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DeVito M, Bokkers B, van Duursen MBM, van Ede K, Feeley M, Antunes Fernandes Gáspár E, Haws L, Kennedy S, Peterson RE, Hoogenboom R, Nohara K, Petersen K, Rider C, Rose M, Safe S, Schrenk D, Wheeler MW, Wikoff DS, Zhao B, van den Berg M. The 2022 world health organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for polychlorinated dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 146:105525. [PMID: 37972849 PMCID: PMC10870838 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In October 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) convened an expert panel in Lisbon, Portugal in which the 2005 WHO TEFs for chlorinated dioxin-like compounds were reevaluated. In contrast to earlier panels that employed expert judgement and consensus-based assignment of TEF values, the present effort employed an update to the 2006 REP database, a consensus-based weighting scheme, a Bayesian dose response modeling and meta-analysis to derive "Best-Estimate" TEFs. The updated database contains almost double the number of datasets from the earlier version and includes metadata that informs the weighting scheme. The Bayesian analysis of this dataset results in an unbiased quantitative assessment of the congener-specific potencies with uncertainty estimates. The "Best-Estimate" TEF derived from the model was used to assign 2022 WHO-TEFs for almost all congeners and these values were not rounded to half-logs as was done previously. The exception was for the mono-ortho PCBs, for which the panel agreed to retain their 2005 WHO-TEFs due to limited and heterogenous data available for these compounds. Applying these new TEFs to a limited set of dioxin-like chemical concentrations measured in human milk and seafood indicates that the total toxic equivalents will tend to be lower than when using the 2005 TEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael DeVito
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bas Bokkers
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health, And the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Majorie B M van Duursen
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Environmental Health & Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Sean Kennedy
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Ron Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Keiko Nohara
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kim Petersen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Standards and Scientific Advice on Food and Nutrition, World Health Organization, Geneva Switzerland.
| | - Cynthia Rider
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Division of the Translational Toxicology, Durham, USA
| | - Martin Rose
- FERA Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology Department, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthew W Wheeler
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, NC, USA
| | | | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Martin van den Berg
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Louisse J, Fragki S, Rijkers D, Janssen A, van Dijk B, Leenders L, Staats M, Bokkers B, Zeilmaker M, Piersma A, Luijten M, Hoogenboom R, Peijnenburg A. Determination of in vitro hepatotoxic potencies of a series of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) based on gene expression changes in HepaRG liver cells. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1113-1131. [PMID: 36864359 PMCID: PMC10025204 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are omnipresent and have been shown to induce a wide range of adverse health effects, including hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and immunotoxicity. The aim of the present work was to assess whether human HepaRG liver cells can be used to obtain insight into differences in hepatotoxic potencies of a series of PFASs. Therefore, the effects of 18 PFASs on cellular triglyceride accumulation (AdipoRed assay) and gene expression (DNA microarray for PFOS and RT-qPCR for all 18 PFASs) were studied in HepaRG cells. BMDExpress analysis of the PFOS microarray data indicated that various cellular processes were affected at the gene expression level. From these data, ten genes were selected to assess the concentration-effect relationship of all 18 PFASs using RT-qPCR analysis. The AdipoRed data and the RT-qPCR data were used for the derivation of in vitro relative potencies using PROAST analysis. In vitro relative potency factors (RPFs) could be obtained for 8 PFASs (including index chemical PFOA) based on the AdipoRed data, whereas for the selected genes, in vitro RPFs could be obtained for 11-18 PFASs (including index chemical PFOA). For the readout OAT5 expression, in vitro RPFs were obtained for all PFASs. In vitro RPFs were found to correlate in general well with each other (Spearman correlation) except for the PPAR target genes ANGPTL4 and PDK4. Comparison of in vitro RPFs with RPFs obtained from in vivo studies in rats indicate that best correlations (Spearman correlation) were obtained for in vitro RPFs based on OAT5 and CXCL10 expression changes and external in vivo RPFs. HFPO-TA was found to be the most potent PFAS tested, being around tenfold more potent than PFOA. Altogether, it may be concluded that the HepaRG model may provide relevant data to provide insight into which PFASs are relevant regarding their hepatotoxic effects and that it can be applied as a screening tool to prioritize other PFASs for further hazard and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Styliani Fragki
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aafke Janssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van Dijk
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liz Leenders
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Staats
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Bokkers
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Zeilmaker
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Fragki S, Louisse J, Bokkers B, Luijten M, Peijnenburg A, Rijkers D, Piersma AH, Zeilmaker MJ. New approach methodologies: A quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation case study with PFASs. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113559. [PMID: 36535450 PMCID: PMC9890272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PER: and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been associated with increased blood lipids in humans. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been also linked with elevated alanine transferase (ALT) serum levels in humans, and in rodents the liver is a main target organ for many PFASs. With the focus on New Approach Methodologies, the chronic oral equivalent effect doses were calculated for PFOA, PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid), PFHxS (perfluorohexanesulfonic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid) based on in vitro effects measured in the HepaRG cell line. Selected in vitro readouts were considered biomarkers for lipid disturbances and hepatotoxicity. Concentration-response data obtained from HepaRG cells on triglyceride (TG) accumulation and expression changes of 12 selected genes (some involved in cholesterol homeostasis) were converted into corresponding human dose-response data, using physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model-facilitated reverse dosimetry. Next to this, the biokinetics of the chemicals were studied in the cell system. The current European dietary PFASs exposure overlaps with the calculated oral equivalent effect doses, indicating that the latter may lead to interference with hepatic gene expression and lipid metabolism. These findings illustrate an in vitro-in silico methodology, which can be applied for more PFASs, to select those that should be prioritized for further hazard characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Fragki
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands,Corresponding author.
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Bokkers
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert H. Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Zeilmaker
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Bil W, Ehrlich V, Chen G, Vandebriel R, Zeilmaker M, Luijten M, Uhl M, Marx-Stoelting P, Halldorsson TI, Bokkers B. Internal relative potency factors based on immunotoxicity for the risk assessment of mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human biomonitoring. Environ Int 2023; 171:107727. [PMID: 36628859 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Relative potency factors (RPFs) for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have previously been derived based on liver effects in rodents for the purpose of performing mixture risk assessment with primary input from biomonitoring studies. However, in 2020, EFSA established a tolerable weekly intake for four PFAS assuming equal toxic potency for immune suppressive effects in humans. In this study we explored the possibility of deriving RPFs for immune suppressive effects using available data in rodents and humans. Lymphoid organ weights, differential blood cell counts, and clinical chemistry from 28-day studies in male rats from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) were combined with modeled serum PFAS concentrations to derive internal RPFs by applying dose-response modelling. Identified functional studies used diverse protocols and were not suitable for derivation of RPFs but were used to support immunotoxicity of PFAS in a qualitative manner. Furthermore, a novel approach was used to estimate internal RPFs based on epidemiological data by dose-response curve fitting optimization, looking at serum antibody concentrations and key cell populations from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Internal RPFs were successfully derived for PFAS based on rat thymus weight, spleen weight, and globulin concentration. The available dose-response information for blood cell counts did not show a significant trend. Immunotoxic potency in serum was determined in the order PFDA > PFNA > PFHxA > PFOS > PFBS > PFOA > PFHxS. The epidemiological data showed inverse associations for the sum of PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFOS with serum antibody concentrations to mumps and rubella, but the data did not allow for deduction of reliable internal RPF estimates. The internal RPFs for PFAS based on decreased rat lymphoid organ weights are similar to those previously established for increased rat liver weight, strengthening the confidence in the overall applicability of these RPFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Bil
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Guangchao Chen
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Vandebriel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Zeilmaker
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Uhl
- Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department Safety of Pesticides, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorhallur Ingi Halldorsson
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland (UI), Reykjavik, Iceland; Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bas Bokkers
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Bil W, Zeilmaker M, Fragki S, Lijzen J, Verbruggen E, Bokkers B. Response to Letter to the Editor on Bil et al. 2021 "Risk Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Mixtures: A Relative Potency Factor Approach". Environ Toxicol Chem 2022; 41:13-18. [PMID: 34967046 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Bil
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Zeilmaker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Styliani Fragki
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Lijzen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Verbruggen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Bokkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Bil W, Zeilmaker M, Fragki S, Lijzen J, Verbruggen E, Bokkers B. Risk Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Mixtures: A Relative Potency Factor Approach. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021; 40:859-870. [PMID: 32729940 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) often occur together as contamination in exposure media such as drinking water or food. The relative potency factor (RPF) methodology facilitates the risk assessment of mixture exposure. A database of liver endpoints was established for 16 PFAS, using data with the same species (rat), sex (male), and exposure route (oral) and comparable exposure duration (42-90 d). Dose-response analysis was applied to derive the relative potencies of 3 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (perfluorobutane sulfonic acid, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid), 8 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluoroundecanoic acid, perfluorododecanoic acid, perfluorotetradecanoic acid, perfluorohexadecanoic acid, perfluorooctadecanoic acid), 2 perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (tetrafluoro-2-[heptafluoropropoxy]propanoic acid, 3H-perfluoro-3-[(3-methoxy-propoxy)propanoic acid]), and 2 fluorotelomer alcohols (6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH) compared to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), based on liver effects. In addition, the RPFs of 7 other perfluoroalkyl acids were estimated based on read-across. This resulted in the relative potencies of 22 PFAS compared to the potency of index compound PFOA. The obtained RPFs can be applied to measured PFAS quantities, resulting in the sum of PFOA equivalents in a mixture. This sum can be compared with an established PFOA concentration limit (e.g., in drinking water or food) or an external health-based guidance value (e.g., tolerable daily intake, acceptable daily intake, or reference dose) to estimate the risk resulting from direct oral exposure to mixtures. Assessing mixture exposure is particularly relevant for PFAS, with omnipresent exposure in our daily lives. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:859-870. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Bil
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Zeilmaker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Styliani Fragki
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Lijzen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Verbruggen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Bokkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Bokkers B. The EFSA WEB app based on PROAST: data table generation. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Westerink R, Albrecht C, Sofranko A, Stahlmecke B, Breitenstein D, Pijnenburg D, Bokkers B, Schins R, Heusinkveld H. N3RvousSystem: A 3R systems biology strategy for human neurotoxicity hazard, risk and safety assessment. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Karrer C, Delmaar C, Bokkers B, Hungerbühler K, von Goetz N. Aggregate and cumulative exposure of bisphenols from food and personal care products: A hands-on training. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vranic S, Gosens I, Jacobsen NR, Jensen KA, Bokkers B, Kermanizadeh A, Stone V, Baeza-Squiban A, Cassee FR, Tran L, Boland S. Impact of serum as a dispersion agent for in vitro and in vivo toxicological assessments of TiO 2 nanoparticles. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:353-363. [PMID: 26872950 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) have a tendency to agglomerate after dispersion in physiological media, which can be prevented by the addition of serum. This may however result in modification of the toxic potential of particles due to the formation of protein corona. Our study aimed to analyze the role of serum that is added to improve the dispersion of 10 nm TiO2 NPs on in vitro and in vivo effects following the exposure via the respiratory route. We characterized NP size, surface charge, sedimentation rate, the presence of protein corona and the oxidant-generating capacity after NP dispersion in the presence/absence of serum. The effect of serum on NP internalization, cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory responses was assessed in a human pulmonary cell line, NCI-H292. Serum in the dispersion medium led to a slower sedimentation, but an enhanced cellular uptake of TiO2 NPs. Despite this greater uptake, the pro-inflammatory response in NCI-H292 cells was lower after serum supplementation (used either as a dispersant or as a cell culture additive), which may be due to a reduced intrinsic oxidative potential of TiO2 NPs. Interestingly, serum could be added 2 h after the NP treatment without affecting the pro-inflammatory response. We also determined the acute pulmonary and hepatic toxicity in vivo 24 h after intratracheal instillation of TiO2 NPs in C57BL/6N mice. The use of serum resulted in an underestimation of the local acute inflammatory response in the lung, while a systemic response on glutathione reduction remained unaffected. In conclusion, serum as a dispersion agent for TiO2 NPs can lead to an underestimation of the acute pro-inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. To avoid potential unwanted effects of dispersants and medium components, we recommend that the protocol of NM preparation should be thoroughly tested, and reflect as close as possible realistic exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vranic
- Univ Paris Diderot (Sorbonne Paris Cité), UMR 8251 CNRS, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics, Univ Paris Diderot, 5 rue Thomas Mann, 75205, Paris cedex 13, France.,Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Upper Brook Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ilse Gosens
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nicklas Raun Jacobsen
- Danish Centre for Nanosafety, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keld A Jensen
- Danish Centre for Nanosafety, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bas Bokkers
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, John Muir building, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vicki Stone
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, John Muir building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Armelle Baeza-Squiban
- Univ Paris Diderot (Sorbonne Paris Cité), UMR 8251 CNRS, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics, Univ Paris Diderot, 5 rue Thomas Mann, 75205, Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sonja Boland
- Univ Paris Diderot (Sorbonne Paris Cité), UMR 8251 CNRS, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics, Univ Paris Diderot, 5 rue Thomas Mann, 75205, Paris cedex 13, France.
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Gibb H, Devleesschauwer B, Bolger PM, Wu F, Ezendam J, Cliff J, Zeilmaker M, Verger P, Pitt J, Baines J, Adegoke G, Afshari R, Liu Y, Bokkers B, van Loveren H, Mengelers M, Brandon E, Havelaar AH, Bellinger D. World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of four foodborne chemical toxins, 2010: a data synthesis. F1000Res 2015; 4:1393. [PMID: 26918123 PMCID: PMC4755404 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7340.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chemical exposures have been associated with a variety of health effects; however, little is known about the global disease burden from foodborne chemicals. Food can be a major pathway for the general population's exposure to chemicals, and for some chemicals, it accounts for almost 100% of exposure. Methods and Findings Groups of foodborne chemicals, both natural and anthropogenic, were evaluated for their ability to contribute to the burden of disease. The results of the analyses on four chemicals are presented here - cyanide in cassava, peanut allergen, aflatoxin, and dioxin. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to develop age- and sex-specific disease incidence and mortality estimates due to these chemicals. From these estimates, the numbers of cases, deaths and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated. For these four chemicals combined, the total number of illnesses, deaths, and DALYs in 2010 is estimated to be 339,000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 186,000-1,239,000); 20,000 (95% UI: 8,000-52,000); and 1,012,000 (95% UI: 562,000-2,822,000), respectively. Both cyanide in cassava and aflatoxin are associated with diseases with high case-fatality ratios. Virtually all human exposure to these four chemicals is through the food supply. Conclusion Chemicals in the food supply, as evidenced by the results for only four chemicals, can have a significant impact on the global burden of disease. The case-fatality rates for these four chemicals range from low (e.g., peanut allergen) to extremely high (aflatoxin and liver cancer). The effects associated with these four chemicals are neurologic (cyanide in cassava), cancer (aflatoxin), allergic response (peanut allergen), endocrine (dioxin), and reproductive (dioxin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Gibb
- Gibb Epidemiology Consulting LLC, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and Animal Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - P. Michael Bolger
- Exponent, Center for Chemical Regulation and Food Safety, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Felicia Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Janine Ezendam
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Julie Cliff
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Marco Zeilmaker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Verger
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Pitt
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Janis Baines
- Food Data Analysis Section, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gabriel Adegoke
- Department of Food Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Reza Afshari
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yan Liu
- INTERTEK, Oak Brook, IL, USA
| | - Bas Bokkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Henk van Loveren
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Mengelers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Esther Brandon
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Arie H. Havelaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and Animal Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David Bellinger
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Gosens I, Kermanizadeh A, Jacobsen NR, Lenz AG, Bokkers B, de Jong WH, Krystek P, Tran L, Stone V, Wallin H, Stoeger T, Cassee FR. Comparative hazard identification by a single dose lung exposure of zinc oxide and silver nanomaterials in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126934. [PMID: 25966284 PMCID: PMC4429007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative hazard identification of nanomaterials (NMs) can aid in the prioritisation for further toxicity testing. Here, we assessed the acute lung, systemic and liver responses in C57BL/6N mice for three NMs to provide a hazard ranking. A silver (Ag), non-functionalised zinc oxide (ZnO) and a triethoxycaprylylsilane functionalised ZnO NM suspended in water with 2% mouse serum were examined 24 hours following a single intratracheal instillation (I.T.). An acute pulmonary inflammation was noted (marked by a polymorphonuclear neutrophil influx) with cell damage (LDH and total protein) in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after administration of both non-functionalised and functionalised ZnO. The latter also induced systemic inflammation measured as an increase in blood neutrophils and a decrease in blood lymphocytes. Exposure to Ag NM was not accompanied by pulmonary inflammation or cytotoxicity, or by systemic inflammation. A decrease in glutathione levels was demonstrated in the liver following exposure to high doses of all three nanomaterials irrespective of any noticeable inflammatory or cytotoxic effects in the lung. By applying benchmark dose (BMD) modeling statistics to compare potencies of the NMs, we rank functionalised ZnO ranked the highest based on the largest number of affected endpoints, as well as the strongest responses observed after 24 hours. The non-functionalised ZnO NM gave an almost similar response, whereas Ag NM did not cause an acute response at similar doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Gosens
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, Nanosafety Research Group, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anke-Gabriele Lenz
- German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bas Bokkers
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H. de Jong
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Krystek
- Philips Innovation Services, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, Nanosafety Research Group, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Håkan Wallin
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Flemming R. Cassee
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Delmaar C, Bokkers B, ter Burg W, Schuur G. Validation of an aggregate exposure model for substances in consumer products: a case study of diethyl phthalate in personal care products. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2015; 25:317-23. [PMID: 25352161 PMCID: PMC4408489 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As personal care products (PCPs) are used in close contact with a person, they are a major source of consumer exposure to chemical substances contained in these products. The estimation of realistic consumer exposure to substances in PCPs is currently hampered by the lack of appropriate data and methods. To estimate aggregate exposure of consumers to substances contained in PCPs, a person-oriented consumer exposure model has been developed (the Probabilistic Aggregate Consumer Exposure Model, PACEM). The model simulates daily exposure in a population based on product use data collected from a survey among the Dutch population. The model is validated by comparing diethyl phthalate (DEP) dose estimates to dose estimates based on biomonitoring data. It was found that the model's estimates compared well with the estimates based on biomonitoring data. This suggests that the person-oriented PACEM model is a practical tool for assessing realistic aggregate exposures to substances in PCPs. In the future, PACEM will be extended with use pattern data on other product groups. This will allow for assessing aggregate exposure to substances in consumer products across different product groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan Delmaar
- Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 0 302744371. Fax: +31 0 302744475.E-mail:
| | - Bas Bokkers
- Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter ter Burg
- Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerlienke Schuur
- Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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14
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Béchaux C, Zeilmaker M, Merlo M, Bokkers B, Crépet A. An integrative risk assessment approach for persistent chemicals: A case study on dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in France. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:261-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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de Jong N, Verkaik-Kloosterman J, Verhagen H, Boshuizen HC, Bokkers B, Hoekstra J. An appeal for the presentation of detailed human derived data for dose–response calculations in nutritional science. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 54:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Glass R, Garthwaite D, Pote A, Kennedy M, Hart A, Trevisan M, Grasso P, Sacchi A, Spanoghe P, Doan Ngoc K, Beck B, Machera K, Nikopoulou D, Aarapaki N, Gerritsen‐Ebben R, Spaan S, Goede H, Morgan N, Egea González F, Stobiecki S, Sliwiński W, van Engeleb J, Bokkers B. Collection and assessment of data relevant for non‐dietary cumulative exposure to pesticides and proposal for conceptual approaches for non‐dietary cumulative exposure assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2012.en-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Béchaux C, Merlo M, Bokkers B, Zeilmaker M, Crépet A. Risk assessment for dioxins in France based on a dynamic modeling of exposure. Toxicol Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Hoekstra J, Hart A, Owen H, Zeilmaker M, Bokkers B, Thorgilsson B, Gunnlaugsdottir H. Fish, contaminants and human health: quantifying and weighing benefits and risks. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 54:18-29. [PMID: 22269904 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a quantitative risk-benefit assessment of fish consumption. We compare the net health effect expressed in DALYs of two scenarios. The reference scenario is the current fish intake of the Dutch population, which is less than what is recommended by the health authorities. The alternative scenario describes the health effects if the population consumes 200g of fish per week, which is close to the recommendation. All health effects due to fish consumption for which there is convincing evidence are incorporated in the assessment. The QALIBRA software (www.qalibra.eu) is used to simulate the two scenarios. The results show there is a net benefit for the population if it consumes 200g of fish each week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeljer Hoekstra
- National Institute of for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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