Hipoplasia del lóbulo hepático izquierdo asintomático, hallazgo transquirúrgico, tomográfico y patológico Presentación de una rara entidad

Background: Abnormalities of liver morphology are rare, divided into two categories: those resulting from overgrowth of liver tissue, such as the Riedel lobe and other accessory lobes, and those with poor liver development include agenesis, hypoplasia and aplasia of the hepatic lobes. Presentation of the case: 57-year-old man, subjected to laparoscopic programmed inguinal surgery, finding liver hypoplasia. Conclusions: Hepatic hypoplasia is rare, has no symptoms or long-term clinical repercussions, is usually an incidental finding during an imaging study or during an abdominal surgical procedure.

Surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis in patients with confirmed COVID-19: Ten case reports and review of literature

BACKGROUND

Research concerning postoperative outcomes of confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients revealed unfavorable postoperative results with increased morbidity, pulmonary complications and mortality. Case reports have suggested that COVID-19 is associated with more aggressive presentation of acute cholecystitis. The aim of the present study is to describe the perioperative assessment and postoperative outcomes of ten patients with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection with concomitant acute cholecystitis who underwent cholecystectomy.

CASE SUMMARY

We report a total of 10 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients with concomitant acute cholecystitis that underwent cholecystectomy. Six patients were males, the mean age was 47.1 years. Nine patients had moderate acute cholecystitis, and one patient had severe acute cholecystitis. All patients were treated with urgent/early laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Regarding the Parkland grading scale, two patients received a Parkland grade of 3, two patients received a Parkland grade of 4, and six patients received a Parkland grade of 5. Eight patients required a bail-out procedure. Four patients developed biliary leakage and required endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with biliary sphincterotomy. After surgery, five patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. One patient died after cholecystectomy due to ARDS complications. The mean total length of stay (LOS) was 18.2 d. The histopathology demonstrated transmural necrosis (n = 5), vessel obliteration with ischemia (n = 3), perforation (n = 3), and acute peritonitis (n = 10).

CONCLUSION

COVID-19 patients with acute cholecystitis had difficult cholecystectomies, high rates of ICU admission, and a prolonged LOS.

Laparoscopic appendectomy in complicated appendicitis with compromised appendix base: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Patients with compromised appendix base constitute a subgroup of patients with complicated appendicitis, and there is few available information.

OBJECTIVE

To study the frequency of stump leaks and fistulae in patients with complicated appendicitis with compromised stump.

METHOD

This is an observational, retrospective study of patients that underwent laparoscopic appendectomy with compromised appendix stump.

RESULTS

From 2015 to 2019, 158 patients with complicated appendicitis were operated, of them 54 had compromised base or stump. There were 66.7% men, with a mean age of 38.7 years. For stump closure, a simple knot was employed in 57.4%, and in 42.6% an invaginated suture was employed. Regarding complications, 16.7% developed intraabdominal abscess, 7.4% ileus and 7.4% had wound infection. We found one stump leak and one stump fistula. The mean length of stay was 5.4 days (range: 1-20). There were 5 reoperations, 4 for abscess drainage and 1 for stump leak.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with acute complicated appendicitis with compromised appendicular base, laparoscopic surgery either with simple knot or with invaginated suture resulted in low frequency of stump leaks and fistula.

Sarcopenia predicts worse postoperative outcomes and decreased survival rates in patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Previous studies have shown an association of sarcopenia with adverse short- and long-term outcomes in multiple gastrointestinal cancer types. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of sarcopenia on the postoperative outcomes and survival rates of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. We included studies that compared postoperative outcomes or survival rates in sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients with CRC.

RESULTS

A total of 44 observational studies, comprising 18,891 patients, were included. The pooled prevalence of sarcopenia was 37% (n = 7009). The pooled analysis revealed an association between sarcopenia and higher risk of total postoperative complications (23 studies, OR = 1.84; 95% CI 1.35-2.49), postoperative severe complications (OR = 1.72; 95% CI 1.10-2.68), postoperative mortality (OR = 3.21; 95% CI 2.01-5.11), postoperative infections (OR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.12-1.76), postoperative cardiopulmonary complications (OR = 2.92; 95% CI 1.96-4.37), and prolonged length of stay (MD = 0.77; 95% CI 0.44-1.11) after colorectal cancer surgery. However, anastomotic leakage showed comparable occurrence between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients (OR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.72 to 1.36). Regarding survival outcomes, sarcopenic patients had significantly shorter overall survival (25 studies, HR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.57-2.14), disease-free survival (HR = 1.55; 95% CI = 1.29-1.88), and cancer-specific survival (HR = 1.77; 95% CI 1.40-2.23) as compared with non-sarcopenic patients.

CONCLUSION

Among patients with colorectal cancer, sarcopenia is a strong predictor of increased postoperative complications and worse survival outcomes.

Ambulatory versus conventional laparoscopic appendectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Ambulatory laparoscopic appendectomy has gained popularity due to the improved understanding of patient selection criteria, the application of enhanced recovery pathways, and the potential for improving healthcare resource utilization. The aim of the review was to compare the morbidity and readmission rates between ambulatory and conventional laparoscopic appendectomy (LA).

METHODS

A systematic search was undertaken using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science. Studies from 2014 to 2018, on adult patients undergoing ambulatory LA, were considered. Meta-analyses were conducted to pool the total number of complications and readmission events in the ambulatory and conventional groups.

RESULTS

A total of 5 studies met our inclusion criteria accounting for 7079 total of patients with acute appendicitis treated by ambulatory LA and 6370 patients treated by conventional LA. We included four observational studies (two prospective and two retrospective) and one randomized controlled trial. Length of stay was significantly lower in the ambulatory group (mean difference = - 15.63 h, 95% CI = - 21.78 to - 9.49, P = < 0.00001). The relative risk (RR) of reoperation was 0.49 (95% CI = 0.12-1.95, P = 0.31). The results demonstrated a pooled RR of overall morbidity of 0.79 (95% CI = 0.65-0.97, P = 0.02) and a pooled RR of readmission of 0.72 (95% CI = 0.59-0.88, P = 0.002), both results favoring the ambulatory LA group.

CONCLUSION

There is a lack of high-quality comparative studies making conclusive recommendations not possible at this time. Based on current data, ambulatory LA may be safe and feasible as compared with conventional LA.

Oclusión intestinal por íleo biliar, tratamiento quirúrgico

En el servicio de Cirugía General y Endoscópica se presentó una rara complicación de la colecistitis crónica litiásica, cuya resolución implicó intervención quirúrgica. De ahí la importancia de realizar un diagnóstico mediante una revisión exhaustiva de los datos clínicos

A New Era of Bile Duct Repair: Robotic-Assisted Versus Laparoscopic Hepaticojejunostomy

BACKGROUND

Despite scientific evidence of the safety, efficacy, and in some cases superiority of minimally invasive surgery in hepato-pancreato-biliary procedures, there are scarce publications about bile duct repairs. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of robotic-assisted surgery versus laparoscopic surgery on bile duct repair in patients with post-cholecystectomy bile duct injury.

METHODS

This is a retrospective comparative study of our prospectively collected database of patients with bile duct injury who underwent robotic or laparoscopic hepaticojejunostomy.

RESULTS

Seventy-five bile duct repairs (40 by laparoscopic and 35 by robotic-assisted surgery) were treated from 2012 to 2018. Injury types were as follows: E1 (7.5% vs. 14.3%), E2 (22.5% vs. 14.3%), E3 (40% vs. 42.9%), E4 (22.5% vs. 28.6%), and E5 (7.5% vs. 0), for laparoscopic hepaticojejunostomy (LHJ) and robotic-assisted hepaticojejunostomy (RHJ) respectively. The overall morbidity rate was similar (LHJ 27.5% vs. RHJ 22.8%, P = 0.644), during an overall median follow-up of 28 (14-50) months. In the LHJ group, the actuarial primary patency rate was 92.5% during a median follow-up of 49 (43.2-56.8) months. While in the RHJ group, the actuarial primary patency rate was 100%, during a median follow-up of 16 (12-22) months. The overall primary patency rate was 96% (LHJ 92.5% vs. RHJ 100%, log-rank P = 0.617).

CONCLUSION

Our results showed that the robotic approach is similar to the laparoscopic regarding safety and efficacy in attaining primary patency for bile duct repair.

Intraoperative endoscopy prevents technical defect related leaks in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: A randomized control trial

BACKGROUND

Postoperative anastomotic leaks, bleeding and stenosis are major causes of morbidity after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). Retrospective studies suggest that intraoperative endoscopy reduces the incidence of these complications.

METHODS

We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial in a single institution between March 2013 and January 2016. Patients were assigned to one of two groups: LRYGB with Intraoperative Endoscopy (IOE) or LRYGB without IOE. Patient selection criteria were morbidly obese patients, 18 years or older who were candidates to LRYGB. The primary outcome was the frequency of technical defect related anastomotic leaks. Secondary outcomes were operative time, length of hospital stay, anastomotic related complications, reoperations and 30-day mortality.

RESULTS

50 patients were randomly assigned in the IOE group and 50 in the control group. The IOE group had statistically significant lower rate of anastomotic leak (0 vs. 8%, p = .0412), and lower need for reoperation (0 vs. 8%, p = .0412). The IOE group had longer operative time (194.10 vs. 159 min, p < .001), and shorter mean length of hospital stay (2.44 vs. 3.46 days, p = .025). No differences were found in the rate of bleeding of the anastomosis, narrow anastomosis and 30-day mortality.

CONCLUSION

This study specifically provides evidence that air leak test performed by intraoperative endoscopy is superior to simple visual inspection in preventing technical defect related leaks after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Laparoscopic Versus Open Surgery for Abdominal Trauma: A Case-Matched Study

BACKGROUND

The use of laparoscopic surgery in abdominal emergencies, such as in trauma, has had a slow acceptance. The advantages described with this approach include less postoperative pain, faster recovery, quicker return to everyday activities, and fewer wound complications. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare outcomes following laparoscopic versus open surgery for abdominal trauma (either blunt or penetrating).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nineteen patients with abdominal trauma who underwent laparoscopic surgery from January 2013 to May 2016 were compared with 19 patients undergoing open surgery during the same time period. Patients were matched (1:1) for age, gender, body-mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, hemodynamic stability, and injury mechanism. Intra- and postoperative variables were compared between groups.

RESULTS

Laparoscopic group displayed a significantly shorter operative time (93.3 versus 134.2 minutes; P < .009), lower estimated blood loss (100 versus 600 mL; P < .019), faster return to normal diet (1.6 versus 2.4 days; P < .039), and shorter hospital length of stay (LOS) (3.8 versus. 5.6 days; P < .042). There were no statistical significant differences in 30-day mortality between both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Laparoscopic surgery for abdominal trauma, either blunt or penetrating, is safe and technically feasible in hemodynamically stable patients. We found in our study that laparoscopic surgery was associated with shorter operative time, lower estimated blood loss, faster return to normal diet, and shorter hospital LOS.

[Skills comparison using a 2D vs. 3D laparoscopic simulator]

BACKGROUND

The development and application of 3D images in laparoscopic surgery has brought the benefit of in-depth perception that traditional laparoscopic surgery lacked. Previous studies in surgical populations have demonstrated the advantages of 3D technology. To limit bias of the previous experiences of participants, this study was performed in a population without any experience in this area.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An experimental, open, cross-sectional, comparative study between surgical skills achievements using 2D and a 3D laparoscopy equipment, using each subject as their own control. Six skills were evaluated in 2D and 3D modalities.

RESULTS

Of the 40 participants included, 20 began the skills in the 2D modality and then performed them in 3D, and the other 20 began in 3D. Of the 118 skills evaluated there was a time improvement in 72% in the 3D group compared to 37% in the 2D modality (P=.000). The accomplishment percentage using the 3D laparoscopy was greater for both groups. There was a statistically significant difference in the better time for the 3D performed tasks. Just over half (52.5%) of participants preferred 3D laparoscopy, 15% preferred 2D, and 32.5% had no preferences.

DISCUSSION

As other studies have demonstrated, there was improvement in the overall performance using the 3D laparoscope. Bias was limited by using a population without surgical experience.

CONCLUSIONS

3D laparoscopic surgical skills showed superior to 2D, with higher percentages of tasks completion, less time in performing them, and a shorter learning curve.

[Robotic surgery]

Medicine has experienced greater scientific and technological advances in the last 50 years than in the rest of human history. The article describes relevant events, revises concepts and advantages and clinical applications, summarizes published clinical results, and presents some personal reflections without giving dogmatic conclusions about robotic surgery. The Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) defines robotic surgery as a surgical procedure using technology to aid the interaction between surgeon and patient. The objective of the surgical robot is to correct human deficiencies and improve surgical skills. The capacity of repeating tasks with precision and reproducibility has been the base of the robot´s success. Robotic technology offers objective and measurable advantages: - Improving maneuverability and physical capacity during surgery. - Correcting bad postural habits and tremor. - Allowing depth perception (3D images). - Magnifying strength and movement limits. - Offering a platform for sensors, cameras, and instruments. Endoscopic surgery transformed conceptually the way of practicing surgery. Nevertheless in the last decade, robotic assisted surgery has become the next paradigm of our era.

[Sigmoid diverticulitis in adolescent. Case report]

BACKGROUND

Few cases have been reported in children and adolescents of sigmoid diverticulitis. Most of the case reports in medical literature are associated with true congenital diverticula and genetic diseases of collagen synthesis.

CLINICAL CASE

13 year-old female who was admitted to General and Endoscopic Surgery service with diagnosis of complicated appendicitis. Laparotomy was performed finding complicated sigmoid diverticular disease. Lavage, sigmoidectomy and primary anastomosis were performed. The histopathological findings reported a perforated pseudo-diverticulum of the sigmoid colon with peritonitis. The patient was discharged 72 hours after surgery and no complications were reported.

CONCLUSION

There are only case reports about colonic diverticulitis in children and adolescents, and its etiology has not yet been well established. This patient had sigmoid pseudo-diverticula and did not present genetic concomitant disease. This case is an exception to data reported on literature about diverticular disease in this population.

[Contributions of Herodotus to surgery within the historiographic analysis of his Histories]

During the splendor of Athens, Herodotus of Helicarnasus develops his life and work in the V century B.C. that led him to be considered the father of history. The available knowledge of ancient medicine and surgery is based on the descriptions of authors such as Homer, Herodotus, Hippocrates, and Plinius. Herodotus, a contemporary of Hippocrates, in his Histories, defines the limit between the epic narratives of Homer and the beginning of scientific history based on observation, reflection, and analysis. He develops an erudite, objective, and clear narrative of facts that allow him to discover the causes in order to determine their consequences in society. He describes the magic-religious model of the health-disease process, etiology, diagnostic methods, and treatment for diseases in ancient towns. He makes a description of Egyptian medicine, particularly about medical specialization, embalmment, and common diseases. He emphasizes surgical procedures: circumcision, castration, amputations of ears, nose and hands, ocular evisceration and mastectomies (punishments) and describes traumatic wounds, their prognosis and treatment. He also mentions the names and actions of the most famous physicians of the time. Herodotus lived the cultural decadence of Ionia, his native land, at the time of economic and intellectual hegemony of Athens. His work is universal and has the purposes of projection to the future and to seek causes.