1
|
Bisoffi Z, Varani S, Granozzi B, Longoni SS, Ortalli M. A rapid test using a single drop of blood to screen for schistosomiasis in non-endemic countries. Lancet Microbe 2024:S2666-5247(24)00105-8. [PMID: 38754460 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(24)00105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeno Bisoffi
- IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy
| | - Stefania Varani
- Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bianca Granozzi
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Margherita Ortalli
- Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Todeschini R, Musti MA, Pandolfi P, Troncatti M, Baldini M, Resi D, Natalini S, Bergamini F, Galletti G, Santi A, Rossi A, Rugna G, Granozzi B, Attard L, Gaspari V, Liguori G, Ortalli M, Varani S. Re-emergence of human leishmaniasis in northern Italy, 2004 to 2022: a retrospective analysis. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2300190. [PMID: 38275016 PMCID: PMC10986649 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.4.2300190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHuman leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease transmitted by sand flies and endemic in the Mediterranean region. In Italy, leishmaniasis is present in the south and the western coastal regions, with an epidemic peak detected in northern Italy in the early 1970s.AimTo examine temporal trends, and demographic, clinical, geographical and environmental features of human leishmaniasis cases recorded by the local health unit (LHU) of Bologna, northern Italy.MethodsIn this retrospective observational study, we analysed human leishmaniasis cases recorded from 2004 to 2022 within the Bologna LHU. We also conducted serological investigations for canine leishmaniasis in owned dogs living near the place of infection of human cases.ResultsIn total, 173 cases of human leishmaniasis were detected, and 154 cases were considered autochthonous. An increase of human cases was observed since 2004, with incidence peaks above 2 cases/100,000 inhabitants in 2013, 2018 and 2022; epidemic peaks were preceded by dry summers. Most cases lived in the plain and hilly areas less than 400 m above sea level and many resided in isolated housing, in city outskirts, and/or near uncultivated areas, watercourses and railway sections. The incidence of canine leishmaniasis did not increase in the study period.ConclusionAn epidemic of human leishmaniasis with fluctuating annual numbers of cases, probably related to environmental and climatic factors, was identified in the Bologna LHU. Understanding the risk factors and the environmental characteristics related to places of infection is crucial to evaluate the public health implications of leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paolo Pandolfi
- Department of Public Health, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Morena Baldini
- Department of Public Health, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Resi
- Department of Public Health, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Federica Bergamini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Galletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Rugna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Bianca Granozzi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciano Attard
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Gaspari
- Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Liguori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Microbiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita Ortalli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Microbiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Varani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Microbiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vetrugno L, Castaldo N, Fantin A, Deana C, Cortegiani A, Longhini F, Forfori F, Cammarota G, Grieco DL, Isola M, Navalesi P, Maggiore SM, Bassetti M, Chetta A, Confalonieri M, De Martino M, Ferrari G, Francisi D, Luzzati R, Meini S, Scozzafava M, Sozio E, Tascini C, Bassi F, Patruno V, De Robertis E, Aldieri C, Ball L, Baratella E, Bartoletti M, Boscolo A, Burgazzi B, Catalanotti V, Confalonieri P, Corcione S, De Rosa FG, De Simoni A, Bono VD, Tria RD, Forlani S, Giacobbe DR, Granozzi B, Labate L, Lococo S, Lupia T, Matellon C, Mehrabi S, Morosi S, Mongodi S, Mura M, Nava S, Pol R, Pettenuzzo T, Quyen NH, Rescigno C, Righi E, Ruaro B, Salton F, Scabini S, Scarda A, Sibani M, Tacconelli E, Tartaglione G, Tazza B, Vania E, Viale P, Vianello A, Visentin A, Zuccon U, Meroi F, Buonsenso D. Ventilatory associated barotrauma in COVID-19 patients: A multicenter observational case control study (COVI-MIX-study). Pulmonology 2023; 29:457-468. [PMID: 36669936 PMCID: PMC9684110 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of barotrauma associated with different types of ventilatory support is unclear in COVID-19 patients. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the different respiratory support strategies on barotrauma occurrence; we also sought to determine the frequency of barotrauma and the clinical characteristics of the patients who experienced this complication. METHODS This multicentre retrospective case-control study from 1 March 2020 to 28 February 2021 included COVID-19 patients who experienced barotrauma during hospital stay. They were matched with controls in a 1:1 ratio for the same admission period in the same ward of treatment. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression (OR) were performed to explore which factors were associated with barotrauma and in-hospital death. RESULTS We included 200 cases and 200 controls. Invasive mechanical ventilation was used in 39.3% of patients in the barotrauma group, and in 20.1% of controls (p<0.001). Receiving non-invasive ventilation (C-PAP/PSV) instead of conventional oxygen therapy (COT) increased the risk of barotrauma (OR 5.04, 95% CI 2.30 - 11.08, p<0.001), similarly for invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 6.24, 95% CI 2.86-13.60, p<0.001). High Flow Nasal Oxygen (HFNO), compared with COT, did not significantly increase the risk of barotrauma. Barotrauma frequency occurred in 1.00% [95% CI 0.88-1.16] of patients; these were older (p=0.022) and more frequently immunosuppressed (p=0.013). Barotrauma was shown to be an independent risk for death (OR 5.32, 95% CI 2.82-10.03, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS C-PAP/PSV compared with COT or HFNO increased the risk of barotrauma; otherwise HFNO did not. Barotrauma was recorded in 1.00% of patients, affecting mainly patients with more severe COVID-19 disease. Barotrauma was independently associated with mortality. TRIAL REGISTRATION this case-control study was prospectively registered in clinicaltrial.gov as NCT04897152 (on 21 May 2021).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Vetrugno
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine and Emergency, SS. Annunziata Hospital, Chieti, Italy; Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Nadia Castaldo
- Pulmonology Unit, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Health Integrated Agency of Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Alberto Fantin
- Pulmonology Unit, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Health Integrated Agency of Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Cristian Deana
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Health Integrated Agency of Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Cortegiani
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Science (Di.Chir.On.S.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Department of Anesthesia Intensive Care and Emergency, Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federico Longhini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Forfori
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, AOUP-Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Cammarota
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Service 2, University Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universiy of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Domenico Luca Grieco
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Catholic University of The Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; Department of Anesthesia, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Isola
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Paolo Navalesi
- Institute of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy; Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maurizio Maggiore
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine and Emergency, SS. Annunziata Hospital, Chieti, Italy; Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino - IRCCS, Genoa, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alfredo Chetta
- Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Confalonieri
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Cattinara, Trieste, Italy; University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Ferrari
- Pneumologia e Unità di Terapia Semi Intensiva Respiratoria, AO Umberto I Mauriziano, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Francisi
- Department of Infectious Disease "S. Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Luzzati
- Infectious Disease Unit, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Simone Meini
- U.O. Medicina Interna, Felice Lotti Hospital, Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest, Pontedera, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Sozio
- Infectious Diseases Division, Health Integrated Agency of Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Tascini
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Infectious Diseases Division, Health Integrated Agency of Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Flavio Bassi
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Health Integrated Agency of Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Patruno
- Pulmonology Unit, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Health Integrated Agency of Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Edoardo De Robertis
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Service 2, University Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universiy of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Aldieri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Croce e Carle, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ball
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS, Genoa, Italy; Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Baratella
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Cattinara, Trieste, Italy; University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Bartoletti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico Sant'Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Boscolo
- Institute of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Burgazzi
- Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Vito Catalanotti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico Sant'Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Confalonieri
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Cattinara, Trieste, Italy; University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Corcione
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Infectious Diseases, City of Health and Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Cardinal Massaia Hospital, Asti, Italy; Infectious Diseases Unit, Cardinal Massaia Hospital, Asti, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Simoni
- Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valerio Del Bono
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Croce e Carle, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Tria
- Pneumologia e Unità di Terapia Semi Intensiva Respiratoria, AO Umberto I Mauriziano, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Forlani
- Pulmonary Medicine Unit, Lodi General Hospital, Lodi, Italy
| | - Daniele Roberto Giacobbe
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino - IRCCS, Genoa, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Bianca Granozzi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico Sant'Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Labate
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino - IRCCS, Genoa, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Lococo
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Lupia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Cardinal Massaia Hospital, Asti, Italy
| | - Carola Matellon
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Health Integrated Agency of Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Sara Mehrabi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Diagnostics and Public Health Department, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sabrina Morosi
- Department of Infectious Disease "S. Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Mongodi
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maddalena Mura
- U.O. Medicina Interna, Felice Lotti Hospital, Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Stefano Nava
- Department of Clinical, Integrated and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, Sant Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pol
- Infectious Disease Unit, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pettenuzzo
- Institute of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Nguyen Hoang Quyen
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carolina Rescigno
- UOC Malattie Infettive ad Indirizzo Neurologico, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, P.O. "D. Cotugno", Naples, Italy
| | - Elda Righi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Ruaro
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Cattinara, Trieste, Italy; University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Salton
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Cattinara, Trieste, Italy; University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Scabini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Infectious Diseases, City of Health and Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Angelo Scarda
- Respiratory Disease Unit, "Santa Maria degli Angeli" Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Marcella Sibani
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Evelina Tacconelli
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gennaro Tartaglione
- Respiratory Disease Unit, "Santa Maria degli Angeli" Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Beatrice Tazza
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico Sant'Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vania
- Infectious Diseases Division, Health Integrated Agency of Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico Sant'Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Vianello
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Visentin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Zuccon
- Respiratory Disease Unit, "Santa Maria degli Angeli" Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | | | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Busutti M, Deni A, De Pascali AM, Ortalli M, Attard L, Granozzi B, Fabbrizio B, La Manna G, Comai G, Varani S. Updated diagnosis and graft involvement for visceral leishmaniasis in kidney transplant recipients: a case report and literature review. Infection 2022; 51:507-518. [PMID: 36329343 PMCID: PMC10042904 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has become a rising concern to transplantation teams, being associated with graft dysfunction and reduced survival of renal transplant recipients. Here, we describe a case of VL occurring in a kidney transplant (KT) recipient in Italy, a country in which Leishmania infantum is endemic and we reviewed the literature on the clinical course and diagnosis of VL in KT recipients residing or travelling to southern Europe.
Results
The VL case was diagnosed 18 months after transplant and 28 days after the onset of symptoms by quantitative PCR (qPCR) on peripheral blood. A graft biopsy showed renal involvement, and PCR performed on graft tissue displayed the presence of Leishmania DNA. The retrospective confirmation of Leishmania-positive serology in a serum sample collected before transplantation, as well as the absence of anti-Leishmania IgG in the graft donor strongly suggest that reactivation of a latent parasitic infection caused VL in the current case.
Conclusion
VL is often underdiagnosed in transplant recipients, despite the presence of latent Leishmania infection being reported in endemic countries. This case report, as well as the literature review on leishmaniasis in KT recipients, underline the importance of rapid VL diagnosis to promptly undergo treatment. Serology is scarcely sensitive in immunocompromised patients, thus molecular tests in peripheral blood should be implemented and standardized for both VL identification and follow-up.
Collapse
|
5
|
Granozzi B, Bisognin F, Tadolini M, Lombardi G, Zangoli E, Salvi D, Dormi A, Dal Monte P. IGRA test for TB in COVID-19: role of corticosteroids. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2022; 26:1088-1091. [PMID: 36281053 PMCID: PMC9621302 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.22.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. Granozzi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna,
Italy
| | - F. Bisognin
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Tadolini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna,
Italy
| | - G. Lombardi
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E. Zangoli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Respiratory and Critical care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - D. Salvi
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Dormi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - P. Dal Monte
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Taglieri N, Bonfiglioli R, Bon I, Malosso P, Corovic A, Bruno M, Le E, Granozzi B, Palmerini T, Ghetti G, Tamburello M, Bruno AG, Saia F, Tarkin JM, Rudd JHF, Calza L, Fanti S, Re MC, Galié N. Pattern of arterial inflammation and inflammatory markers in people living with HIV compared with uninfected people. J Nucl Cardiol 2022; 29:1566-1575. [PMID: 33569752 PMCID: PMC9345795 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-020-02522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN To compare arterial inflammation (AI) between people living with HIV (PLWH) and uninfected people as assessed by 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS We prospectively enrolled 20 PLWH and 20 uninfected people with no known cardiovascular disease and at least 3 traditional cardiovascular risk factors. All patients underwent 18F-FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT) of the thorax and neck. Biomarkers linked to inflammation and atherosclerosis were also determined. The primary outcome was AI in ascending aorta (AA) measured as mean maximum target-to-background ratio (TBRmax). The independent relationships between HIV status and both TBRmax and biomarkers were evaluated by multivariable linear regression adjusted for body mass index, creatinine, statin therapy, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular 10-year estimated risk (ASCVD). RESULTS Unadjusted mean TBRmax in AA was slightly higher but not statistically different (P = .18) in PLWH (2.07; IQR 1.97, 2.32]) than uninfected people (2.01; IQR 1.85, 2.16]). On multivariable analysis, PLWH had an independent risk of increased mean log-TBRmax in AA (coef = 0.12; 95%CI 0.01,0.22; P = .032). HIV infection was independently associated with higher values of interleukin-10 (coef = 0.83; 95%CI 0.34, 1.32; P = .001), interferon-γ (coef. = 0.90; 95%CI 0.32, 1.47; P = .003), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (coef. = 0.75; 95%CI: 0.42, 1.08, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS In patients with high cardiovascular risk, HIV status was an independent predictor of increased TBRmax in AA. PLWH also had an increased independent risk of IFN-γ, IL-10, and VCAM-1 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Taglieri
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico di St.Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Rachele Bonfiglioli
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico di St. Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabella Bon
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico di St. Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Malosso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinics of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico di St. Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrej Corovic
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matteo Bruno
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico di St.Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Le
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bianca Granozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinics of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico di St. Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tullio Palmerini
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico di St.Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ghetti
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico di St.Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Tamburello
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico di St. Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Giulio Bruno
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico di St.Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Saia
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico di St.Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jason M Tarkin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James H F Rudd
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leonardo Calza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinics of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico di St. Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Fanti
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico di St. Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Re
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico di St. Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Galié
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico di St.Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Granozzi B, Bisognin F, Lombardi G, Dal Monte P, Tadolini M. TB mortality in low-incidence countries: can we reduce it further? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2022; 26:467-469. [PMID: 35505488 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.22.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B Granozzi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Bisognin
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Lombardi
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - P Dal Monte
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Tadolini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Granozzi B, Guardigni V, Badia L, Rosselli Del Turco E, Zuppiroli A, Tazza B, Malosso P, Pieralli S, Viale P, Verucchi G. Out-of-Hospital Treatment of Hepatitis C Increases Retention in Care among People Who Inject Drugs and Homeless Persons: An Observational Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214955. [PMID: 34768474 PMCID: PMC8584608 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. People who inject drugs (PWID) and homeless people represent now a large reservoir of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, Hepatis C elimination programs can barely reach these subgroups of patients. We aimed to evaluate and compare the retention in care among these difficult-to-treat patients when managed for HCV in hospital or in an out-of-hospital setting. Methods. In our retrospective study, we categorized the included patients (PWID and homeless persons) into two groups according to whether anti-HCV treatment was offered and provided in a hospital or an out-of-hospital setting. We run logistic regressions to evaluate factors associated with retention in care (defined as the completion of direct antiviral agents (DAAs) therapy). Results. We included 56 patients in our study: 27 were in the out-of-hospital group. Overall, 33 patients completed DAAs therapy. A higher rate of retention in care was observed in the out-of-hospital group rather than in-hospital group (p = 0.001). At the univariate analysis, retention in care was associated with the out-of-hospital management (p = 0.002) and with a shorter time between the first visit and the scheduled start of DAAs (p = 0.003). Conclusions. The choice of treatment models that can better adapt to difficult-to-treat populations, such as an out-of-hospital approach, will be important for achieving the eradication of HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Granozzi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (L.B.); (E.R.D.T.); (A.Z.); (B.T.); (P.M.); (P.V.); (G.V.)
| | - Viola Guardigni
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (L.B.); (E.R.D.T.); (A.Z.); (B.T.); (P.M.); (P.V.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-333-4502053
| | - Lorenzo Badia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (L.B.); (E.R.D.T.); (A.Z.); (B.T.); (P.M.); (P.V.); (G.V.)
| | - Elena Rosselli Del Turco
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (L.B.); (E.R.D.T.); (A.Z.); (B.T.); (P.M.); (P.V.); (G.V.)
| | - Alberto Zuppiroli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (L.B.); (E.R.D.T.); (A.Z.); (B.T.); (P.M.); (P.V.); (G.V.)
| | - Beatrice Tazza
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (L.B.); (E.R.D.T.); (A.Z.); (B.T.); (P.M.); (P.V.); (G.V.)
| | - Pietro Malosso
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (L.B.); (E.R.D.T.); (A.Z.); (B.T.); (P.M.); (P.V.); (G.V.)
| | | | - Pierluigi Viale
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (L.B.); (E.R.D.T.); (A.Z.); (B.T.); (P.M.); (P.V.); (G.V.)
| | - Gabriella Verucchi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (L.B.); (E.R.D.T.); (A.Z.); (B.T.); (P.M.); (P.V.); (G.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Calza L, Colangeli V, Borderi M, Testi D, Granozzi B, Bon I, Re MC, Viale P. Simplification to dual therapy containing lamivudine and raltegravir or dolutegravir in HIV-infected patients on virologically suppressive antiretroviral therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:3327-3333. [PMID: 32728708 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral dual regimens including lamivudine and one boosted PI or dolutegravir are warranted in order to optimize combination ART (cART), prevent long-term toxicity and reduce the cost of treatments. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that a maintenance dual regimen of lamivudine plus raltegravir would be effective and as well tolerated as the dual maintenance combination of lamivudine plus dolutegravir. METHODS We performed an observational, retrospective study of HIV-infected patients on suppressive ART who switched to a dual regimen containing lamivudine 300 mg once daily plus raltegravir 1200 mg once daily or dolutegravir 50 mg once daily. RESULTS In total, 109 patients (79 men; mean age 46.4 years; mean CD4+ T lymphocyte count 605 cells/mm3) were enrolled. Overall, 50 subjects switched to lamivudine plus raltegravir (Group A) and 59 to lamivudine plus dolutegravir (Group B). After 12 months, 45 patients (90%) in Group A and 52 (88.1%) in Group B had HIV RNA <20 copies/mL. No patients had severe adverse effects in either group, and the percentages of patients with mild adverse effects were comparable, except for a higher incidence of headache and sleeping disturbances in Group B than in Group A (30.5% versus 14%, P < 0.001). A comparable and non-significant weight increase was reported in both groups (+1.91 kg in Group A and +2.28 kg in Group B). CONCLUSIONS In our study, dual therapies containing lamivudine plus raltegravir or dolutegravir in virologically suppressed patients showed high and comparable efficacy, as well as good tolerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Calza
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, 'Alma Mater Studiorum' University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Colangeli
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, 'Alma Mater Studiorum' University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Borderi
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, 'Alma Mater Studiorum' University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diletta Testi
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, 'Alma Mater Studiorum' University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bianca Granozzi
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, 'Alma Mater Studiorum' University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabella Bon
- Unit of Microbiology, 'Alma Mater Studiorum' University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Re
- Unit of Microbiology, 'Alma Mater Studiorum' University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, 'Alma Mater Studiorum' University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guardigni V, Granozzi B, Badia L, Galli S, Bon I, Verucchi G. HBsAg seroreversion in HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive patients with HIV infection treated with direct-acting antivirals for HCV: A retrospective study. Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:466-469. [PMID: 32081621 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viola Guardigni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Bianca Granozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Badia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Galli
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Isabella Bon
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Verucchi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Calza L, Borderi M, Granozzi B, Malosso P, Pancaldi L, Bon I, Re MC. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-1-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy. HIV Res Clin Pract 2020; 20:131-139. [PMID: 32065065 DOI: 10.1080/25787489.2020.1724749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Vitamin D insufficiency has been associated with faster progression of atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular disease risk, but limited data are available in HIV-infected people. So, we examined potential correlation between vitamin D status and atherosclerosis in people living with HIV.Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed including adult HIV-infected patients on stable antiretroviral therapy, aged 40-60 years, and with a recent carotid ultrasonography. Subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as a carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) ≥0.9 mm at any site. Patients with diabetes mellitus or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease were excluded.Results: On the whole, 188 patients were enrolled: 86.2% were men and the mean age was 49.1 years. The mean CD4 T lymphocyte count was 567 cells/mm3, 176 (93.6%) had plasma HIV RNA <20 copies/mL, 51.1% were smoker, 29.2% had hypertension, 27.7% metabolic syndrome, and 44.7% LDL cholesterol >150 mg/dL. The mean serum concentration of vitamin D was 35.2 ng/mL, and 84 (44.6%) patients had a vitamin D insufficiency (<30 ng/mL). Subclinical atherosclerosis was reported in 105 (55.8%) and the mean vitamin D concentration was significantly lower among patients with subclinical atherosclerosis than among those without (18.2 vs 41.3 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Moreover, the multivariate linear regression analysis adjusted by confounding factors showed an independent association between subclinical atherosclerosis and vitamin D insufficiency, age >50 years, smoking, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, higher BMI, higher LDL cholesterol, longer duration of HIV infection, lower nadir CD4 cell count, and longer exposure to boosted protease inhibitors.Conclusion: In our study, vitamin D insufficiency is significantly associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, so its role in HIV-associated cardiovascular disease should be further evaluated as a possible target for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Calza
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Alma Mater Studiorum" University of Bologna, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Borderi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Alma Mater Studiorum" University of Bologna, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bianca Granozzi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Alma Mater Studiorum" University of Bologna, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Malosso
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Alma Mater Studiorum" University of Bologna, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Livia Pancaldi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Alma Mater Studiorum" University of Bologna, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabella Bon
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Alma Mater Studiorum" University of Bologna, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Re
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Alma Mater Studiorum" University of Bologna, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Calza L, Borderi M, Colangeli V, Borioni A, Coladonato S, Granozzi B, Viale P. No progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients starting an initial regimen including tenofovir alafenamide/emtricitabine plus raltegravir, dolutegravir or elvitegravir/cobicistat during a two-year follow-up. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019; 52:249-256. [PMID: 31876437 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2019.1707279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Cardiovascular disease has become one of the most common comorbidities among HIV-infected patients, but available data about the correlation between antiretroviral drugs and progression rate of atherosclerotic disease are still limited. We evaluated the progression rate of carotid atherosclerosis in patients starting an initial antiretroviral regimen including one integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI).Methods: Observational, prospective study involving HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral therapy-naive, adult patients who started an antiretroviral regimen including tenofovir alafenamide/emtricitabine (TAF/FTC) plus raltegravir (RAL group), elvitegravir/cobicistat (EVG/c group), or dolutegravir (DTG group). Patients with known cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus were excluded from the study. The progression rate of atherosclerosis has been assessed by carotid Doppler ultrasonography at baseline and after 24 months.Results: Overall, 102 patients were enrolled into the study: 73 males, with mean age of 48.7 years: 32, 36 and 34 patients were included in the RAL, EVG/c and DTG groups, respectively. The baseline features of the enrolled patients were comparable across the three groups. At 24 months, the mean intima-media thickness (IMT) increase at the carotid bifurcation was 0.026 mm in the RAL group, 0.029 mm in EVG/c group and 0.032 mm in DTG group. The mean IMT increases after 24 months were comparable across the three groups and statistically not significant in all the evaluated anatomical sites.Conclusions: The initial antiretroviral therapy with TAF/FTC plus RAL, EVG/c or DTG for 24 months led to a comparable and not significant effect on the progression rate of carotid atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Calza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, "Alma Mater Studiorum", University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Borderi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, "Alma Mater Studiorum", University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Colangeli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, "Alma Mater Studiorum", University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aurora Borioni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, "Alma Mater Studiorum", University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Coladonato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, "Alma Mater Studiorum", University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bianca Granozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, "Alma Mater Studiorum", University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, "Alma Mater Studiorum", University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|