 0.007) as compared to the control group. Conclusion Acute phase reactant elevations were not noted in our neonates. Vitamin D levels were unchanged from homeostatic levels. Cord blood at birth, showed Cortisol and MPV higher in vaccinated and SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive mother/baby dyads as compared to the Control group, indicating that possible anti-inflammatory response was generated. The implication of possible inflammatory events and subsequent cortisol and/or MPV elevation effects upon the fetus after SARS-CoV-2 disease or vaccination is unknown and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mendenhall
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
- Correspondence: Eric Mendenhall
| | - Mary Beth Hogan
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Matthew Nudelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Deborah L. Preston
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Hayley Weese
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Garrett Muckleroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Jordan Needens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Katherine Addicott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Jessica Dailey Haas
- Department of Neonatology, Hoops Family Children’s Hospital at Cabell Huntington Hospital, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Ashlee Roybal
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Dustin Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Jesse Cottrell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Cynthia Massey
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
- Department of Neonatology, Hoops Family Children’s Hospital at Cabell Huntington Hospital, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Balaji Govindaswami
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
- Department of Neonatology, Hoops Family Children’s Hospital at Cabell Huntington Hospital, Huntington, WV, United States
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Matsui Y, Li L, Prahl M, Cassidy AG, Ozarslan N, Golan Y, Gonzalez VJ, Lin CY, Jigmeddagva U, Chidboy MA, Montano M, Taha TY, Khalid MM, Sreekumar B, Hayashi JM, Chen PY, Kumar GR, Warrier L, Wu AH, Song D, Jegatheesan P, Rai DS, Govindaswami B, Needens J, Rincon M, Myatt L, Asiodu IV, Flaherman VJ, Afshar Y, Jacoby VL, Murtha AP, Robinson JF, Ott M, Greene WC, Gaw SL. Neutralizing antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants in gestational age-matched mother-infant dyads after infection or vaccination. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e157354. [PMID: 35579965 PMCID: PMC9309042 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy confers unique immune responses to infection and vaccination across gestation. To date, there are limited data comparing vaccine- and infection-induced neutralizing Abs (nAbs) against COVID-19 variants in mothers during pregnancy. We analyzed paired maternal and cord plasma samples from 60 pregnant individuals. Thirty women vaccinated with mRNA vaccines (from December 2020 through August 2021) were matched with 30 naturally infected women (from March 2020 through January 2021) by gestational age of exposure. Neutralization activity against the 5 SARS-CoV-2 spike sequences was measured by a SARS-CoV-2-pseudotyped spike virion assay. Effective nAbs against SARS-CoV-2 were present in maternal and cord plasma after both infection and vaccination. Compared with WT spike protein, these nAbs were less effective against the Delta and Mu spike variants. Vaccination during the third trimester induced higher cord-nAb levels at delivery than did infection during the third trimester. In contrast, vaccine-induced nAb levels were lower at the time of delivery compared with infection during the first trimester. The transfer ratio (cord nAb level divided by maternal nAb level) was greatest in mothers vaccinated in the second trimester. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection in pregnancy elicits effective nAbs with differing neutralization kinetics that are influenced by gestational time of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsui
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mary Prahl
- Department of Pediatrics
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health
| | | | - Nida Ozarslan
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yarden Golan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences
| | | | | | - Unurzul Jigmeddagva
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Megan A. Chidboy
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mauricio Montano
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Taha Y. Taha
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mir M. Khalid
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bharath Sreekumar
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Hayashi
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - G. Renuka Kumar
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Alan H.B. Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dongli Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Priya Jegatheesan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Daljeet S. Rai
- Stanford-O’Connor Family Medicine Residency Program, Division of Family Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | - Jordan Needens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Monica Rincon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Yalda Afshar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua F. Robinson
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, and
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Gaw
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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Umer A, Lilly C, Curry H, Kumar A, Maxwell S, Govindaswami B, Plumley J, John C, Smith MC. Variations and similarities in neonatal abstinence syndrome care and management across tertiary care hospitals in West Virginia. J Perinatol 2022; 42:397-398. [PMID: 34667250 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-021-01248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amna Umer
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Christa Lilly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Hunter Curry
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Aishwarya Kumar
- School of Medicine, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, WV, 24901, USA
| | - Stefan Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, WV School of Medicine (Charleston division) PEDIATRIX Medical Group, Women & Children's Hospital, Charleston, WV, 25304, USA
| | - Balaji Govindaswami
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, 25701, USA
| | - Jodi Plumley
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, 25701, USA
| | - Collin John
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - M Cody Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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Rodriguez K, Nudelman MJ, Jegatheesan P, Huang A, Devarajan K, Haas JE, Cervantes R, Falbo K, Narasimhan SR, Cormier M, Stewart MB, Patel R, Govindaswami B. Are preterm birth and very low birth weight rates altered in the early COVID (2020) SARS-CoV-2 era? Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1093371. [PMID: 36699310 PMCID: PMC9869366 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1093371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the prevalence of preterm birth (PTB) and very low birth weight (VLBW) during Jan-Dec 2,020 (early COVID era) at 5 hospitals (2 in West Virginia, 3 in California) compared to Jan 2017-Dec 2019 (pre-COVID) inclusive of 2 regional perinatal centers (1 in Huntington, WV and 1 in San Jose, CA) and 3 community hospitals (1 each in Cabell, Los Angeles and Santa Clara counties). DESIGN/METHODS We examined PTB and VLBW rates of live births at 5 US hospitals from Jan 2017-Dec 2020. We compared PTB and VLBW rates in 2020 to 2017-2019 using Poisson regression and rate ratio with a 95% confidence interval. We stratified live births by gestational age (GA) (<37, 33-36, and <33 weeks) and birth weight (≤1,500 g, >1,001 g to ≤1,500 g, ≤1,000 g). We examined PTB rates at 4 of the hospitals during Jan-Dec 2020 and compared them to the prior period of Jan 2017-Dec 2019 using Statistical Process Control (SPC) for quarterly data. RESULTS We examined PTB and VLBW rates in 34,599 consecutive live births born Jan 2017-Dec 2019 to rates of 9,691 consecutive live births in 2020. There was no significant change in PTB (<37 weeks GA) rate, 10.6% in 2017-2019 vs. 11.0% in 2020 (p = 0.222). Additionally, there was no significant change when comparing VLBW rates in 2017-2019 to 2020, 1.4% in 2017-2019 vs. 1.5% in 2020 (p = 0.832). CONCLUSION We found no significant change in the rates of PTB or VLBW when combining the live birth data of 5 US hospitals in 3 different counties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Rodriguez
- Neonatology/Pediatrics, Mountain Health Network, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Matthew J Nudelman
- Neonatology/Pediatrics, Mountain Health Network, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.,Neonatology/Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Healthcare, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Priya Jegatheesan
- Neonatology/Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Healthcare, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Angela Huang
- Neonatology/Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Healthcare, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Kamakshi Devarajan
- Neonatology/Pediatrics, St. Francis Medical Center, Lynwood, CA, United States.,Utilization Managment and Population Health, Silversummit Health Plan, Nevada Subsidiary of Centene Corporation, Las Vegas, Nevada, MO, United States
| | - Jessica E Haas
- Neonatology/Pediatrics, Mountain Health Network, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Rosemarie Cervantes
- Neonatology/Pediatrics, St. Francis Medical Center, Lynwood, CA, United States
| | - Kelle Falbo
- Neonatology/Pediatrics, St. Francis Medical Center, Lynwood, CA, United States
| | | | - Machelnil Cormier
- Neonatology/Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Healthcare, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Mary Beth Stewart
- Neonatology/Pediatrics, Mountain Health Network, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Rupalee Patel
- Neonatology/Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Healthcare, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Balaji Govindaswami
- Neonatology/Pediatrics, Mountain Health Network, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.,Neonatology/Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Healthcare, San Jose, CA, United States.,VMC Foundation, San Jose, CA, United States
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Maddox TR, Haas J, Andrews L, Redman H, Govindaswami B, Davies TH. Increasing Number of Unusual Brain Abnormalities Seen in Rural West Virginia. Marshall Journal of Medicine 2020. [DOI: 10.33470/2379-9536.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Jegatheesan P, Belogolovsky E, Nudelman M, Song D, Govindaswami B. Neonatal outcomes in preterm multiples receiving delayed cord clamping. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2019; 104:F575-F581. [PMID: 30894397 PMCID: PMC6855790 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-316479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare neonatal outcomes in singletons versus multiples, first-born versus second-born multiples and monochorionic versus dichorionic/trichorionic multiples <33 weeks' gestational age (GA) who received delayed cord clamping (DCC). DESIGN Retrospective, observational study of 529 preterm infants receiving ≥30 s DCC. Generalised estimating equations and mixed effects models were used to compare outcomes in singletons versus multiples and monochorionic versus dichorionic/trichorionic multiples. Wilcoxon signed-rank and McNemar tests were used to compare first-born versus second-born multiples. SETTING Level III neonatal intensive care unit, California, USA. PATIENTS 433 singletons and 96 multiples <33 weeks' GA, born January 2008-December 2017, who received DCC. RESULTS 86% of multiples and 83% of singletons received DCC. Multiples had higher GA (31.0 weeks vs 30.6 weeks), more caesarean sections (91% vs 54%), fewer males (48% vs 62%) and higher 12-24 hour haematocrits (54.3 vs 50.5) than singletons. Haematocrit difference remained significant after adjusting for birth weight, delivery type and sex. Compared with first-born multiples, second-born multiples were smaller (1550 g vs 1438 g) and had lower survival without major morbidity (91% vs 77%). Survival without major morbidity was not significant after adjusting for birth weight. Compared with dichorionic/trichorionic multiples, monochorionic multiples had slightly lower admission temperatures (37.0°C vs 36.8°C), although this difference was not clinically significant. There were no other differences in delivery room, respiratory, haematological or neonatal outcomes between singletons and multiples or between multiples' subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Neonatal outcomes in preterm infants receiving DCC were comparable between singletons and multiples, first and second order multiples and monochorionic and dichorionic/trichorionic multiples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Jegatheesan
- Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Esther Belogolovsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Matthew Nudelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Dongli Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Balaji Govindaswami
- Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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10
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Song D, Jegatheesan P, Nafday S, Ahmad KA, Nedrelow J, Wearden M, Nemerofsky S, Pooley S, Thompson D, Vail D, Cornejo T, Cohen Z, Govindaswami B. Patterned frequency-modulated oral stimulation in preterm infants: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212675. [PMID: 30817764 PMCID: PMC6394921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of patterned, frequency-modulated oro-somatosensory stimulation on time to full oral feeds in preterm infants born 26–30 weeks gestation. Study design This is a multicenter randomized controlled trial. The experimental group (n = 109) received patterned, frequency-modulated oral stimulation via the NTrainer system through a pulsatile pacifier and the control group (n = 101) received a non-pulsatile pacifier. Intent-to-treat analysis (n = 210) was performed to compare the experimental and control groups and the outcomes were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Time-to-event analyses for time to reach full oral feeds and length of hospital stay were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models. Results The experimental group had reduction in time to full oral feeds compared to the control group (-4.1 days, HR 1.37 (1.03, 1.82) p = 0.03). In the 29–30 weeks subgroup, infants in the experimental group had a significant reduction in time to discharge (-10 days, HR 1.87 (1.23, 2.84) p < 0.01). This difference was not observed in the 26–28 weeks subgroup. There was no difference in growth, mortality or morbidities between the two groups. Conclusions Patterned, frequency-modulated oro-somatosensory stimulation improves feeding development in premature infants and reduces their length of hospitalization. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01158391
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Song
- Pediatrics—Neonatology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, United States of America
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Priya Jegatheesan
- Pediatrics—Neonatology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, United States of America
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Suhas Nafday
- Pediatrics—Neonatology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore-Weiler Division, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Kaashif A. Ahmad
- Pediatrix Medical Group, North Central Baptist Hospital, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
- Pediatrics–Neonatology, Baylor College of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Nedrelow
- Pediatrics–Neonatology, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Mary Wearden
- Pediatrix Medical Group, North Central Baptist Hospital, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Sheri Nemerofsky
- Pediatrics–Neonatology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore-Wakefield Division, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Sunshine Pooley
- Pediatrics—Neonatology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, United States of America
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Diane Thompson
- aVenture Consulting, LLC, Leawood, KS, United States of America
| | - Daniel Vail
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Tania Cornejo
- Neonatology, Montefiore Medical Center-Weiler, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Zahava Cohen
- Neonatology, Montefiore Medical Center-Wakefield, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Balaji Govindaswami
- Pediatrics—Neonatology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, United States of America
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
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11
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Nudelman MJ, Goel K, Jegatheesan P, Song D, Huang A, Govindaswami B. Haematocrit in <35 weeks preterm infants who received at least 60 seconds of delayed cord clamping: a retrospective observational study. BMJ Paediatr Open 2019; 3:e000531. [PMID: 31646196 PMCID: PMC6782040 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe haematocrit at birth in preterm infants who received ≥60 s of delayed cord clamping (DCC). DESIGN Retrospective observational study. SETTING A California public hospital with an American Academy of Pediatrics level 4 neonatal intensive care unit, with 3500-4000 deliveries annually. PARTICIPANTS 467 preterm infants born at <35 weeks' gestational age (GA) between January 2013 and December 2018. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Haematocrit reference ranges for 0-4 hours after birth and paired haematocrit differences between 0-4 and 4-24 hours. METHODS Haematocrits were obtained when clinically indicated and collected from arterial, venous and capillary sources. Haematocrits obtained after packed red blood cell transfusions were excluded. We summarised the first available haematocrit between 0 and 4 hours by GA strata. We used mixed-effects linear regression to describe the associations between haematocrit and predictor variables including GA, male sex and hours after an infant's birth. We also compared paired haematocrits at 0-4 and 4-24 hours after birth. RESULTS The median GA of the 467 included infants was 33.3 weeks, birth weight was 1910 g and DCC duration was 60 s. The mean (95% CI) first haematocrit at 0-4 hours was 46.6 (45.0% to 48.1%), 51.2 (49.6% to 52.8%), 50.6 (49.1% to 52.1%), 54.3 (52.8% to 55.8%) and 55.6 (54.6% to 56.6%) for infants 23-29, 30-31, 32, 33 and 34 weeks' GA strata, respectively. The subanalysis of 174 infants with paired haematocrits at 0-4 and 4-24 hours showed that for each additional hour after birth, the mean (95% CI) haematocrit increased by 0.2 (0.1% to 0.3%), 0.2 (0.1% to 0.4%) and 0.1 (0.0% to 0.2%) for infants in 23-29, 30-31 and 32 weeks' GA strata, respectively. The subanalysis showed no change between the paired haematocrits in the 33 and 34 weeks' GA strata. CONCLUSIONS Our study describes haematocrit in preterm infants who received ≥60 s DCC as standard of care. Haematocrit during the first 0-4 hours in our study is higher than the previously described reference ranges prior to DCC becoming routine clinical practice. The paired second haematocrit at 4-24 hours is higher than haematocrit at 0-4 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jr Nudelman
- Pediatrics / Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center: Hospital and Clinics, San Jose, California, United States.,Stanford, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States.,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Keshav Goel
- Pediatrics / Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center: Hospital and Clinics, San Jose, California, United States
| | - Priya Jegatheesan
- Pediatrics / Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center: Hospital and Clinics, San Jose, California, United States.,Stanford, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Dongli Song
- Pediatrics / Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center: Hospital and Clinics, San Jose, California, United States.,Stanford, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Angela Huang
- Pediatrics / Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center: Hospital and Clinics, San Jose, California, United States
| | - Balaji Govindaswami
- Pediatrics / Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center: Hospital and Clinics, San Jose, California, United States.,Stanford, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States
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12
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Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) rate varies widely and has significant racial and ethnic disparities. Although causal mechanisms are ill understood, socioenvironment, phenotype, and genotype provide insight into pathways for preventing PTB. Data suggest varied response to current medical interventions is explicable Approved by underlying pharmacogenomics. Currently, prevention focuses on minimizing iatrogenic PTB and risk reduction especially in those with prior PTB using proven medical and public health strategies. In the future, preventive approaches will be based on better understanding of sociodemography, nutrition, lifestyles, and underlying individual genetic and epigenetic variation. Statistical approaches and "big-data" models are critical in future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Govindaswami
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center: Hospital and Clinics, 751 South Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128, USA.
| | - Priya Jegatheesan
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center: Hospital and Clinics, 751 South Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128, USA
| | - Matthew Nudelman
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center: Hospital and Clinics, 751 South Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128, USA
| | - Sudha Rani Narasimhan
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center: Hospital and Clinics, 751 South Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128, USA
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13
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Jegatheesan P, Nudelman M, Goel K, Song D, Govindaswami B. Perfusion index in healthy newborns during critical congenital heart disease screening at 24 hours: retrospective observational study from the USA. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017580. [PMID: 29273653 PMCID: PMC5778276 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the distribution of perfusion index (PI) in asymptomatic newborns at 24 hours of life when screening for critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) using an automated data selection method. DESIGN This is a retrospective observational study. SETTING Newborn nursery in a California public hospital with ~3500 deliveries annually. METHODS We developed an automated programme to select the PI values from CCHD screens. Included were term and late preterm infants who were screened for CCHD from November 2013 to January 2014 and from May 2015 to July 2015. PI measurements were downloaded every 2 s from the pulse oximeter and median PI were calculated for each oxygen saturation screen in our cohort. RESULTS We included data from 2768 oxygen saturation screens. Each screen had a median of 29 data points (IQR 17 to 49). The median PI in our study cohort was 1.8 (95% CI 1.8 to 1.9) with IQR 1.2 to 2.7. The median preductal PI was significantly higher than the median postductal (1.9 vs 1.8, p=0.03) although this difference may not be clinically significant. CONCLUSION Using an automated data selection method, the median PI in asymptomatic newborns at 24 hours of life is 1.8 with a narrow IQR of 1.2 to 2.7. This automated data selection method may improve accuracy and precision compared with manual data collection method. Further studies are needed to establish external validity of this automated data selection method and its clinical application for CCHD screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Jegatheesan
- Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Health and Hospital System, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Matthew Nudelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Health and Hospital System, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Keshav Goel
- Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Health and Hospital System, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Dongli Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Health and Hospital System, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Balaji Govindaswami
- Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Health and Hospital System, San Jose, California, USA
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14
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Van Naarden Braun K, Grazel R, Koppel R, Lakshminrusimha S, Lohr J, Kumar P, Govindaswami B, Giuliano M, Cohen M, Spillane N, Jegatheesan P, McClure D, Hassinger D, Fofah O, Chandra S, Allen D, Axelrod R, Blau J, Hudome S, Assing E, Garg LF. Evaluation of critical congenital heart defects screening using pulse oximetry in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol 2017; 37:1117-1123. [PMID: 28749481 PMCID: PMC5633653 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2017.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the implementation of early screening for critical congenital heart defects (CCHDs) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and potential exclusion of sub-populations from universal screening. STUDY DESIGN Prospective evaluation of CCHD screening at multiple time intervals was conducted in 21 NICUs across five states (n=4556 infants). RESULTS Of the 4120 infants with complete screens, 92% did not have prenatal CHD diagnosis or echocardiography before screening, 72% were not receiving oxygen at 24 to 48 h and 56% were born ⩾2500 g. Thirty-seven infants failed screening (0.9%); none with an unsuspected CCHD. False positive rates were low for infants not receiving oxygen (0.5%) and those screened after weaning (0.6%), yet higher among infants born at <28 weeks (3.8%). Unnecessary echocardiograms were minimal (0.2%). CONCLUSION Given the majority of NICU infants were ⩾2500 g, not on oxygen and not preidentified for CCHD, systematic screening at 24 to 48 h may be of benefit for early detection of CCHD with minimal burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Van Naarden Braun
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA,New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, NJ, USA,National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE MS E-86, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA. E-mail:
| | - R Grazel
- New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, NJ, USA,New Jersey Chapter, American Academy of Pediatrics, East Windsor, NJ, USA
| | - R Koppel
- Long Island Jewish Cohen Children’s Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | | | - J Lohr
- University of Minnesota Medical System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - P Kumar
- University of Illinois Medical Center, Peoria, IL, USA
| | | | - M Giuliano
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - M Cohen
- Children’s Hospital of New Jersey at Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - N Spillane
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - P Jegatheesan
- Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - D McClure
- Saint Joseph’s Regional Medical Center, Paterson, NJ, USA
| | - D Hassinger
- Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - O Fofah
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - S Chandra
- Saint Peter’s University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - D Allen
- Saint Peter’s University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - R Axelrod
- Capital Health Medical Center Hopewell, Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - J Blau
- Northwell Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - S Hudome
- Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, NJ, USA
| | - E Assing
- Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, USA
| | - L F Garg
- New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, NJ, USA
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15
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Barlow SM, Maron JL, Alterovitz G, Song D, Wilson BJ, Jegatheesan P, Govindaswami B, Lee J, Rosner AO. Somatosensory Modulation of Salivary Gene Expression and Oral Feeding in Preterm Infants: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2017; 6:e113. [PMID: 28615158 PMCID: PMC5489710 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.7712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite numerous medical advances in the care of at-risk preterm neonates, oral feeding still represents one of the first and most advanced neurological challenges facing this delicate population. Objective, quantitative, and noninvasive assessment tools, as well as neurotherapeutic strategies, are greatly needed in order to improve feeding and developmental outcomes. Pulsed pneumatic orocutaneous stimulation has been shown to improve nonnutritive sucking (NNS) skills in preterm infants who exhibit delayed or disordered nipple feeding behaviors. Separately, the study of the salivary transcriptome in neonates has helped identify biomarkers directly linked to successful neonatal oral feeding behavior. The combination of noninvasive treatment strategies and transcriptomic analysis represents an integrative approach to oral feeding in which rapid technological advances and personalized transcriptomics can safely and noninvasively be brought to the bedside to inform medical care decisions and improve care and outcomes. Objective The study aimed to conduct a multicenter randomized control trial (RCT) to combine molecular and behavioral methods in an experimental conceptualization approach to map the effects of PULSED somatosensory stimulation on salivary gene expression in the context of the acquisition of oral feeding habits in high-risk human neonates. The aims of this study represent the first attempt to combine noninvasive treatment strategies and transcriptomic assessments of high-risk extremely preterm infants (EPI) to (1) improve oral feeding behavior and skills, (2) further our understanding of the gene ontology of biologically diverse pathways related to oral feeding, (3) use gene expression data to personalize neonatal care and individualize treatment strategies and timing interventions, and (4) improve long-term developmental outcomes. Methods A total of 180 extremely preterm infants from three neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) will be randomized to receive either PULSED or SHAM (non-pulsing) orocutaneous intervention simultaneous with tube feedings 3 times per day for 4 weeks, beginning at 30 weeks postconceptional age. Infants will also be assessed 3 times per week for NNS performance, and multiple saliva samples will be obtained each week for transcriptomic analysis, until infants have achieved full oral feeding status. At 18 months corrected age (CA), infants will undergo neurodevelopmental follow-up testing, the results of which will be correlated with feeding outcomes in the neo-and post-natal period and with gene expression data and intervention status. Results The ongoing National Institutes of Health funded randomized controlled trial R01HD086088 is actively recruiting participants. The expected completion date of the study is 2021. Conclusions Differential salivary gene expression profiles in response to orosensory entrainment intervention are expected to lead to the development of individualized interventions for the diagnosis and management of oral feeding in preterm infants. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02696343; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02696343 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6r5NbJ9Ym)
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Michael Barlow
- Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Jill Lamanna Maron
- Tufts Medical Center, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gil Alterovitz
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dongli Song
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Bernard Joseph Wilson
- CHI Health St. Elizabeth, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Priya Jegatheesan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Balaji Govindaswami
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- IMMAP, Department of Educational Psychology and Leadership, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Austin Oder Rosner
- Tufts Medical Center, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, United States
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16
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Handley SC, Steinhorn RH, Hopper AO, Govindaswami B, Bhatt DR, Van Meurs KP, Ariagno RL, Gould JB, Lee HC. Inhaled nitric oxide use in preterm infants in California neonatal intensive care units. J Perinatol 2016; 36:635-9. [PMID: 27031320 PMCID: PMC4963282 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2016.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) exposure in preterm infants and variation in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) use. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study of infants, 22 to 33+6/7 weeks of gestational age (GA), during 2005 to 2013. Analyses were stratified by GA and included population characteristics, iNO use over time and hospital variation. RESULTS Of the 65 824 infants, 1718 (2.61%) received iNO. Infants, 22 to 24+6/7 weeks of GA, had the highest incidence of iNO exposure (6.54%). Community NICUs (n=77, median hospital use rate 0.7%) used less iNO than regional NICUs (n=23, median hospital use rate 5.8%). In 22 to 24+6/7 weeks of GA infants, the median rate in regional centers was 10.6% (hospital interquartile range 3.8% to 22.6%). CONCLUSION iNO exposure varied with GA and hospital level, with the most use in extremely premature infants and regional centers. Variation reflects a lack of consensus regarding the appropriate use of iNO for preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Handley
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R H Steinhorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A O Hopper
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - B Govindaswami
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - D R Bhatt
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA
| | - K P Van Meurs
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - R L Ariagno
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Research and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - J B Gould
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative (CPQCC), Stanford, CA, USA
| | - H C Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative (CPQCC), Stanford, CA, USA
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17
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Greenberg RG, Cochran KM, Smith PB, Edson BS, Schulman J, Lee HC, Govindaswami B, Pantoja A, Hardy D, Curran J, Lin D, Kuo S, Noguchi A, Ittmann P, Duncan S, Gupta M, Picarillo A, Karna P, Cohen M, Giuliano M, Carroll S, Page B, Guzman-Cottrill J, Walker MW, Garland J, Ancona JK, Ellsbury DL, Laughon MM, McCaffrey MJ. Effect of Catheter Dwell Time on Risk of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection in Infants. Pediatrics 2015; 136:1080-6. [PMID: 26574587 PMCID: PMC4657598 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Central venous catheters in the NICU are associated with significant morbidity and mortality because of the risk of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of catheter dwell time on risk of CLABSI. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of 13,327 infants with 15,567 catheters (93% peripherally inserted central catheters [PICCs], 7% tunneled catheters) and 256,088 catheter days cared for in 141 NICUs. CLABSI was defined using National Health Surveillance Network criteria. We defined dwell time as the number of days from line insertion until either line removal or day of CLABSI. We generated survival curves for each week of dwell time and estimated hazard ratios for CLABSI at each week by using a Cox proportional hazards frailty model. We controlled for postmenstrual age and year, included facility as a random effect, and generated separate models by line type. RESULTS Median postmenstrual age was 29 weeks (interquartile range 26-33). The overall incidence of CLABSI was 0.93 per 1000 catheter days. Increased dwell time was not associated with increased risk of CLABSI for PICCs. For tunneled catheters, infection incidence was significantly higher in weeks 7 and 9 compared with week 1. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should not routinely replace uninfected PICCs for fear of infection but should consider removing tunneled catheters before week 7 if no longer needed. Additional studies are needed to determine what daily maintenance practices may be associated with decreased risk of infection, especially for tunneled catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel G Greenberg
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Keith M Cochran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - P Brian Smith
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Joseph Schulman
- California Department of Health Care Services, Sacramento, California
| | - Henry C Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Doug Hardy
- Winnie Palmer Children's Hospital, Orlando, Florida
| | - John Curran
- USF Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Della Lin
- On the CUSP-Stop BSI Initiative, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Sheree Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Hawaii and Kapiolani Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Akihiko Noguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Scott Duncan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Munish Gupta
- Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan Picarillo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Padmani Karna
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Morris Cohen
- Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Sheri Carroll
- Betty H. Cameron Women's and Children's Hospital, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Brandi Page
- Betty H. Cameron Women's and Children's Hospital, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Judith Guzman-Cottrill
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon
| | - M Whit Walker
- Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina
| | - Jeff Garland
- Wheaton Franciscan Healthcare-St Joseph, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Janice K Ancona
- Wheaton Franciscan Healthcare-St Joseph, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | | | - Matthew M Laughon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Martin J McCaffrey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
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18
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Song D, Jegatheesan P, DeSandre G, Govindaswami B. Duration of Cord Clamping and Neonatal Outcomes in Very Preterm Infants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138829. [PMID: 26390401 PMCID: PMC4577121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed cord clamping (DCC, ≥30 s) increases blood volume in newborns and is associated with fewer blood transfusions and short-term neonatal complications. The optimal timing of cord clamping for very preterm infants should maximize placental transfusion without interfering with stabilization and resuscitation. AIM We compared the effect of different durations of DCC, 30-45 s vs. 60-75 s, on delivery room (DR) and neonatal outcomes in preterm infants <32 weeks gestational age (GA). METHODS This is a single-center prospective observational study. Data were collected prospectively from eligible infants from two groups: 30-45 s DCC group (January 2008 to February 2011, n = 187) and 60-75 s DCC group (March 2011 to April 2014, n = 166). RESULTS The 60-75 s DCC group compared to the 30-45 s DCC group had higher hematocrits at <2 hours (49.2% vs. 47.4%, p = 0.02). In infants <28 weeks GA, the 12-36 hours hematocrit was higher in the 60-75 s DCC group compared to the 30-45 s DCC group (47.9% vs. 42.1%, p = 0.002). The 60-75 s DCC group had reductions in DR intubation (11% vs. 22%, p = 0.004), hypothermia on admission (1% vs. 5%, p = 0.01), surfactant therapy (13% vs. 28%, p = 0.001), intubation in the first 24 hours (20% vs. 34%, p = 0.004), any intubation (27% vs. 40%, p = 0.007), and any red blood cell transfusion (20% vs. 33%, p = 0.008) during the hospitalization compared to the 30-45 s DCC group. These reductions remained significant after adjusting for GA, gender and >48 hours of antenatal steroid exposure. There was no difference between the two groups in neonatal death, intraventricular hemorrhage, chronic lung disease, late onset sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis and severe retinopathy of prematurity. CONCLUSION In this study cohort increasing DCC duration from 30-45 s to 60-75 s is associated with decreased hypothermia on admission, neonatal respiratory interventions and red blood cell transfusions without increase in neonatal mortality and morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Priya Jegatheesan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Glenn DeSandre
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Balaji Govindaswami
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, United States of America
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19
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish simultaneous pre- and postductal oxygen saturation nomograms in asymptomatic newborns when screening for critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) at ∼24 hours after birth. METHODS Asymptomatic term and late preterm newborns admitted to the newborn nursery were screened with simultaneous pre- and postductal oxygen saturation measurements at ∼24 hours after birth. The screening program was implemented in a stepwise fashion in 3 different affiliated institutions. Data were collected prospectively from July 2009 to March 2012 in all 3 centers. RESULTS We screened 13 714 healthy newborns at a median age of 25 hours. The mean preductal saturation was 98.29% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 98.27-98.31), median 98%, and mean postductal saturation was 98.57% (95% CI: 98.55-98.60), median 99%. The mean difference between the pre- and postductal saturation was -0.29% (95% CI: -0.31 to -0.27) with P < .00005. Its clinical relevance to CCHD screening remains to be determined. The postductal saturation was equal to preductal saturation in 38% and greater than preductal saturation in 40% of the screens. CONCLUSIONS We have established simultaneous pre- and postductal oxygen saturation nomograms at ∼24 hours after birth based on >13 000 asymptomatic newborns. Such nomograms are important to optimize screening thresholds and methodology for detecting CCHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Jegatheesan
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA 95128, USA.
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20
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Singh BS, Gilbert U, Singh S, Govindaswami B. Sidestream microstream end tidal carbon dioxide measurements and blood gas correlations in neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Pulmonol 2013; 48:250-6. [PMID: 22589000 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was designed to assess the use of newer sidestream microstream end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO(2) ) device in predicting blood carbon dioxide (PCO(2) ) measurements in very low birth weight (VLBW = birth weight <1,500 g) and non-VLBW NICU neonates. STUDY DESIGN Sidestream microstream ETCO(2) detectors were allowed time to calibrate and reach steady state prior to blood gas measurements. Blood CO(2) (PCO(2) ) and simultaneous ETCO(2) were recorded. Ratio of dead space to tidal volume (VD/VT) was calculated using modified Bohr's equation. Correlation coefficient, estimates of difference, standard deviation, and 95% limits of agreement between ETCO(2) and PCO(2) concentrations were calculated. RESULTS Two hundred eighty-six paired samples were collected from 48 ventilated NICU patients. Average PCO(2) and ETCO(2) were 58.4 and 50.6 with a correlation of 0.76. Subgroup analysis showed a correlation of 0.73 in 204 paired blood from 34 VLBW infants and 0.82 in 82 paired samples from non-VLBW infants. Estimates of difference ± standard deviation between PCO(2) and ETCO(2) concentrations in these three groups, respectively (ALL, VLBW, and non-VLBW) were 7.84 ± 9.96, 8.2 ± 10.16, and 6.95 ± 9.45. The correlation coefficient significantly improved in the VLBW group to 0.86 with dead space to tidal volume ratio (VD/VT) <30% (0.86 vs. 0.42; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION ETCO(2) measurements using sidestream microstream technology in VLBW demonstrated that the correlation of ETCO(2) and PCO(2) was moderate, but the agreement was less than adequate (bias > 5 mmHg in all groups). The results improved with lower VD/VT, suggesting that sidestream capnography is more reliable in conditions of less severe lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindya S Singh
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA.
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21
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Manani M, Jegatheesan P, DeSandre G, Song D, Showalter L, Govindaswami B. Elimination of admission hypothermia in preterm very low-birth-weight infants by standardization of delivery room management. Perm J 2013; 17:8-13. [PMID: 24355884 PMCID: PMC3783084 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/12-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Temperature instability is a serious but potentially preventable morbidity in preterm infants. Admission temperatures below 36°C are associated with increased mortality and late onset sepsis. OBJECTIVE The goal of our quality-improvement effort was to increase preterm infants' admission temperatures to above 36°C by preventing heat loss in the immediate postnatal period. DESIGN This quality-improvement initiative used the rapid-cycle Plan-Do-Study-Act approach. Preterm infants born at less than 33 weeks' gestation with very low birth weight less than 1500 g who were born at a Regional Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) in San Jose, CA, were enrolled. Our intervention involved standardizing the management of thermoregulation from predelivery through admission to the NICU. Data on admission temperature were collected prospectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was hypothermia, defined as temperature below 36°C on admission to the NICU. RESULTS The hypothermia rate was reduced from 44% in early 2006 to 0% by 2009. There was a slight increase to 6% in 2010. Subsequently, with further real-time feedback, we were able to sustain 0% hypothermia through 2011. Our hypothermia rate remained substantially lower than state and national hypothermia benchmarks that have shown moderate improvement over the same period. CONCLUSION We reduced hypothermia in very low-birth-weight infants using a standardized protocol, multidisciplinary team approach, and continuous feedback. Sustaining improvement is a challenge that requires real-time progress evaluation of outcomes and ongoing staff education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Manani
- Nurse Data Coordinator of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Santa Clara Valley Medical Center in San Jose, CA. E-mail:
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22
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Byrne J, Govindaswami B, Jegatheesan P, Jelks A, Kunz L, Colon I. 480: Perinatal core measure: antenatal steroid performance improvement following a preterm birth risk assessment decision model and perinatal QI toolkit. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.10.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Sing B, Song D, DeSandre G, Govindaswami B, Rosenthal S, Gunn S, Wallerstein R. Microdeletion of chromosome 15q24.3-25.2 and orofacial clefting. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2010; 48:596-600. [PMID: 20518684 DOI: 10.1597/09-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of de novo microdeletion of 15q24.3-q25.2 in an infant with orofacial cleft and general hypotonia and suggest that this may be a critical region in orofacial development. In addition, this case highlights the usefulness of comparative genomic microarray in the evaluation of children with congenital anomalies with such defects.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study of preterm neonates of <32 weeks, we prospectively compared the use of room air versus 100% oxygen as the initial resuscitation gas. METHODS A 2-center, prospective, randomized, controlled trial of neonates with gestational ages of 23 to 32 weeks who required resuscitation was performed. The oxygen group was initially resuscitated with 100% oxygen, with decreases in the fraction of inspired oxygen after 5 minutes of life if pulse oxygen saturation was >95%. The room air group was initially resuscitated with 21% oxygen, which was increased to 100% oxygen if compressions were performed or if the heart rate was <100 beats per minute at 2 minutes of life. Oxygen was increased in 25% increments if pulse oxygen saturation was <70% at 3 minutes of life or <80% at 5 minutes of life. RESULTS Twenty-three infants in the oxygen group (mean gestational age: 27.6 weeks; range: 24-31 weeks; mean birth weight: 1013 g; range: 495-2309 g) and 18 in the room air group (mean gestational age: 28 weeks; range: 25-31 weeks; mean birth weight: 1091 g; range: 555-1840 g) were evaluated. Every resuscitated patient in the room air group met rescue criteria and received an increase in the fraction of inspired oxygen by 3 minutes of life, 6 patients directly to 100% and 12 with incremental increases. Pulse oxygen saturation was significantly lower in the room air group from 2 to 10 minutes (pulse oxygen saturation at 3 minutes: 55% in the room air group vs 87% in the oxygen group). Heart rates did not differ between groups in the first 10 minutes of life, and there were no differences in secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Resuscitation with room air failed to achieve our target oxygen saturation by 3 minutes of life, and we recommend that it not be used for preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey L Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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25
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Lehman HF, Dowling EA, Barnes JR, Lockwood SA, Govindaswami B. Incidence of uterine cancer and precursor lesions in Alabama women in 1983. Ala J Med Sci 1988; 25:383-8. [PMID: 3265288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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