1
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Atkinson BN, Willis NJ, Zhao Y, Patel C, Frew S, Costelloe K, Magno L, Svensson F, Jones EY, Fish PV. Designed switch from covalent to non-covalent inhibitors of carboxylesterase Notum activity. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115132. [PMID: 36934521 PMCID: PMC10626578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
N-Acyl indolines 4 are potent, non-covalent Notum inhibitors developed from a covalent virtual screening hit 2a. The lead compounds were simple to synthesise, achieved excellent potency in a biochemical Notum-OPTS assay and restored Wnt signalling in a cell-based TCF/LEF reporter assay. Multiple high resolution X-ray structures established a common binding mode of these inhibitors with the indoline bound centred in the palmiteolate pocket with key interactions being aromatic stacking and a water mediated hydrogen bond to the oxyanion hole. These N-acyl indolines 4 will be useful tools for use in vitro studies to investigate the role of Notum in disease models, especially when paired with a structurally related covalent inhibitor (e.g. 4w and 2a). Overall, this study highlights the designed switch from covalent to non-covalent Notum inhibitors and so illustrates a complementary approach for hit generation and target inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Atkinson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nicky J Willis
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Chandni Patel
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sarah Frew
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kathryn Costelloe
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lorenza Magno
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Paul V Fish
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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2
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Zhao Y, Mahy W, Willis NJ, Woodward HL, Steadman D, Bayle ED, Atkinson BN, Sipthorp J, Vecchia L, Ruza RR, Harlos K, Jeganathan F, Constantinou S, Costa A, Kjær S, Bictash M, Salinas PC, Whiting P, Vincent JP, Fish PV, Jones EY. Structural Analysis and Development of Notum Fragment Screening Hits. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2060-2077. [PMID: 35731924 PMCID: PMC9264368 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling suppressor Notum is a promising target for osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, and colorectal cancers. To develop novel Notum inhibitors, we used an X-ray crystallographic fragment screen with the Diamond-SGC Poised Library (DSPL) and identified 59 fragment hits from the analysis of 768 data sets. Fifty-eight of the hits were found bound at the enzyme catalytic pocket with potencies ranging from 0.5 to >1000 μM. Analysis of the fragments' diverse binding modes, enzymatic inhibitory activities, and chemical properties led to the selection of six hits for optimization, and five of these resulted in improved Notum inhibitory potencies. One hit, 1-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole 7, and its related cluster members, have shown promising lead-like properties. These became the focus of our fragment development activities, resulting in compound 7d with IC50 0.0067 μM. The large number of Notum fragment structures and their initial optimization provided an important basis for further Notum inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Zhao
- Division
of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - William Mahy
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Nicky J. Willis
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Hannah L. Woodward
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - David Steadman
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Elliott D. Bayle
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Benjamin N. Atkinson
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - James Sipthorp
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Luca Vecchia
- Division
of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Reinis R. Ruza
- Division
of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division
of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Fiona Jeganathan
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Stefan Constantinou
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Artur Costa
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Svend Kjær
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Magda Bictash
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Patricia C. Salinas
- Department
of Cell and Developmental Biology, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Paul Whiting
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Jean-Paul Vincent
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Paul V. Fish
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - E. Yvonne Jones
- Division
of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
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3
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Willis N, Mahy W, Sipthorp J, Zhao Y, Woodward HL, Atkinson BN, Bayle ED, Svensson F, Frew S, Jeganathan F, Monaghan A, Benvegnù S, Jolly S, Vecchia L, Ruza RR, Kjær S, Howell S, Snijders AP, Bictash M, Salinas PC, Vincent JP, Jones EY, Whiting P, Fish PV. Design of a Potent, Selective, and Brain-Penetrant Inhibitor of Wnt-Deactivating Enzyme Notum by Optimization of a Crystallographic Fragment Hit. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7212-7230. [PMID: 35536179 PMCID: PMC9150124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Notum is a carboxylesterase that suppresses Wnt signaling through deacylation of an essential palmitoleate group on Wnt proteins. There is a growing understanding of the role Notum plays in human diseases such as colorectal cancer and Alzheimer's disease, supporting the need to discover improved inhibitors, especially for use in models of neurodegeneration. Here, we have described the discovery and profile of 8l (ARUK3001185) as a potent, selective, and brain-penetrant inhibitor of Notum activity suitable for oral dosing in rodent models of disease. Crystallographic fragment screening of the Diamond-SGC Poised Library for binding to Notum, supported by a biochemical enzyme assay to rank inhibition activity, identified 6a and 6b as a pair of outstanding hits. Fragment development of 6 delivered 8l that restored Wnt signaling in the presence of Notum in a cell-based reporter assay. Assessment in pharmacology screens showed 8l to be selective against serine hydrolases, kinases, and drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky
J. Willis
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - William Mahy
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - James Sipthorp
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division
of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Hannah L. Woodward
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Benjamin N. Atkinson
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Elliott D. Bayle
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Sarah Frew
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Fiona Jeganathan
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Amy Monaghan
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Stefano Benvegnù
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Sarah Jolly
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Luca Vecchia
- Division
of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Reinis R. Ruza
- Division
of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Svend Kjær
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Steven Howell
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | | | - Magda Bictash
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Patricia C. Salinas
- Department
of Cell and Developmental Biology, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Jean-Paul Vincent
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - E. Yvonne Jones
- Division
of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Paul Whiting
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Paul V. Fish
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
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4
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Steadman D, Atkinson BN, Zhao Y, Willis NJ, Frew S, Monaghan A, Patel C, Armstrong E, Costelloe K, Magno L, Bictash M, Jones EY, Fish PV, Svensson F. Virtual Screening Directly Identifies New Fragment-Sized Inhibitors of Carboxylesterase Notum with Nanomolar Activity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:562-578. [PMID: 34939789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Notum is a negative regulator of Wnt signaling acting through the hydrolysis of a palmitoleoylate ester, which is required for Wnt activity. Inhibitors of Notum could be of use in diseases where dysfunctional Notum activity is an underlying cause. A docking-based virtual screen (VS) of a large commercial library was used to shortlist 952 compounds for experimental validation as inhibitors of Notum. The VS was successful with 31 compounds having an IC50 < 500 nM. A critical selection process was then applied with two clusters and two singletons (1-4d) selected for hit validation. Optimization of 4d guided by structural biology identified potent inhibitors of Notum activity that restored Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cell-based models. The [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyradizin-3(2H)-one series 4 represent a new chemical class of Notum inhibitors and the first to be discovered by a VS campaign. These results demonstrate the value of VS with well-designed docking models based on X-ray structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Steadman
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Benjamin N Atkinson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, OxfordOX3 7BN, U.K
| | - Nicky J Willis
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Sarah Frew
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Amy Monaghan
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Chandni Patel
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Emma Armstrong
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Kathryn Costelloe
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Lorenza Magno
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Magda Bictash
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, OxfordOX3 7BN, U.K
| | - Paul V Fish
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, U.K
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5
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Atkinson BN, Willis NJ, Smith J, Gill R, Ali J, Xu Z, Lai PS, Fish PV. Large-scale synthesis of Notum inhibitor 1-(2,4-dichloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazole (ARUK3001185) employing a modified Sakai reaction as the key step. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26497-26503. [PMID: 36275171 PMCID: PMC9478995 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole 1 (ARUK3001185) was prepared on large scale from aniline 4 by application of both (1) a copper catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) with (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, and (2) a Clark modification of the Sakai reaction. The one-pot Sakai–Clark method with (MeO)2CHCH
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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NNHTos (2b) proved to be superior as it was operationally simple, metal-free, and avoided the use of aryl azide 7. The Sakai–Clark method has been reliably performed on large scale to produce >100 g of 1 in good efficiency and high purity. 1-Phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole 1 was prepared on large scale from aniline 4 by application of a one-pot Sakai–Clark reaction in good efficiency and high purity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Atkinson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nicky J. Willis
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Key Organics Ltd, Highfield Road Industrial Estate, Camelford, Cornwall, PL32 9RA, UK
| | - Rebecca Gill
- Key Organics Ltd, Highfield Road Industrial Estate, Camelford, Cornwall, PL32 9RA, UK
| | - Jody Ali
- Key Organics Ltd, Highfield Road Industrial Estate, Camelford, Cornwall, PL32 9RA, UK
| | - Zhou Xu
- WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., 168 Nanhai Road, 10th Avenue, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Shan Lai
- WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., 168 Nanhai Road, 10th Avenue, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Paul V. Fish
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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6
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Bayle E, Svensson F, Atkinson BN, Steadman D, Willis NJ, Woodward HL, Whiting P, Vincent JP, Fish PV. Carboxylesterase Notum Is a Druggable Target to Modulate Wnt Signaling. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4289-4311. [PMID: 33783220 PMCID: PMC8172013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway is critically important for a number of cellular processes in both development and adult mammalian biology. This Perspective will provide a summary of current and emerging therapeutic opportunities in modulating Wnt signaling, especially through inhibition of Notum carboxylesterase activity. Notum was recently shown to act as a negative regulator of Wnt signaling through the removal of an essential palmitoleate group. Inhibition of Notum activity may represent a new approach to treat disease where aberrant Notum activity has been identified as the underlying cause. Reliable screening technologies are available to identify inhibitors of Notum, and structural studies are accelerating the discovery of new inhibitors. A selection of these hits have been optimized to give fit-for-purpose small molecule inhibitors of Notum. Three noteworthy examples are LP-922056 (26), ABC99 (27), and ARUK3001185 (28), which are complementary chemical tools for exploring the role of Notum in Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott
D. Bayle
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Benjamin N. Atkinson
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - David Steadman
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Nicky J. Willis
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Hannah L. Woodward
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Paul Whiting
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Jean-Paul Vincent
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Paul V. Fish
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
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7
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Mahy W, Patel M, Steadman D, Woodward HL, Atkinson BN, Svensson F, Willis NJ, Flint A, Papatheodorou D, Zhao Y, Vecchia L, Ruza RR, Hillier J, Frew S, Monaghan A, Costa A, Bictash M, Walter MW, Jones EY, Fish PV. Screening of a Custom-Designed Acid Fragment Library Identifies 1-Phenylpyrroles and 1-Phenylpyrrolidines as Inhibitors of Notum Carboxylesterase Activity. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9464-9483. [PMID: 32787107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt family of proteins are secreted signaling proteins that play key roles in regulating cellular functions. Recently, carboxylesterase Notum was shown to act as a negative regulator of Wnt signaling by mediating the removal of an essential palmitoleate. Here we disclose two new chemical scaffolds that inhibit Notum enzymatic activity. Our approach was to create a fragment library of 250 acids for screening against Notum in a biochemical assay followed by structure determination by X-ray crystallography. Twenty fragments were identified as hits for Notum inhibition, and 14 of these fragments were shown to bind in the palmitoleate pocket of Notum. Optimization of 1-phenylpyrrole 20, guided by structure-based drug design, identified 20z as the most potent compound from this series. Similarly, the optimization of 1-phenylpyrrolidine 8 gave acid 26. This work demonstrates that inhibition of Notum activity can be achieved by small, drug-like molecules possessing favorable in vitro ADME profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Mahy
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Mikesh Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - David Steadman
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L Woodward
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin N Atkinson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicky J Willis
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alister Flint
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Papatheodorou
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Vecchia
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Reinis R Ruza
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - James Hillier
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Frew
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Monaghan
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Artur Costa
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Bictash
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus W Walter
- Eli Lilly, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Paul V Fish
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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Atkinson BN, Steadman D, Mahy W, Zhao Y, Sipthorp J, Bayle ED, Svensson F, Papageorgiou G, Jeganathan F, Frew S, Monaghan A, Bictash M, Jones EY, Fish PV. Scaffold-hopping identifies furano[2,3-d]pyrimidine amides as potent Notum inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126751. [PMID: 31862412 PMCID: PMC6961116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The carboxylesterase Notum is a key negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway by mediating the depalmitoleoylation of Wnt proteins. Our objective was to discover potent small molecule inhibitors of Notum suitable for exploring the regulation of Wnt signaling in the central nervous system. Scaffold-hopping from thienopyrimidine acids 1 and 2, supported by X-ray structure determination, identified 3-methylimidazolin-4-one amides 20-24 as potent inhibitors of Notum with activity across three orthogonal assay formats (biochemical, extra-cellular, occupancy). A preferred example 24 demonstrated good stability in mouse microsomes and plasma, and cell permeability in the MDCK-MDR1 assay albeit with modest P-gp mediated efflux. Pharmacokinetic studies with 24 were performed in vivo in mouse with single oral administration of 24 showing good plasma exposure and reasonable CNS penetration. We propose that 24 is a new chemical tool suitable for cellular studies to explore the fundamental biology of Notum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Atkinson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Steadman
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - William Mahy
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - James Sipthorp
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Elliott D Bayle
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - George Papageorgiou
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Fiona Jeganathan
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sarah Frew
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Amy Monaghan
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Magda Bictash
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Paul V Fish
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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Abstract
This chapter details methods to express and modify ATP-gated P2X receptor channels so that they can be controlled using light. Following expression in cells, a photoswitchable tool compound can be used to covalently modify mutant P2X receptors, as previously demonstrated for homomeric P2X2 and P2X3 receptors, and heteromeric P2X2/3 receptors. Engineered P2X receptors can be rapidly and reversibly opened and closed by different wavelengths of light. Light-activated P2X receptors can be mutated further to impart ATP-insensitivity if required. This method offers control of specific P2X receptor channels with high spatiotemporal precision to study their roles in physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Liam E Browne
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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Willis NJ, Bayle ED, Papageorgiou G, Steadman D, Atkinson BN, Mahy W, Fish PV. An improved, scalable synthesis of Notum inhibitor LP-922056 using 1-chloro-1,2-benziodoxol-3-one as a superior electrophilic chlorinating agent. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2790-2797. [PMID: 31807213 PMCID: PMC6880826 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The carboxylesterase Notum has been shown to act as a key negative regulator of the Wnt signalling pathway by mediating the depalmitoleoylation of Wnt proteins. LP-922056 (1) is an orally active inhibitor of Notum. We are investigating the role of Notum in modulating Wnt signalling in the central nervous system and wished to establish if 1 would serve as a peripherally restricted control. An accessible and improved synthetic route would allow 1 to become more readily available as a chemical tool to explore the fundamental biology of Notum and build target validation to underpin new drug discovery programs. Results: An improved, scalable synthesis of 1 is reported. Key modifications include: (1) the introduction of the C7-cyclopropyl group was most effectively achieved with a Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction with MIDA-boronate 11 (5 → 6), and (2) C6 chlorination was performed with 1-chloro-1,2-benziodoxol-3-one (12) (6 → 7) as a mild and selective electrophilic chlorination agent. This 7-step route from 16 has been reliably performed on large scale to produce multigram quantities of 1 in good efficiency and high purity. Pharmacokinetic studies in mouse showed CNS penetration of 1 is very low with a brain/plasma concentration ratio of just 0.01. A small library of amides 17 were prepared from acid 1 to explore if 1 could be modified to deliver a CNS penetrant tool by capping off the acid as an amide. Although significant Notum inhibition activity could be achieved, none of these amides demonstrated the required combination of metabolic stability along with cell permeability without evidence of P-gp mediated efflux. Conclusion: Mouse pharmacokinetic studies demonstrate that 1 is unsuitable for use in models of disease where brain penetration is an essential requirement of the compound but would be an ideal peripherally restricted control. These data will contribute to the understanding of drug levels of 1 to overlay with appropriate in vivo efficacy endpoints, i.e., the PK-PD relationship. The identification of a suitable analogue of 1 (or 17) which combines Notum inhibition with CNS penetration would be a valuable chemical probe for investigating the role of Notum in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky J Willis
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, The Cruciform Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Elliott D Bayle
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, The Cruciform Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - George Papageorgiou
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David Steadman
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, The Cruciform Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Benjamin N Atkinson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, The Cruciform Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - William Mahy
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, The Cruciform Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paul V Fish
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, The Cruciform Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, UK
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Atkinson BN, Steadman D, Zhao Y, Sipthorp J, Vecchia L, Ruza RR, Jeganathan F, Lines G, Frew S, Monaghan A, Kjær S, Bictash M, Jones EY, Fish PV. Discovery of 2-phenoxyacetamides as inhibitors of the Wnt-depalmitoleating enzyme NOTUM from an X-ray fragment screen. Medchemcomm 2019; 10:1361-1369. [PMID: 31534655 PMCID: PMC6727465 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00096h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NOTUM is a carboxylesterase that has been shown to act by mediating the O-depalmitoleoylation of Wnt proteins resulting in suppression of Wnt signaling. Here, we describe the development of NOTUM inhibitors that restore Wnt signaling for use in in vitro disease models where NOTUM over activity is an underlying cause. A crystallographic fragment screen with NOTUM identified 2-phenoxyacetamide 3 as binding in the palmitoleate pocket with modest inhibition activity (IC50 33 μM). Optimization of hit 3 by SAR studies guided by SBDD identified indazole 38 (IC50 0.032 μM) and isoquinoline 45 (IC50 0.085 μM) as potent inhibitors of NOTUM. The binding of 45 to NOTUM was rationalized through an X-ray co-crystal structure determination which showed a flipped binding orientation compared to 3. However, it was not possible to combine NOTUM inhibition activity with metabolic stability as the majority of the compounds tested were rapidly metabolized in an NADPH-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Atkinson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute , University College London , Cruciform Building, Gower Street , London , WC1E 6BT , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7679 6971
| | - David Steadman
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute , University College London , Cruciform Building, Gower Street , London , WC1E 6BT , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7679 6971
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology , Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics , University of Oxford , The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive , Oxford , OX3 7BN , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)1865 287 546
| | - James Sipthorp
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute , University College London , Cruciform Building, Gower Street , London , WC1E 6BT , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7679 6971
- The Francis Crick Institute , 1 Midland Road , London , NW1 1AT , UK
| | - Luca Vecchia
- Division of Structural Biology , Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics , University of Oxford , The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive , Oxford , OX3 7BN , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)1865 287 546
| | - Reinis R Ruza
- Division of Structural Biology , Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics , University of Oxford , The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive , Oxford , OX3 7BN , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)1865 287 546
| | - Fiona Jeganathan
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute , University College London , Cruciform Building, Gower Street , London , WC1E 6BT , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7679 6971
| | - Georgie Lines
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute , University College London , Cruciform Building, Gower Street , London , WC1E 6BT , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7679 6971
| | - Sarah Frew
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute , University College London , Cruciform Building, Gower Street , London , WC1E 6BT , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7679 6971
| | - Amy Monaghan
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute , University College London , Cruciform Building, Gower Street , London , WC1E 6BT , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7679 6971
| | - Svend Kjær
- The Francis Crick Institute , 1 Midland Road , London , NW1 1AT , UK
| | - Magda Bictash
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute , University College London , Cruciform Building, Gower Street , London , WC1E 6BT , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7679 6971
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology , Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics , University of Oxford , The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive , Oxford , OX3 7BN , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)1865 287 546
| | - Paul V Fish
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute , University College London , Cruciform Building, Gower Street , London , WC1E 6BT , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7679 6971
- The Francis Crick Institute , 1 Midland Road , London , NW1 1AT , UK
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12
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Atkinson BN, Woodward HL, Sipthorp J, Fish PV. Regioselective and enantiospecific synthesis of the HSP co-inducer arimoclomol from chiral glycidyl derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9794-9799. [PMID: 29159344 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02578e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new efficient chiral synthesis of enantiopure arimoclomol (2) is reported from (R)-(-)-glycidyl nosylate (11) with complete retention of chiral integrity. Off-target pharmacology of arimoclomol (2) was evaluated against a representative set of drug targets and showed modest binding to a few kinases. Pharmacokinetic data was generated in vivo in mouse and showed a low brain : plasma ratio. These studies will be helpful towards a better understanding of the PK-PD relationship of 2 in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Atkinson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, The Cruciform Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Hannah L Woodward
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, The Cruciform Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - James Sipthorp
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, The Cruciform Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Paul V Fish
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, The Cruciform Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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15
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Atkinson BN, Chhatwal AR, Lomax HV, Walton JW, Williams JMJ. Transamidation of primary amides with amines catalyzed by zirconocene dichloride. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 48:11626-8. [PMID: 23097018 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37427g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zirconocene dichloride (Cp(2)ZrCl(2)) has been shown to be an effective catalyst for the transamidation of primary amides with amines in cyclohexane at 80 °C in 5-24 hours. For favourable substrates, the reaction can be performed at temperatures as low as 30 °C.
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17
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Allen CL, Atkinson BN, Williams JMJ. Transamidation of Primary Amides with Amines Using Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride as an Inorganic Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:1383-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Allen CL, Atkinson BN, Williams JMJ. Transamidation of Primary Amides with Amines Using Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride as an Inorganic Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Atkinson BN, Bell SC, De Vivo M, Kowalski LR, Lechner SM, Ognyanov VI, Tham CS, Tsai C, Jia J, Ashton D, Klitenick MA. ALX 5407: a potent, selective inhibitor of the hGlyT1 glycine transporter. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 60:1414-20. [PMID: 11723250 DOI: 10.1124/mol.60.6.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-affinity glycine transport in neurons and glial cells is a primary means of inactivating synaptic glycine. We have synthesized a potent selective inhibitor of glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1), and characterized its activity using a quail fibroblast cell line (QT6). The glycine transporters GlyT1A, GlyT1B, GlyT1C, and GlyT2 were stably expressed in QT6 cells. The transporters expressed in these cells exhibited appropriate characteristics as described previously for these genes: Na(+)/Cl(-) dependence, appropriate K(m) values for glycine uptake, and appropriate pharmacology, as defined in part by the ability of N-methyl glycine (sarcosine) to competitively inhibit glycine transport. Furthermore, the characteristics of the transporters in the cell lines recapitulate the characteristics of glycine transporters observed in tissue preparations. We developed a sarcosine derivative, (R)-(N-[3-(4'-fluorophenyl)-3-(4'-phenylphenoxy)propyl])sarcosine (ALX 5407), and examined its activity against the cloned glycine transporters. ALX 5407 completely inhibited glycine transport in the GlyT1 cells, with an IC(50) value of 3 nM, but had little or no activity at the human GlyT2 transporter, at other binding sites for glycine, or at other neurotransmitter transporters. The inhibition of glycine transport was essentially irreversible. ALX 5407 represents a novel tool in the investigation of N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor function. This class of drug may lead to novel therapies in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Atkinson
- Allelix Neuroscience, Inc., Cranbury, New Jersey, USA.
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20
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Atkinson BN, Minneman KP. Preferential desensitization of beta- versus alpha 2-adrenergic receptors accelerates loss of response to norepinephrine in primary glial cultures. Mol Pharmacol 1992; 41:688-94. [PMID: 1349153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of norepinephrine (NE) on cAMP accumulation in primary glial cultures is mediated by two functionally opposing receptor subtypes. beta-Adrenergic receptor activation increases cAMP formation, whereas simultaneous alpha 2-adrenergic receptor activation partially inhibits this effect. We compared desensitization of these two responses during exposure to selective agonists or NE. Pretreatment with the beta-selective agonist isoproterenol (ISO) decreased responses to ISO, ISO plus the alpha 2-selective agonist UK 14,304 (UK), and NE. However, ISO plus UK and NE responses decreased more, relative to their control values, than did responses to ISO alone. Pretreatment with UK increased cAMP responses to both ISO and forskolin (sensitization), with little effect on alpha 2-mediated inhibition of these responses. Pretreatment with NE caused effects similar to those of both ISO and UK pretreatment. NE pretreatment decreased responses to ISO, ISO plus UK, and NE, sensitized responses to forskolin, and had little effect on alpha 2-mediated inhibition. Thus, chronic agonist exposure desensitizes beta-adrenergic receptors more rapidly and at much lower concentrations than alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in these cultures. The continuing alpha 2 inhibition during diminishing beta stimulation functionally accelerates the loss of the NE response.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Atkinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Atkinson BN, Minneman KP. Occupancy-response relationships for beta- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors exerting opposing effects on cAMP production. Receptor 1992; 2:195-206. [PMID: 1361869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
In primary glial cultures, norepinephrine (NE) activates both beta-adrenergic receptors to increase cAMP formation and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors to partially inhibit this response. We used selective alkylating agents to compare the concentration-dependence and receptor reserves for activation of each subtype. Partial inactivation of beta-receptors with alkylating pindolol (BIM) caused a slight decrease in the potency of isoproterenol (ISO) in increasing cAMP accumulation and a progressive decrease in maximum response. The KA for ISO was 9.8 +/- 2 nM, with a 2-3-fold beta-receptor reserve. BIM pretreatment decreased the maximal response to NE without significantly altering its apparent EC50 (41 +/- 6.7 nM). Partial inactivation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors with EEDQ increased the maximal response to NE without significantly altering its apparent EC50 (41 +/- 6.2 nM). NE inhibited the cAMP response to ISO with an apparent EC50 of 38 +/- 1.2 nM. EEDQ pretreatment reduced inhibition of the ISO response by both NE and the alpha 2-agonist UK 14,304, and inhibition of the forskolin response by UK 14,304. EEDQ pretreatment caused only a small decrease in potency for the alpha 2-agonists. The KA for NE in inhibiting the ISO response was 120 +/- 30 nM, indicating a 2-3-fold alpha 2-receptor reserve. These results suggest that NE has similar affinities and receptor reserves for beta- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in this system, and activates and inhibits adenylate cyclase at the same agonist concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Atkinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Atkinson BN, Minneman KP. Multiple adrenergic receptor subtypes controlling cyclic AMP formation: comparison of brain slices and primary neuronal and glial cultures. J Neurochem 1991; 56:587-95. [PMID: 1671087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The adrenergic receptor subtypes involved in cyclic AMP responses to norepinephrine (NE) were compared between slices of rat cerebral cortex and primary neuronal and glial cultures from rat brain. In neuronal cultures, NE and the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (ISO) caused similar increases in cyclic AMP, which were not altered by the alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine. In glial cultures, NE caused a much smaller cyclic AMP response than did ISO, and this difference was reversed by alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists (phentolamine greater than yohimbine greater than prazosin). alpha 2-Adrenergic receptor agonists partially inhibited the ISO response in glial cultures to a level similar to that observed with NE alone (clonidine = UK 14,304 greater than NE greater than 6-fluoro-NE greater than epinephrine). In slices from cerebral cortex, NE caused a much larger increase in cyclic AMP than did ISO, and this difference was reversed by alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists with a different order of potency (prazosin greater than phentolamine greater than yohimbine). alpha 1-Adrenergic receptor agonists potentiated the response to ISO to a level similar to that observed with NE alone (epinephrine = NE greater than phenylephrine greater than 6-fluoro-NE greater than methoxamine). In all three tissue preparations, large responses to both alpha 1-receptor activation (increases in inositol phosphate accumulation) and alpha 2-receptor activation (decreases in forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation) were observed. These data indicate that all of the major adrenergic receptor subtypes (beta, alpha 1, alpha 2) are present in each tissue preparation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Atkinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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