1
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Duke R, McCoy R, Risko C, Bursten JRS. Promises and Perils of Big Data: Philosophical Constraints on Chemical Ontologies. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11579-11591. [PMID: 38640489 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Chemistry is experiencing a paradigm shift in the way it interacts with data. So-called "big data" are collected and used at unprecedented scales with the idea that algorithms can be designed to aid in chemical discovery. As data-enabled practices become ever more ubiquitous, chemists must consider the organization and curation of their data, especially as it is presented to both humans and increasingly intelligent algorithms. One of the most promising organizational schemes for big data is a construct termed an ontology. In data science, ontologies are systems that represent relations among objects and properties in a domain of discourse. As chemistry encounters larger and larger data sets, the ontologies that support chemical research will likewise increase in complexity, and the future of chemistry will be shaped by the choices made in developing big data chemical ontologies. How such ontologies will work should therefore be a subject of significant attention in the chemical community. Now is the time for chemists to ask questions about ontology design and use: How should chemical data be organized? What can be reasonably expected from an organizational structure? Is a universal ontology tenable? As some of these questions may be new to chemists, we recommend an interdisciplinary approach that draws on the long history of philosophers of science asking questions about the organization of scientific concepts, constructs, models, and theories. This Perspective presents insights from these long-standing studies and initiates new conversations between chemists and philosophers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Duke
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Ryan McCoy
- Department of Philosophy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Julia R S Bursten
- Department of Philosophy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
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2
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Baustert KN, Bombile JH, Rahman MT, Yusuf AO, Li R, Huckaba AJ, Risko C, Graham KR. Combination of Counterion Size and Doping Concentration Determines the Electronic and Thermoelectric Properties of Semiconducting Polymers. Adv Mater 2024:e2313863. [PMID: 38687901 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In both chemical and electrochemical doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs), a counterion, either from the electrolyte or ionized dopant, balances the charge introduced to the OSC. Despite the large influence of this counterion on OSC optical and electronic response, there remains substantial debate on how a fundamental parameter, ion size, impacts these properties. This work resolves much of this debate by accounting for two doping regimes. In the low-doping regime, the Coulomb binding energies between charge carriers on the OSC and the counterions are significant, and larger counterions lead to decreased Coulomb interactions, more delocalized charge carriers, and higher electrical conductivities. In the high-doping regime, the Coulomb binding energies become negligible due to the increased dielectric constant of the films and a smoothing of the energy landscape; thereby, the electrical conductivities depend primarily on the extent of morphological disorder in the OSC. Moreover, in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene), rr-P3HT, smaller counterions lead to greater bipolaron concentrations in the low-doping regime due to the increased Coulomb interactions. Emphasizing the impact of the counterion size, it is shown that larger counterions can lead to increased thermoelectric power factors for rr-P3HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle N Baustert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Joel H Bombile
- Department of Chemistry, and Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Md Tawabur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Augustine O Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Ruipeng Li
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11937, USA
| | - Aron J Huckaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry, and Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
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3
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Islam T, Chandra Roy S, Bayat S, Adigo Weret M, Hoffman JM, Rao KR, Sawicki C, Nie J, Alam R, Oketola O, Donley CL, Kumbhar A, Feng R, Wiaderek KM, Risko C, Amin R, Islam SM. Mo 3S 13 Chalcogel: A High-Capacity Electrode for Conversion-Based Li-Ion Batteries. ChemSusChem 2024:e202400084. [PMID: 38519865 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite large theoretical energy densities, metal-sulfide electrodes for energy storage systems face several limitations that impact the practical realization. Here, we present the solution-processable, room temperature (RT) synthesis, local structures, and application of a sulfur-rich Mo3S13 chalcogel as a conversion-based electrode for lithium-sulfide batteries (LiSBs). The structure of the amorphous Mo3S13 chalcogel is derived through operando Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray pair distribution function (PDF), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis, along with ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. A key feature of the three-dimensional (3D) network is the connection of Mo3S13 units through S-S bonds. Li/Mo3S13 half-cells deliver initial capacity of 1013 mAh g-1 during the first discharge. After the activation cycles, the capacity stabilizes and maintains 312 mAh g-1 at a C/3 rate after 140 cycles, demonstrating sustained performance over subsequent cycling. Such high-capacity and stability are attributed to the high density of (poly)sulfide bonds and the stable Mo-S coordination in Mo3S13 chalcogel. These findings showcase the potential of Mo3S13 chalcogels as metal-sulfide electrode materials for LiSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taohedul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, 39217, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Subrata Chandra Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, 39217, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Sahar Bayat
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 40506-0055, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Misganaw Adigo Weret
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, 39217, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Justin M Hoffman
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 60439, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Keerthan R Rao
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 40506-0055, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Conrad Sawicki
- Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Hardin Valley Campus, 37830, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, 39217, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Robiul Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, 39217, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Oluwaseun Oketola
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, 39217, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Carrie L Donley
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-3290, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amar Kumbhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-3290, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Renfei Feng
- Canadian Light Source, S7 N 2 V3, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kamila M Wiaderek
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 60439, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 40506-0055, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ruhul Amin
- Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Hardin Valley Campus, 37830, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Saiful M Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, 39217, Jackson, MS, USA
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4
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Tang K, Brown MR, Risko C, Gish MK, Rumbles G, Pham PH, Luca OR, Barlow S, Marder SR. Beyond n-dopants for organic semiconductors: use of bibenzo[ d]imidazoles in UV-promoted dehalogenation reactions of organic halides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1912-1922. [PMID: 38116245 PMCID: PMC10729154 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
2,2'-Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)- and 2,2'-dicyclohexyl-1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-2,2'-bibenzo[d]imidazole ((N-DMBI)2 and (Cyc-DMBI)2) are quite strong reductants with effective potentials of ca. -2 V vs ferrocenium/ferrocene, yet are relatively stable to air due to the coupling of redox and bond-breaking processes. Here, we examine their use in accomplishing electron transfer-induced bond-cleavage reactions, specifically dehalogenations. The dimers reduce halides that have reduction potentials less cathodic than ca. -2 V vs ferrocenium/ferrocene, especially under UV photoexcitation (using a 365 nm LED). In the case of benzyl halides, the products are bibenzyl derivatives, whereas aryl halides are reduced to the corresponding arenes. The potentials of the halides that can be reduced in this way, quantum-chemical calculations, and steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopy suggest that UV irradiation accelerates the reactions via cleavage of the dimers to the corresponding radical monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Tang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Megan R Brown
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, United States
| | - Melissa K Gish
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| | - Garry Rumbles
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
| | - Phuc H Pham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Oana R Luca
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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5
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Zheng Y, Venkatesh R, Callaway CP, Viersen C, Fagbohungbe KH, Liu AL, Risko C, Reichmanis E, Silva-Acuña C. Chain Conformation and Exciton Delocalization in a Push-Pull Conjugated Polymer. Chem Mater 2023; 35:10258-10267. [PMID: 38107193 PMCID: PMC10720347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Linear and nonlinear optical line shapes reveal details of excitonic structure in polymer semiconductors. We implement absorption, photoluminescence, and transient absorption spectroscopies in DPP-DTT, an electron push-pull copolymer, to explore the relationship between their spectral line shapes and chain conformation, deduced from resonance Raman spectroscopy and from ab initio calculations. The viscosity of precursor polymer solutions before film casting displays a transition that suggests gel formation above a critical concentration. Upon crossing this viscosity deflection concentration, the line shape analysis of the absorption spectra within a photophysical aggregate model reveals a gradual increase in interchain excitonic coupling. We also observe a red-shifted and line-narrowed steady-state photoluminescence spectrum along with increasing resonance Raman intensity in the stretching and torsional modes of the dithienothiophene unit, which suggests a longer exciton coherence length along the polymer-chain backbone. Furthermore, we observe a change of line shape in the photoinduced absorption component of the transient absorption spectrum. The derivative-like line shape may originate from two possibilities: a new excited-state absorption or Stark effect, both of which are consistent with the emergence of a high-energy shoulder as seen in both photoluminescence and absorption spectra. Therefore, we conclude that the exciton is more dispersed along the polymer chain backbone with increasing concentrations, leading to the hypothesis that polymer chain order is enhanced when the push-pull polymers are processed at higher concentrations. Thus, tuning the microscopic chain conformation by concentration would be another factor of interest when considering the polymer assembly pathways for pursuing large-area and high-performance organic optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zheng
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rahul Venkatesh
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Connor P. Callaway
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Campbell Viersen
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kehinde H. Fagbohungbe
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Aaron L. Liu
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, 124 East Morton Street, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Carlos Silva-Acuña
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, North Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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6
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Lin LC, Smith T, Ai Q, Rugg BK, Risko C, Anthony JE, Damrauer NH, Johnson JC. Multiexciton quintet state populations in a rigid pyrene-bridged parallel tetracene dimer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11554-11565. [PMID: 37886089 PMCID: PMC10599476 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03153e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiexciton quintet state, 5TT, generated as a singlet fission intermediate in pairs of molecular chromophores, is a promising candidate as a qubit or qudit in future quantum information science schemes. In this work, we synthesize a pyrene-bridged parallel tetracene dimer, TPT, with an optimized interchromophore coupling strength to prevent the dissociation of 5TT to two decorrelated triplet (T1) states, which would contaminate the spin-state mixture. Long-lived and strongly spin-polarized pure 5TT state population is observed via transient absorption spectroscopy and transient/pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and its lifetime is estimated to be >35 µs, with the dephasing time (T2) for the 5TT-based qubit measured to be 726 ns at 10 K. Direct relaxation from 1TT to the ground state does diminish the overall excited state population, but the exclusive 5TT population at large enough persistent density for pulsed echo determination of spin coherence time is consistent with recent theoretical models that predict such behavior for strict parallel chromophore alignment and large exchange coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Tanner Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - Qianxiang Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - Brandon K Rugg
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Justin C Johnson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden Colorado 80401 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
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7
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Dull JT, He X, Viereck J, Ai Q, Ramprasad R, Otani MC, Sorli J, Brandt JW, Carrow BP, Tinoco AD, Loo YL, Risko C, Rangan S, Kahn A, Rand BP. Thin-Film Organic Heteroepitaxy. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2302871. [PMID: 37394983 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating crystalline organic semiconductors into electronic devices requires understanding of heteroepitaxy given the ubiquity of heterojunctions in these devices. However, while rules for commensurate epitaxy of covalent or ionic inorganic material systems are known to be dictated by lattice matching constraints, rules for heteroepitaxy of molecular systems are still being written. Here, it is found that lattice matching alone is insufficient to achieve heteroepitaxy in molecular systems, owing to weak intermolecular forces that describe molecular crystals. It is found that, in addition, the lattice matched plane also must be the lowest energy surface of the adcrystal to achieve one-to-one commensurate molecular heteroepitaxy over a large area. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrates the lattice matched interface to be of higher electronic quality than a disordered interface of the same materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Dull
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Xu He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Jonathan Viereck
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Laboratory for Surface Modification, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Qianxiang Ai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Ritika Ramprasad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Maria Clara Otani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Jeni Sorli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Jason W Brandt
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Brad P Carrow
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Arthur D Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00925, USA
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Sylvie Rangan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Laboratory for Surface Modification, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Barry P Rand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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8
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Le VN, Bombile JH, Rupasinghe GS, Baustert KN, Li R, Maria IP, Shahi M, Alarcon Espejo P, McCulloch I, Graham KR, Risko C, Paterson AF. New Chemical Dopant and Counterion Mechanism for Organic Electrochemical Transistors and Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2207694. [PMID: 37466175 PMCID: PMC10520668 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) have varied performance requirements across a diverse application space. Chemically doping the OMIEC can be a simple, low-cost approach for adapting performance metrics. However, complex challenges, such as identifying new dopant materials and elucidating design rules, inhibit its realization. Here, these challenges are approached by introducing a new n-dopant, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBA-OH), and identifying a new design consideration underpinning its success. TBA-OH behaves as both a chemical n-dopant and morphology additive in donor acceptor co-polymer naphthodithiophene diimide-based polymer, which serves as an electron transporting material in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). The combined effects enhance OECT transconductance, charge carrier mobility, and volumetric capacitance, representative of the key metrics underpinning all OMIEC applications. Additionally, when the TBA+ counterion adopts an "edge-on" location relative to the polymer backbone, Coulombic interaction between the counterion and polaron is reduced, and polaron delocalization increases. This is the first time such mechanisms are identified in doped-OECTs and doped-OMIECs. The work herein therefore takes the first steps toward developing the design guidelines needed to realize chemical doping as a generic strategy for tailoring performance metrics in OECTs and OMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianna N. Le
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Joel H. Bombile
- Department of Chemistryand Centre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Gehan S. Rupasinghe
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Kyle N. Baustert
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | | | - Iuliana P. Maria
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Maryam Shahi
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Paula Alarcon Espejo
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyKAUST Solar CentreThuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistryand Centre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Alexandra F. Paterson
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
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9
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Costello A, Duke R, Sorensen S, Kothalawala NL, Ogbaje M, Sarkar N, Kim DY, Risko C, Parkin SR, Huckaba AJ. Hydrogen-Bonding Trends in a Bithiophene with 3- and/or 4-Pyridyl Substituents. ACS Omega 2023; 8:24485-24494. [PMID: 37457451 PMCID: PMC10339323 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
To improve the charge-carrier transport capabilities of thin-film organic materials, the intermolecular electronic couplings in the material should be maximized. Decreasing intermolecular distance while maintaining proper orbital overlap in highly conjugated aromatic molecules has so far been a successful way to increase electronic coupling. We attempted to decrease the intermolecular distance in this study by synthesizing cocrystals of simple benzoic acid coformers and dipyridyl-2,2'-bithiophene molecules to understand how the coformer identity and pyridine N atom placement affected solid-state properties. We found that with the 5-(3-pyridyl)-5'-(4-pyridyl)-isomer, the 4-pyridyl ring interacted with electrophiles and protons more strongly. Synthesized cocrystal powders were found to have reduced average crystallite size in reference to the parent compounds. The opposite was found for the intermolecular electronic couplings, as determined via density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which were relatively large in some of the cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison
M. Costello
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Rebekah Duke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Stephanie Sorensen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | | | - Moses Ogbaje
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Nandini Sarkar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Doo Young Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Sean R. Parkin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Aron J. Huckaba
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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10
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Bhat V, Callaway CP, Risko C. Computational Approaches for Organic Semiconductors: From Chemical and Physical Understanding to Predicting New Materials. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37141497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While a complete understanding of organic semiconductor (OSC) design principles remains elusive, computational methods─ranging from techniques based in classical and quantum mechanics to more recent data-enabled models─can complement experimental observations and provide deep physicochemical insights into OSC structure-processing-property relationships, offering new capabilities for in silico OSC discovery and design. In this Review, we trace the evolution of these computational methods and their application to OSCs, beginning with early quantum-chemical methods to investigate resonance in benzene and building to recent machine-learning (ML) techniques and their application to ever more sophisticated OSC scientific and engineering challenges. Along the way, we highlight the limitations of the methods and how sophisticated physical and mathematical frameworks have been created to overcome those limitations. We illustrate applications of these methods to a range of specific challenges in OSCs derived from π-conjugated polymers and molecules, including predicting charge-carrier transport, modeling chain conformations and bulk morphology, estimating thermomechanical properties, and describing phonons and thermal transport, to name a few. Through these examples, we demonstrate how advances in computational methods accelerate the deployment of OSCsin wide-ranging technologies, such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic thermoelectrics, organic batteries, and organic (bio)sensors. We conclude by providing an outlook for the future development of computational techniques to discover and assess the properties of high-performing OSCs with greater accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Bhat
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Connor P Callaway
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
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11
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Kashani S, Wang Z, Risko C, Ade H. Relating reorganization energies, exciton diffusion length and non-radiative recombination to the room temperature UV-vis absorption spectra of NF-SMA. Mater Horiz 2023; 10:443-453. [PMID: 36515185 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01228f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding excited-state reorganization energies, exciton diffusion lengths and non-radiative (NR) recombination, and the overall optoelectronic responses of nonfullerene small molecule acceptors (NF-SMAs) is important in order to rationally design new materials with controlled properties. While the effects of structural modifications on the optical gaps and electron affinities of NF-SMAs have been studied extensively, analyses of their absorption spectra that carefully characterize electronic and vibrational contributions that allow comparisons of reorganization energies and their implications for exciton diffusion lengths and NR recombination have yet to be reported. Here, we study the room temperature absorption spectra of three structural classes of NF-SMAs in dilute solutions through multiparameter Franck Condon (MFC) analyses and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We show that the absorption spectra of these NF-SMAs can be categorized based on molecular structure-spectra correlation. The absorption spectra of curved, Y6-like structures can be described using an MFC model with two electronic transitions and two effective vibrational modes. The results of MFC/DFT analyses reveal that Y6 exhibits the smallest intra-molecular reorganization energy among the materials studied. Linear ITIC-like molecular structures reveal larger reorganization energies and reduced conformational uniformity compared to Y6. Meanwhile structures such as IDTBR and IEICO, which have an extra π-conjugated moiety between the donor and acceptor moieties, have large excited-state reorganization energies and low degrees of conformational uniformity. Since the intra-molecular reorganization energy is correlated with exciton diffusion length and nonradiative voltage losses (ΔVnr), our results highlight the power of RT absorption spectroscopy and DFT calculations as simple tools to designing improved OSCs materials with small reorganization energies, small ΔVnr, large exciton diffusion length and low energetic disorder (due to a strongly dominant conformation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Kashani
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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12
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Bhat V, Sornberger P, Pokuri BSS, Duke R, Ganapathysubramanian B, Risko C. Electronic, redox, and optical property prediction of organic π-conjugated molecules through a hierarchy of machine learning approaches. Chem Sci 2022; 14:203-213. [PMID: 36605753 PMCID: PMC9769113 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04676h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerating the development of π-conjugated molecules for applications such as energy generation and storage, catalysis, sensing, pharmaceuticals, and (semi)conducting technologies requires rapid and accurate evaluation of the electronic, redox, or optical properties. While high-throughput computational screening has proven to be a tremendous aid in this regard, machine learning (ML) and other data-driven methods can further enable orders of magnitude reduction in time while at the same time providing dramatic increases in the chemical space that is explored. However, the lack of benchmark datasets containing the electronic, redox, and optical properties that characterize the diverse, known chemical space of organic π-conjugated molecules limits ML model development. Here, we present a curated dataset containing 25k molecules with density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) evaluated properties that include frontier molecular orbitals, ionization energies, relaxation energies, and low-lying optical excitation energies. Using the dataset, we train a hierarchy of ML models, ranging from classical models such as ridge regression to sophisticated graph neural networks, with molecular SMILES representation as input. We observe that graph neural networks augmented with contextual information allow for significantly better predictions across a wide array of properties. Our best-performing models also provide an uncertainty quantification for the predictions. To democratize access to the data and trained models, an interactive web platform has been developed and deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Bhat
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of KentuckyLexingtonKentucky 40506USA
| | - Parker Sornberger
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of KentuckyLexingtonKentucky 40506USA
| | | | - Rebekah Duke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of KentuckyLexingtonKentucky 40506USA
| | | | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of KentuckyLexingtonKentucky 40506USA
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13
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Duke R, Bhat V, Risko C. Data storage architectures to accelerate chemical discovery: data accessibility for individual laboratories and the community. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13646-13656. [PMID: 36544717 PMCID: PMC9710231 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As buzzwords like "big data," "machine learning," and "high-throughput" expand through chemistry, chemists need to consider more than ever their data storage, data management, and data accessibility, whether in their own laboratories or with the broader community. While it is commonplace for chemists to use spreadsheets for data storage and analysis, a move towards database architectures ensures that the data can be more readily findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR). However, making this move has several challenges for those with limited-to-no knowledge of computer programming and databases. This Perspective presents basics of data management using databases with a focus on chemical data. We overview database fundamentals by exploring benefits of database use, introducing terminology, and establishing database design principles. We then detail the extract, transform, and load process for database construction, which includes an overview of data parsing and database architectures, spanning Standard Query Language (SQL) and No-SQL structures. We close by cataloging overarching challenges in database design. This Perspective is accompanied by an interactive demonstration available at https://github.com/D3TaLES/databases_demo. We do all of this within the context of chemical data with the aim of equipping chemists with the knowledge and skills to store, manage, and share their data while abiding by FAIR principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Duke
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of KentuckyLexington 40506KentuckyUSA
| | - Vinayak Bhat
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of KentuckyLexington 40506KentuckyUSA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of KentuckyLexington 40506KentuckyUSA
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14
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Huang LY, Ai Q, Risko C. The Role of Crystal Packing on the Optical Response of Trialkyltetrelethynyl Acenes. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:084703. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0097421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic and optical responses of an organic semiconductor (OSC) are dictated by the chemistries of the molecular or polymer building blocks and how these chromophores pack in the solid state. Understanding the physicochemical natures of these responses are not only critical for determining OSC performance for a particular application, but the UV/visible optical response may also be of potential use to determine aspects of the molecular-scale solid-state packing for crystal polymorphs or thin-film morphologies that are difficult to determine otherwise. To probe these relationships, we report the quantum-chemical investigation of a series of trialkyltetrelethynyl acenes (tetrel = silicon or germanium) that adopt the brickwork (BW), slip-stack (SS), or herringbone (HB) packing configurations; the π-conjugated backbones considered here are pentacene (PEN) and anthradithiophene (ADT). For comparison, HB-packed (unsubstituted) pentacene is also included. Density functional theory (DFT) and G0W0 (single-shot GW) electronic band structures, G0W0-BSE (Bethe-Salpeter Equation)-derived optical spectra, polarized ϵ2 spectra, and distributions of both singlet and triplet exciton wave functions are reported. Configurational disorder is also considered. Further, we evaluate the probability of singlet fission in these materials through energy conservation relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qianxiang Ai
- Chemistry, Fordham University - Rose Hill Campus, United States of America
| | - Chad Risko
- Chemistry, University of Kentucky, United States of America
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15
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Callaway CP, Liu AL, Venkatesh R, Zheng Y, Lee M, Meredith JC, Grover M, Risko C, Reichmanis E. The Solution is the Solution: Data-Driven Elucidation of Solution-to-Device Feature Transfer for π-Conjugated Polymer Semiconductors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:3613-3620. [PMID: 35037454 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The advent of data analytics techniques and materials informatics provides opportunities to accelerate the discovery and development of organic semiconductors for electronic devices. However, the development of engineering solutions is limited by the ability to control thin-film morphology in an immense parameter space. The combination of high-throughput experimentation (HTE) laboratory techniques and data analytics offers tremendous avenues to traverse the expansive domains of tunable variables offered by organic semiconductor thin films. This Perspective outlines the steps required to incorporate a comprehensive informatics methodology into the experimental development of polymer-based organic semiconductor technologies. The translation of solution processing and property metrics to thin-film behavior is crucial to inform efficient HTE for data collection and application of data-centric tools to construct new process-structure-property relationships. We argue that detailed investigation of the solution state prior to deposition in conjunction with thin-film characterization will yield a deeper understanding of the physicochemical mechanisms influencing performance in π-conjugated polymer electronics, with data-driven approaches offering predictive capabilities previously unattainable via traditional experimental means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor P Callaway
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Aaron L Liu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rahul Venkatesh
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yulong Zheng
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Myeongyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - J Carson Meredith
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Martha Grover
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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16
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Pandeya A, Yang L, Alegun O, Karunasena C, Risko C, Li Z, Wei Y. Biotinylation as a tool to enhance the uptake of small molecules in Gram-negative bacteria. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260023. [PMID: 34767592 PMCID: PMC8589159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern. The shrinking selection of effective antibiotics and lack of new development is making the situation worse. Gram-negative bacteria more specifically pose serious threat because of their double layered cell envelope and effective efflux systems, which is a challenge for drugs to penetrate. One promising approach to breach this barrier is the “Trojan horse strategy”. In this technique, an antibiotic molecule is conjugated with a nutrient molecule that helps the antibiotic to enter the cell through dedicated transporters for the nutrient. Here, we explored the approach using biotin conjugation with a florescent molecule Atto565 to determine if biotinylation enhances accumulation. Biotin is an essential vitamin for bacteria and is obtained through either synthesis or uptake from the environment. We found that biotinylation enhanced accumulation of Atto565 in E. coli. However, the enhancement did not seem to be due to uptake through biotin transporters since the presence of free biotin had no observable impact on accumulation. Accumulated compound was mostly in the periplasm, as determined by cell fractionation studies. This was further confirmed through the observation that expression of streptavidin in the periplasm specifically enhanced the accumulation of biotinylated Atto565. This enhancement was not observed when streptavidin was expressed in the cytoplasm indicating no significant distribution of the compound inside the cytoplasm. Using gene knockout strains, plasmid complementation and mutagenesis studies we demonstrated that biotinylation made the compound a better passenger through OmpC, an outer membrane porin. Density functional theory (DFT)-based evaluation of the three-dimensional geometries showed that biotinylation did not directly stabilize the conformation of the compound to make it favorable for the entry through a pore. Further studies including molecular dynamics simulations are necessary to determine the possible mechanisms of enhanced accumulation of the biotinylated Atto565.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Pandeya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Olaniyi Alegun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Chamikara Karunasena
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Centre for Applied Energy and Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Centre for Applied Energy and Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Yinan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Koenig JDB, Dubrawski ZS, Rao KR, Willkomm J, Gelfand BS, Risko C, Piers WE, Welch GC. Lowering Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Overpotential Using N-Annulated Perylene Diimide Rhenium Bipyridine Dyads with Variable Tether Length. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16849-16864. [PMID: 34597040 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis, and characterization of four N-annulated perylene diimide (NPDI) functionalized rhenium bipyridine [Re(bpy)] supramolecular dyads. The Re(bpy) scaffold was connected to the NPDI chromophore either directly [Re(py-C0-NPDI)] or via an ethyl [Re(bpy-C2-NPDI)], butyl [Re(bpy-C4-NPDI)], or hexyl [Re(bpy-C6-NPDI)] alkyl-chain spacer. Upon electrochemical reduction in the presence of CO2 and a proton source, Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI) all exhibited significant current enhancement effects, while Re(py-C0-NPDI) did not. During controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) experiments at Eappl = -1.8 V vs Fc+/0, Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI) all achieved comparable activity (TONco ∼ 25) and Faradaic efficiency (FEco ∼ 94%). Under identical CPE conditions, the standard catalyst Re(dmbpy) was inactive for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction; only at Eappl = -2.1 V vs Fc+/0 could Re(dmbpy) achieve the same catalytic performance, representing a 300 mV lowering in overpotential for Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI). At higher overpotentials, Re(bpy-C4/6-NPDI) both outperformed Re(bpy-C2-NPDI), indicating the possibility of coinciding electrocatalytic CO2 reduction mechanisms that are dictated by tether-length and overpotential. Using UV-vis-nearIR spectroelectrochemistry (SEC), FTIR SEC, and chemical reduction experiments, it was shown that the NPDI-moiety served as an electron-reservoir for Re(bpy), thereby allowing catalytic activity at lower overpotentials. Density functional theory studies probing the optimized geometries and frontier molecular orbitals of various catalytic intermediates revealed that the geometric configuration of NPDI relative to the Re(bpy)-moiety plays a critical role in accessing electrons from the electron-reservoir. The improved performance of Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI)dyads at lower overpotentials, relative to Re(dmbpy), highlights the utility of chromophore electron-reservoirs as a method for lowering the overpotential for CO2 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh D B Koenig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Zachary S Dubrawski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Keerthan R Rao
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Janina Willkomm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Benjamin S Gelfand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Warren E Piers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gregory C Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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18
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Longhi E, Risko C, Bacsa J, Khrustalev V, Rigin S, Moudgil K, Timofeeva TV, Marder SR, Barlow S. Synthesis, structures, and reactivity of isomers of [RuCp*(1,4-(Me 2N) 2C 6H 4)] 2. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13020-13030. [PMID: 34581359 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
[RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2 {Cp* = η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, R = Me, Et} have previously been found to be moderately air stable, yet highly reducing, with estimated D+/0.5D2 (where D2 and D+ represent the dimer and the corresponding monomeric cation, respectively) redox potentials of ca. -2.0 V vs. FeCp2+/0. These properties have led to their use as n-dopants for organic semiconductors. Use of arenes substituted with π-electron donors is anticipated to lead to even more strongly reducing dimers. [RuCp*(1-(Me2N)-3,5-Me2C6H3)]+PF6- and [RuCp*(1,4-(Me2N)2C6H4)]+PF6- have been synthesized and electrochemically and crystallographically characterized; both exhibit D+/D potentials slightly more cathodic than [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]+. Reduction of [RuCp*(1,4-(Me2N)2C6H4)]+PF6- using silica-supported sodium-potassium alloy leads to a mixture of isomers of [RuCp*(1,4-(Me2N)2C6H4)]2, two of which have been crystallographically characterized. One of these isomers has a similar molecular structure to [RuCp*(1,3,5-Et3C6H3)]2; the central C-C bond is exo,exo, i.e., on the opposite face of both six-membered rings from the metals. A D+/0.5D2 potential of -2.4 V is estimated for this exo,exo dimer, more reducing than that of [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2 (-2.0 V). This isomer reacts much more rapidly with both air and electron acceptors than [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2 due to a much more cathodic D2˙+/D2 potential. The other isomer to be crystallographically characterized, along with a third isomer, are both dimerized in an exo,endo fashion, representing the first examples of such dimers. Density functional theory calculations and reactivity studies indicate that the central bonds of these two isomers are weaker than those of the exo,exo isomer, or of [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2, leading to estimated D+/0.5D2 potentials of -2.5 and -2.6 V vs. FeCp2+/0. At the same time the D2˙+/D2 potentials for the exo,endo dimers are anodically shifted relative to those of [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2, resulting in much greater air stability than for the exo,exo isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Longhi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, 125 Chemistry-Physics Building, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - John Bacsa
- Crystallography Lab, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Victor Khrustalev
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Sergei Rigin
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA
| | - Karttikay Moudgil
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Tatiana V Timofeeva
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.,Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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19
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Callaway CP, Bombile JH, Mask W, Ryno SM, Risko C. Thermomechanical enhancement of
DPP‐4T
through purposeful
π‐conjugation
disruption. Journal of Polymer Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor P. Callaway
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Joel H. Bombile
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Walker Mask
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Sean M. Ryno
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
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20
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Chaudhry S, Wu Y, Cao Z, Li S, Canada JL, Gu X, Risko C, Mei J. Evolution of Chain Dynamics and Oxidation States with Increasing Chain Length for a Donor–Acceptor-Conjugated Oligomer Series. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saadia Chaudhry
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yukun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Shi Li
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Jodie L. Canada
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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21
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Ai Q, Bhat V, Ryno SM, Jarolimek K, Sornberger P, Smith A, Haley MM, Anthony JE, Risko C. OCELOT: An infrastructure for data-driven research to discover and design crystalline organic semiconductors. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:174705. [PMID: 34241085 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials design and discovery are often hampered by the slow pace and materials and human costs associated with Edisonian trial-and-error screening approaches. Recent advances in computational power, theoretical methods, and data science techniques, however, are being manifest in a convergence of these tools to enable in silico materials discovery. Here, we present the development and deployment of computational materials data and data analytic approaches for crystalline organic semiconductors. The OCELOT (Organic Crystals in Electronic and Light-Oriented Technologies) infrastructure, consisting of a Python-based OCELOT application programming interface and OCELOT database, is designed to enable rapid materials exploration. The database contains a descriptor-based schema for high-throughput calculations that have been implemented on more than 56 000 experimental crystal structures derived from 47 000 distinct molecular structures. OCELOT is open-access and accessible via a web-user interface at https://oscar.as.uky.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxiang Ai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Vinayak Bhat
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Sean M Ryno
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Karol Jarolimek
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Parker Sornberger
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Andrew Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, USA
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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22
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Abstract
First-principles thermodynamics enables the description of the surface chemistry of inorganic materials as a function of temperature and partial pressures of atmospheric gases, providing a framework to connect atomistic simulations with macroscopic materials properties. Here we re-examine the surface chemistry of LiFePO4 (LFP), a widely studied material for use as the cathode in Li-ion batteries. Our results reveal that at room temperature and under standard pressures the LFP (010) surface is covered with water. At elevated temperatures and reduced H2 partial pressure, one water molecule loses a hydrogen atom and the preferred binding moieties are OH and H2O; while further reducing the H2O partial pressure results in the desorption of water leaving only the OH behind. This work also shines new light on the configuration, and resulting electronic properties, of the LFP (010) surface when molecular oxygen (O2) is adsorbed. The molecular adsorbates are also shown to have an impact on the LFP surface potentials and magnetic properties. These simulations provide an enhanced picture of the LFP surface chemistry and the potential impact of these adsorbates on understanding the characteristics of LFP in different materials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Jarolimek
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
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23
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Iqbal HF, Ai Q, Thorley KJ, Chen H, McCulloch I, Risko C, Anthony JE, Jurchescu OD. Suppressing bias stress degradation in high performance solution processed organic transistors operating in air. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2352. [PMID: 33883553 PMCID: PMC8060299 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution processed organic field effect transistors can become ubiquitous in flexible optoelectronics. While progress in material and device design has been astonishing, low environmental and operational stabilities remain longstanding problems obstructing their immediate deployment in real world applications. Here, we introduce a strategy to identify the most probable and severe degradation pathways in organic transistors and then implement a method to eliminate the main sources of instabilities. Real time monitoring of the energetic distribution and transformation of electronic trap states during device operation, in conjunction with simulations, revealed the nature of traps responsible for performance degradation. With this information, we designed the most efficient encapsulation strategy for each device type, which resulted in fabrication of high performance, environmentally and operationally stable small molecule and polymeric transistors with consistent mobility and unparalleled threshold voltage shifts as low as 0.1 V under the application of high bias stress in air. Electrical instability of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) during operation remains a challenge that limits the device’s real-world technological viability. Here, the authors report a method for diagnosing and suppressing bias stress in solution-processed OFETs operated in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamna F Iqbal
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Qianxiang Ai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Karl J Thorley
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hu Chen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Oana D Jurchescu
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
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24
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Ghasemi M, Balar N, Peng Z, Hu H, Qin Y, Kim T, Rech JJ, Bidwell M, Mask W, McCulloch I, You W, Amassian A, Risko C, O'Connor BT, Ade H. A molecular interaction-diffusion framework for predicting organic solar cell stability. Nat Mater 2021; 20:525-532. [PMID: 33432145 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00872-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rapid increase in the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs) has been achieved with the development of non-fullerene small-molecule acceptors (NF-SMAs). Although the morphological stability of these NF-SMA devices critically affects their intrinsic lifetime, their fundamental intermolecular interactions and how they govern property-function relations and morphological stability of OSCs remain elusive. Here, we discover that the diffusion of an NF-SMA into the donor polymer exhibits Arrhenius behaviour and that the activation energy Ea scales linearly with the enthalpic interaction parameters χH between the polymer and the NF-SMA. Consequently, the thermodynamically most unstable, hypo-miscible systems (high χ) are the most kinetically stabilized. We relate the differences in Ea to measured and selectively simulated molecular self-interaction properties of the constituent materials and develop quantitative property-function relations that link thermal and mechanical characteristics of the NF-SMA and polymer to predict relative diffusion properties and thus morphological stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Ghasemi
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nrup Balar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Zhengxing Peng
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Huawei Hu
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yunpeng Qin
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Taesoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jeromy J Rech
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Bidwell
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Walker Mask
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aram Amassian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Brendan T O'Connor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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25
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Liang Z, Choi HH, Luo X, Liu T, Abtahi A, Ramasamy US, Hitron JA, Baustert KN, Hempel JL, Boehm AM, Ansary A, Strachan DR, Mei J, Risko C, Podzorov V, Graham KR. n-type charge transport in heavily p-doped polymers. Nat Mater 2021; 20:518-524. [PMID: 33398117 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that charge-carrier transport in doped π-conjugated polymers is dominated by one type of charge carrier, either holes or electrons, as determined by the chemistry of the dopant. Here, through Seebeck coefficient and Hall effect measurements, we show that mobile electrons contribute substantially to charge-carrier transport in π-conjugated polymers that are heavily p-doped with strong electron acceptors. Specifically, the Seebeck coefficient of several p-doped polymers changes sign from positive to negative as the concentration of the oxidizing agents FeCl3 or NOBF4 increase, and Hall effect measurements for the same p-doped polymers reveal that electrons become the dominant delocalized charge carriers. Ultraviolet and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that doping with oxidizing agents results in elimination of the transport gap at high doping concentrations. This approach of heavy p-type doping is demonstrated to provide a promising route to high-performance n-type organic thermoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hyun Ho Choi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xuyi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Tuo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ashkan Abtahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Uma Shantini Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Kyle N Baustert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jacob L Hempel
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alex M Boehm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Armin Ansary
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Douglas R Strachan
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Vitaly Podzorov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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26
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Jhulki S, Un HI, Ding YF, Risko C, Mohapatra SK, Pei J, Barlow S, Marder SR. Reactivity of an air-stable dihydrobenzoimidazole n-dopant with organic semiconductor molecules. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Elliott CF, Fraser KE, Odom SA, Risko C. Steric Manipulation as a Mechanism for Tuning the Reduction and Oxidation Potentials of Phenothiazines. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:272-278. [PMID: 33398992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists customarily tune the redox characteristics of π-conjugated molecules by introducing electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents onto the molecular core, or by modifying the length of the π-conjugated pathway. Any steric effects of such efforts on molecular geometry typically affect both the neutral and charged (oxidized or reduced) states indiscriminately. However, in electroactive systems that undergo significant conformational changes upon oxidation or reduction, we can leverage the steric and inductive effects of substitution to attain considerable control over individual redox potentials. Here, we make use of density functional theory to elucidate the interplay between electronic and geometric effects of peripheral substitution on the model system of phenothiazine. For instance, we introduce substituents at positions ortho to the nitrogen atom (positions 1 and 9) to induce steric strain in the radical-cation state without significant effect on the neutral molecule, thereby augmenting the overall ionization potential. Notably, this steric effect persists for electron-donating substituents; the resulting ionization potentials therefore deviate from outcomes foretold by Hammett constants. Moreover, the same procedure has limited effect on electron affinities because of differences in phenothiazines' relaxation process upon reduction compared to oxidation. Our results promote molecular design guidelines for manipulating redox potentials in classes of electroactive compounds that experience dramatic changes in geometry upon ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine F Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Kate E Fraser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Susan A Odom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States.,Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
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28
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Roberts J, Song Y, Crocker M, Risko C. A Genetic Algorithmic Approach to Determine the Structure of Li-Al Layered Double Hydroxides. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:4845-4855. [PMID: 32794767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDH) demonstrate significant potential across a range of applications, including as catalysts, delivery vehicles for pharmaceuticals, environmental remediation, and supercapacitors. Explaining the mechanism of LDH action at the atomic scale in these and other applications is challenging, however, due to the difficulty in precisely defining the bulk and surface structure and chemical compositions. Here, we focus on the determination of the structure of lithium-aluminum (Li-Al) LDH, which has shown promise in the catalytic depolymerization of lignin, both directly as the catalyst and as a support for gold nanoparticles. While the relative positions of the Li and Al metals are generally well resolved by X-ray crystallography, it is the structures of the anionic layers, consisting of water and carbonate, that are less well established. Combinatorial analyses of all possible positions and rotations of the water and carbonate in the three-layered Li-AL LDH polytope reveals that the phase space is much too large to examine in any reasonable time frame in a one-by-one structure exploration. To overcome this limitation, we develop and deploy a genetic algorithm (GA) wherein fitness is determined by matching a calculated X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern for a given structure to the known experimental XRD pattern. The GA approach results in structures of high fitness that portend the bulk Li-Al LDH structure. Importantly, the GA approach offers the potential to determine the structures of other LDH, and more generally layered materials, which are generally difficult to describe given the large chemical and structural space to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Mark Crocker
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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29
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Li S, Pokuri BSS, Ryno SM, Nkansah A, De'Vine C, Ganapathysubramanian B, Risko C. Determination of the Free Energies of Mixing of Organic Solutions through a Combined Molecular Dynamics and Bayesian Statistics Approach. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:1424-1431. [PMID: 31935097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As new generations of thin-film semiconductors are moving toward solution-based processing, the development of printing formulations will require information pertaining to the free energies of mixing of complex mixtures. From the standpoint of in silico material design, this move necessitates the development of methods that can accurately and quickly evaluate these formulations in order to maximize processing speed and reproducibility. Here, we make use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, in combination with the two-phase thermodynamic (2PT) model, to explore the free energy of mixing surfaces for a series of halogenated solvents and high-boiling point solvent additives used in the development of thin-film organic semiconductors. Although the combined methods generally show good agreement with available experimental data, the computational cost to traverse the free-energy landscape is considerable. Hence, we demonstrate how a Bayesian optimization scheme, coupled with the MD and 2PT approaches, can drastically reduce the number of simulations required, in turn shrinking both the computational cost and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Li
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | | | - Sean M Ryno
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Asare Nkansah
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Camron De'Vine
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | | | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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30
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Gao G, Chen M, Roberts J, Feng M, Xiao C, Zhang G, Parkin S, Risko C, Zhang L. Rational Functionalization of a C70 Buckybowl To Enable a C70:Buckybowl Cocrystal for Organic Semiconductor Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2460-2470. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josiah Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511-0055, United States
| | | | | | | | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511-0055, United States
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31
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Andrés Castán JM, Abad Galán L, Li S, Dalinot C, Simón Marqués P, Allain M, Risko C, Monnereau C, Maury O, Blanchard P, Cabanetos C. Nitration of benzothioxanthene: towards a new class of dyes with versatile photophysical properties. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05804d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The selective mono-nitration of benzothioxanthene (BTXI) is demonstrated here, opening doors to a wide range of structures and reactions. In addition, a new series of derivaties was characterized expanding the scope for electronic organic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shi Li
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Clément Dalinot
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou
- UMR CNRS 6200
- UNIV Angers
- SFR MATRIX
- 49045 Angers Cedex
| | - Pablo Simón Marqués
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou
- UMR CNRS 6200
- UNIV Angers
- SFR MATRIX
- 49045 Angers Cedex
| | - Magali Allain
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou
- UMR CNRS 6200
- UNIV Angers
- SFR MATRIX
- 49045 Angers Cedex
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | | | | | - Philippe Blanchard
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou
- UMR CNRS 6200
- UNIV Angers
- SFR MATRIX
- 49045 Angers Cedex
| | - Clément Cabanetos
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou
- UMR CNRS 6200
- UNIV Angers
- SFR MATRIX
- 49045 Angers Cedex
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32
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Petty AJ, Ai Q, Sorli JC, Haneef HF, Purdum GE, Boehm A, Granger DB, Gu K, Rubinger CPL, Parkin SR, Graham KR, Jurchescu OD, Loo YL, Risko C, Anthony JE. Computationally aided design of a high-performance organic semiconductor: the development of a universal crystal engineering core. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10543-10549. [PMID: 32055377 PMCID: PMC6988752 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02930c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of a suite of molecules based on a benzodithiophene "universal crystal engineering core". After computationally screening derivatives, a trialkylsilylethyne-based crystal engineering strategy was employed to tailor the crystal packing for use as the active material in an organic field-effect transistor. Electronic structure calculations were undertaken to reveal derivatives that exhibit exceptional potential for high-efficiency hole transport. The promising theoretical properties are reflected in the preliminary device results, with the computationally optimized material showing simple solution processing, enhanced stability, and a maximum hole mobility of 1.6 cm2 V-1 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Petty
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
| | - Qianxiang Ai
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
| | - Jeni C Sorli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA
| | - Hamna F Haneef
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials , Wake Forest University , USA
| | - Geoffrey E Purdum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA
| | - Alex Boehm
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
| | - Devin B Granger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
| | - Kaichen Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA
| | | | - Sean R Parkin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
| | - Oana D Jurchescu
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials , Wake Forest University , USA
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
- Center for Applied Energy Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40511 , USA
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
- Center for Applied Energy Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40511 , USA
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33
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Fallon KJ, Budden P, Salvadori E, Ganose AM, Savory CN, Eyre L, Dowland S, Ai Q, Goodlett S, Risko C, Scanlon DO, Kay CWM, Rao A, Friend RH, Musser AJ, Bronstein H. Exploiting Excited-State Aromaticity To Design Highly Stable Singlet Fission Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13867-13876. [PMID: 31381323 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Singlet fission, the process of forming two triplet excitons from one singlet exciton, is a characteristic reserved for only a handful of organic molecules due to the atypical energetic requirement for low energy excited triplet states. The predominant strategy for achieving such a trait is by increasing ground state diradical character; however, this greatly reduces ambient stability. Herein, we exploit Baird's rule of excited state aromaticity to manipulate the singlet-triplet energy gap and create novel singlet fission candidates. We achieve this through the inclusion of a [4n] 5-membered heterocycle, whose electronic resonance promotes aromaticity in the triplet state, stabilizing its energy relative to the singlet excited state. Using this theory, we design a family of derivatives of indolonaphthyridine thiophene (INDT) with highly tunable excited state energies. Not only do we access novel singlet fission materials, they also exhibit excellent ambient stability, imparted due to the delocalized nature of the triplet excited state. Spin-coated films retained up to 85% activity after several weeks of exposure to oxygen and light, while analogous films of TIPS-pentacene showed full degradation after 4 days, showcasing the excellent stability of this class of singlet fission scaffold. Extension of our theoretical analysis to almost ten thousand candidates reveals an unprecedented degree of tunability and several thousand potential fission-capable candidates, while clearly demonstrating the relationship between triplet aromaticity and singlet-triplet energy gap, confirming this novel strategy for manipulating the exchange energy in organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealan J Fallon
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
| | - Peter Budden
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry , University of Turin , Via Pietro Giuria 7 , 10125 Torino , Italy.,London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , 17-19 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AH , U.K
| | - Alex M Ganose
- Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , U.K.,Thomas Young Centre , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , U.K.,Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , U.K
| | - Christopher N Savory
- Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , U.K.,Thomas Young Centre , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , U.K
| | - Lissa Eyre
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Simon Dowland
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Qianxiang Ai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Stephen Goodlett
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - David O Scanlon
- Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , U.K.,Thomas Young Centre , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , U.K.,Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , U.K
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , 17-19 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AH , U.K.,Department of Chemistry , University of Saarland , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Andrew J Musser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Sheffield , Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road , Sheffield S3 7RH , U.K
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K.,Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE , U.K
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34
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Lv L, Roberts J, Xiao C, Jia Z, Jiang W, Zhang G, Risko C, Zhang L. Triperyleno[3,3,3]propellane triimides: achieving a new generation of quasi- D 3h symmetric nanostructures in organic electronics. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4951-4958. [PMID: 31183043 PMCID: PMC6529848 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00849g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigid three-dimensional (3D) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in particular 3D nanographenes, have garnered interest due to their potential use in semiconductor applications and as models to study through-bond and through-space electronic interactions. Herein we report the development of a novel 3D-symmetric rylene imide building block, triperyleno[3,3,3]propellane triimides (6), that possesses three perylene monoimide subunits fused on a propellane. This building block shows several promising characteristics, including high solubility, large π-surfaces, electron-accepting capabilities, and a variety of reactive sites. Further, the building block is compatible with different reactions to readily yield quasi-D 3h symmetric nanostructures (9, 11, and 13) of varied chemistries. For the 3D nanostructures we observed red-shift absorption maxima and amplification of the absorption coefficients when compared to the individual subunits, indicating intramolecular electronic coupling among the subunits. In addition, the microplates of 9 exhibit comparable mobilities in different directions in the range of 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1, despite the rather limited intermolecular overlap of the π-conjugated moieties. These findings demonstrate that these quasi-D 3h symmetric rylene imides have potential as 3D nanostructures for a range of materials applications, including in organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Lv
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China .
| | - Josiah Roberts
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
| | - Chengyi Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China .
| | - Zhenmei Jia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China .
| | - Wei Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China .
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China .
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China .
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35
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Cheema H, Baumann A, Loya EK, Brogdon P, McNamara LE, Carpenter CA, Hammer NI, Mathew S, Risko C, Delcamp JH. Near-Infrared-Absorbing Indolizine-Porphyrin Push-Pull Dye for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:16474-16489. [PMID: 30964274 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins are attractive chromophores for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), as judicious tuning of donor-acceptor properties can enable excellent near-infrared (NIR) absorption and exceptional device performance. Here, we report a porphyrin-based dye (SM85) conjugated to the planar strong electron donor, indolizine, designed to extend absorption further into the NIR region by inducing π-π interactions such as head-to-tail dye aggregation. The optoelectronic consequences of indolizine incorporation in SM85 include raising the ground-state oxidation potential and broadening and red-shifting ultraviolet-visible-NIR absorptions, along with increased molar absorptivity when compared to the dye SM315. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations confirm the push-pull character of SM85, which features an overlap of frontier occupied and unoccupied orbitals. Steady-state spectrophotometric analyses reveal the presence of solution aggregates via absorption and emission spectroscopies. Aggregate modes were probed by DFT and TD-DFT analyses, and plausible models are presented. SM85-based DSC devices demonstrate a 5.7% power conversion efficiency (PCE) at full sun (7.4% PCE at 10% sun) with an exceptional improvement to the incident photon-to-current conversion onset at ∼850 nm. Current dynamics measurements, time-correlated single photon counting, and computational analyses are used to better understand device performances. This study puts forward a novel intramolecular charge-transfer porphyrin system with a dramatic shift into the NIR region, as is needed for nonprecious metal-based sensitizers, and provides an example of controlled, donor-acceptor-mediated aggregation as a complementary strategy to traditional donor-acceptor modifications to single-molecule π-systems in accessing enhancements in long wavelength light harvesting in molecular-based optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Cheema
- Chemistry Department , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Alexandra Baumann
- Chemistry Department , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - E Kirkbride Loya
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Phillip Brogdon
- Chemistry Department , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Louis E McNamara
- Chemistry Department , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Casey A Carpenter
- Chemistry Department , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- Chemistry Department , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Simon Mathew
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Universiteit van Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Jared H Delcamp
- Chemistry Department , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
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36
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Chaudhry S, Ryno SM, Zeller M, McMillin DR, Risko C, Mei J. Oxidation Pathways Involving a Sulfide-Endcapped Donor-Acceptor-Donor π-Conjugated Molecule and Antimony(V) Chloride. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:3866-3874. [PMID: 30950613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation pathways and products of a discrete, sulfide-endcapped donor-acceptor-donor (D/A/D) molecule, namely, propylenedioxythiophene-benzothiadiazole-propylenedioxythiophene, are investigated. The electrochemical and chemical oxidations proceed by two distinct routes. Specifically, electrochemical oxidation undergoes a sequential two-step, one-electron (1e-) oxidation route with a 117 mV difference between consecutive half-wave potentials. In contrast, chemical oxidation by antimony(V) chloride (SbCl5) causes the generation of four different oxidized species: (a) the 1e- oxidation state, (b) a decomposition product, (c) the 2e- oxidation state, and (d) a chloride adduct of the 2e- oxidation state. The decomposition product is generated by the reaction of the 1e- oxidation state with residual water, resulting in nucleophilic aromatic substitution at the sulfide group terminal positions. This reaction leads to the formation of a 2e- oxidized, oxygen atom (ketone) terminated decomposed molecule. The chloride adduct is determined to be produced by electrophilic chloronium ion (2e-) oxidation by the SbCl4+ complex, which is a product of SbCl5 ligand disproportionation. The formation of the 2e- oxidized chlorine adduct shows to be linearly dependent on the molarity of SbCl5 in dichloromethane, giving new insight into the concentration dependent reactivity of SbCl5 as a 2e- oxidant. The electronic, optical, and magnetic properties and geometric structures of the 1e- and 2e- oxidized hexachloroantimonate salts are fully characterized by a combination of electrochemistry, X-ray crystallography, UV-vis-NIR, electron paramagnetic resonance, NMR spectroscopies, and density functional theory calculations. The aim of this study is to provide a thorough understanding of the redox pathways of a D/A/D π-conjugated organic molecule for potential application in organic electrochromic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadia Chaudhry
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Sean M Ryno
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - David R McMillin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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37
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Zhang S, Moudgil K, Jucov E, Risko C, Timofeeva TV, Marder SR, Barlow S. Organometallic hydride-transfer agents as reductants for organic semiconductor molecules. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of the donor–acceptor copolymer PTB7 at near experimental scale reveal structure–dynamics correlations in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Ryno
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
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39
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Getmanenko YA, Mullins CS, Nesterov VN, Lake S, Risko C, Johnston-Halperin E. Magnetic ordering in a vanadium-organic coordination polymer using a pyrrolo[2,3- d:5,4- d']bis(thiazole)-based ligand. RSC Adv 2018; 8:36223-36232. [PMID: 35558484 PMCID: PMC9088712 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05697h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present the synthesis and characterization of a hybrid vanadium-organic coordination polymer with robust magnetic order, a Curie temperature T C of ∼110 K, a coercive field of ∼5 Oe at 5 K, and a maximum mass magnetization of about half that of the benchmark ferrimagnetic vanadium(tetracyanoethylene)∼2 (V·(TCNE)∼2). This material was prepared using a new tetracyano-substituted quinoidal organic small molecule 7 based on a tricyclic heterocycle 4-hexyl-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d:5,4-d']bis(thiazole) (C6-PBTz). Single crystal X-ray diffraction of the 2,6-diiodo derivative of the parent C6-PBTz, showed a disordered hexyl chain and a nearly linear arrangement of the substituents in positions 2 and 6 of the tricyclic core. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that C6-PBTz-based ligand 7 is a strong acceptor with an electron affinity larger than that of TCNE and several other ligands previously used in molecular magnets. This effect is due in part to the electron-deficient thiazole rings and extended delocalization of the frontier molecular orbitals. The ligand detailed in this study, a representative example of fused heterocycle aromatic cores with extended π conjugation, introduces new opportunities for structure-magnetic-property correlation studies where the chemistry of the tricyclic heterocycles can modulate the electronic properties and the substituent at the central N-position can vary the spatial characteristics of the magnetic polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Getmanenko
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210-1173 USA
| | - Christopher S Mullins
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
| | | | - Stephanie Lake
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210-1173 USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506-0055 USA
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40
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Purdum GE, Telesz NG, Jarolimek K, Ryno SM, Gessner T, Davy NC, Petty AJ, Zhen Y, Shu Y, Facchetti A, Collis GE, Hu W, Wu C, Anthony JE, Weitz RT, Risko C, Loo YL. Presence of Short Intermolecular Contacts Screens for Kinetic Stability in Packing Polymorphs. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7519-7525. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey E. Purdum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas G. Telesz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Karol Jarolimek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sean M. Ryno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | | | - Nicholas C. Davy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Anthony J. Petty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Yonggang Zhen
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ying Shu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton South Victoria 3169, Australia
| | | | - Gavin E. Collis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton South Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Wenping Hu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chao Wu
- BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | | | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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41
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Lopes TO, Machado DFS, Risko C, Brédas JL, de Oliveira HCB. Bond Ellipticity Alternation: An Accurate Descriptor of the Nonlinear Optical Properties of π-Conjugated Chromophores. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1377-1383. [PMID: 29498530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined structure-property relationships offer a conceptual basis to afford a priori design principles to develop novel π-conjugated molecular and polymer materials for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications. Here, we introduce the bond ellipticity alternation (BEA) as a robust parameter to assess the NLO characteristics of organic chromophores and illustrate its effectiveness in the case of streptocyanines. BEA is based on the symmetry of the electron density, a physical observable that can be determined from experimental X-ray electron densities or from quantum-chemical calculations. Through comparisons to the well-established bond-length alternation and π-bond order alternation parameters, we demonstrate the generality of BEA to foreshadow NLO characteristics and underline that, in the case of large electric fields, BEA is a more reliable descriptor. Hence, this study introduces BEA as a prominent descriptor of organic chromophores of interest for NLO applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago O Lopes
- Laboratório de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular (LEEDMOL), Institute of Chemistry , University of Brasília , Campus Darcy Ribeiro , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Daniel F Scalabrini Machado
- Laboratório de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular (LEEDMOL), Institute of Chemistry , University of Brasília , Campus Darcy Ribeiro , Brasília , Brazil
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Heibbe C B de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular (LEEDMOL), Institute of Chemistry , University of Brasília , Campus Darcy Ribeiro , Brasília , Brazil
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42
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Payne AJ, Li S, Dayneko SV, Risko C, Welch GC. Correction: An unsymmetrical non-fullerene acceptor: synthesis via direct heteroarylation, self-assembly, and utility as a low energy absorber in organic photovoltaic cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10608. [PMID: 28901352 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc90360j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correction for 'An unsymmetrical non-fullerene acceptor: synthesis via direct heteroarylation, self-assembly, and utility as a low energy absorber in organic photovoltaic cells' by Abby-Jo Payne et al., Chem. Commun., 2017, 53, 10168-10171.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby-Jo Payne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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43
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Ai Q, Getmanenko YA, Jarolimek K, Castañeda R, Timofeeva TV, Risko C. Unusual Electronic Structure of the Donor-Acceptor Cocrystal Formed by Dithieno[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine and 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4510-4515. [PMID: 28862454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mixed cocrystals derived from electron-rich donor (D) and electron-deficient acceptor (A) molecules showcase electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of interest for a wide range of applications. We explore the structural and electronic properties of a cocrystal synthesized from dithieno[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (DTPhz) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), which has a mixed-stack packing arrangement of the (π-electronic) face-to-face stacks in a 2:1 D:A stoichiometry. Density functional theory investigations reveal that the primary electronic characteristics of the cocrystal are not determined by electronic interactions along the face-to-face stacks, but rather they are characterized by stronger electronic interactions orthogonal to these stacks that follow the edge-to-edge donor-donor or acceptor-acceptor contacts. These distinctive electronic characteristics portend semiconducting properties that are unusual for semiconducting mixed cocrystals and suggest further potential to design organic semiconductors with orthogonal transport characteristics for different charge carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxiang Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Yulia A Getmanenko
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University , Las Vegas, New Mexico 87701, United States
| | - Karol Jarolimek
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Raúl Castañeda
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University , Las Vegas, New Mexico 87701, United States
| | - Tatiana V Timofeeva
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University , Las Vegas, New Mexico 87701, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
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44
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Casselman MD, Elliott CF, Modekrutti S, Zhang PL, Parkin SR, Risko C, Odom SA. Beyond the Hammett Effect: Using Strain to Alter the Landscape of Electrochemical Potentials. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2142-2146. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter L. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Sean R. Parkin
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
- Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40511 USA
| | - Susan A. Odom
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
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45
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Payne AJ, Li S, Dayneko SV, Risko C, Welch GC. An unsymmetrical non-fullerene acceptor: synthesis via direct heteroarylation, self-assembly, and utility as a low energy absorber in organic photovoltaic cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10168-10171. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05836e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the design and synthesis of an unsymmetrical π-conjugated organic molecule composed of perylene diimide, thienyl diketopyrrolopyrrole, and indoloquinoxaline pieced together using direct heteroarylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby-Jo Payne
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calgary
- 2500 University Drive N.W
- Calgary
- Canada
| | - Shi Li
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Sergey V. Dayneko
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calgary
- 2500 University Drive N.W
- Calgary
- Canada
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Gregory C. Welch
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calgary
- 2500 University Drive N.W
- Calgary
- Canada
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46
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Ryno SM, Fu YT, Risko C, Brédas JL. Polarization Energies at Organic-Organic Interfaces: Impact on the Charge Separation Barrier at Donor-Acceptor Interfaces in Organic Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:15524-15534. [PMID: 27244215 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We probe the energetic landscape at a model pentacene/fullerene (C60) interface to investigate the interactions between positive and negative charges, which are critical to the processes of charge separation and recombination in organic solar cells. Using a polarizable force field, we find that polarization energy, i.e., the stabilization a charge feels due to its environment, is larger at the interface than in the bulk for both a positive and a negative charge. The combination of the charge being more stabilized at the interface and the Coulomb attraction between the charges results in a barrier to charge separation at the pentacene/C60 interface that can be in excess of 0.7 eV for static configurations of the donor and acceptor locations. However, the impact of molecular motions, i.e., the dynamics, at the interface at room temperature results in a distribution of polarization energies and in charge separation barriers that can be significantly reduced. The dynamic nature of the interface is thus critical, with the polarization energy distributions indicating that sites along the interface shift in time between favorable and unfavorable configurations for charge separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Ryno
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23599-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Yao-Tsung Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23599-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Ryno SM, Risko C, Brédas JL. Impact of Molecular Orientation and Packing Density on Electronic Polarization in the Bulk and at Surfaces of Organic Semiconductors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:14053-14062. [PMID: 27183361 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The polarizable environment surrounding charge carriers in organic semiconductors impacts the efficiency of the charge transport process. Here, we consider two representative organic semiconductors, tetracene and rubrene, and evaluate their polarization energies in the bulk and at the organic-vacuum interface using a polarizable force field that accounts for induced-dipole and quadrupole interactions. Though both oligoacenes pack in a herringbone motif, the tetraphenyl substituents on the tetracene backbone of rubrene alter greatly the nature of the packing. The resulting change in relative orientations of neighboring molecules is found to reduce the bulk polarization energy of holes in rubrene by some 0.3 eV when compared to tetracene. The consideration of model organic-vacuum interfaces highlights the significant variation in the electrostatic environment for a charge carrier at a surface although the net change in polarization energy is small; interestingly, the environment of a charge even just one layer removed from the surface can be viewed already as representative of the bulk. Overall, it is found that in these herringbone-type layered crystals the polarization energy has a much stronger dependence on the intralayer packing density than interlayer packing density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Ryno
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23599-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23599-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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48
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Marshall JL, Uchida K, Frederickson CK, Schütt C, Zeidell AM, Goetz KP, Finn TW, Jarolimek K, Zakharov LN, Risko C, Herges R, Jurchescu OD, Haley MM. Indacenodibenzothiophenes: synthesis, optoelectronic properties and materials applications of molecules with strong antiaromatic character. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5547-5558. [PMID: 28066536 PMCID: PMC5207214 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00950f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Indeno[1,2-b]fluorenes (IFs), while containing 4n π-electrons, are best described as two aromatic benzene rings fused to a weakly paratropic s-indacene core. In this study, we find that replacement of the outer benzene rings of an IF with benzothiophenes allows the antiaromaticity of the central s-indacene to strongly reassert itself. Herein we report a combined synthetic, computational, structural, and materials study of anti- and syn-indacenodibenzothiophenes (IDBTs). We have developed an efficient and scalable synthesis for preparation of a series of aryl- and ethynyl-substituted IDBTs. NICS-XY scans and ACID calculations reveal an increasingly antiaromatic core from [1,2-b]IF to anti-IDBT, with syn-IDBT being nearly as antiaromatic as the parent s-indacene. As an initial evaluation, the intermolecular electronic couplings and electronic band structure of a diethynyl anti-IDBT derivative reveal the potential for hole and / or electron transport. OFETs constructed using this molecule show the highest hole mobilities yet achieved for a fully conjugated IF derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute
, University of Oregon
,
Eugene
, Oregon 97403-1253
, USA
.
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry
, Graduate School of Science
, Osaka University
,
Toyonaka
, Osaka 560-0043
, Japan
| | - Conerd K. Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute
, University of Oregon
,
Eugene
, Oregon 97403-1253
, USA
.
| | - Christian Schütt
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry
, University of Kiel
,
Otto-Hahn-Platz 4
, Kiel 24098
, Germany
| | - Andrew M. Zeidell
- Department of Physics
, Wake Forest University
,
Winston-Salem
, North Carolina 27109
, USA
| | - Katelyn P. Goetz
- Department of Physics
, Wake Forest University
,
Winston-Salem
, North Carolina 27109
, USA
| | - Tristan W. Finn
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research
, University of Kentucky
,
Lexington
, Kentucky 40506
, USA
| | - Karol Jarolimek
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research
, University of Kentucky
,
Lexington
, Kentucky 40506
, USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR
, University of Oregon
,
Eugene
, Oregon 97403-1433
, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research
, University of Kentucky
,
Lexington
, Kentucky 40506
, USA
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry
, University of Kiel
,
Otto-Hahn-Platz 4
, Kiel 24098
, Germany
| | - Oana D. Jurchescu
- Department of Physics
, Wake Forest University
,
Winston-Salem
, North Carolina 27109
, USA
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute
, University of Oregon
,
Eugene
, Oregon 97403-1253
, USA
.
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49
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Kastinen T, Niskanen M, Risko C, Cramariuc O, Hukka TI. Intrinsic Properties of Two Benzodithiophene-Based Donor--Acceptor Copolymers Used in Organic Solar Cells: A Quantum-Chemical Approach. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1051-64. [PMID: 26840559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers show tremendous promise as active components in thin-film organic bulk heterojunction solar cells and transistors, as appropriate combinations of D-A units enable regulation of the intrinsic electronic and optical properties of the polymer. Here, the structural, electronic, and optical properties of two D-A copolymers that make use of thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione as the acceptor and differ by their donor unit-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) vs the ladder-type heptacyclic benzodi(cyclopentadithiophene)-are compared using density functional theory methods. Our calculations predict some general similarities, although the differences in the donor structures lead also to clear differences. The extended conjugation of the stiff ladder-type donor destabilizes both the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies of the ladder copolymer and results in smaller gap energies compared to its smaller counterpart. However, more significant charge transfer nature is predicted for the smaller BDT-based copolymer by natural transition orbitals than for the ladder copolymer. That is, the influence of the acceptor on the copolymer properties is "diluted" to some extent by the already extended conjugation of the ladder-type donor. Thus, the use of stronger acceptor units with the ladder-type donors would benefit the future design of new D-A copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuva Kastinen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Niskanen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.,Department of Physics, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Oana Cramariuc
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Terttu I Hukka
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
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50
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Wu Y, Chew AR, Rojas GA, Sini G, Haugstad G, Belianinov A, Kalinin SV, Li H, Risko C, Brédas JL, Salleo A, Frisbie CD. Strain effects on the work function of an organic semiconductor. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10270. [PMID: 26831362 PMCID: PMC4740348 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing fundamental relationships between strain and work function (WF) in organic semiconductors is important not only for understanding electrical properties of organic thin films, which are subject to both intrinsic and extrinsic strains, but also for developing flexible electronic devices. Here we investigate tensile and compressive strain effects on the WF of rubrene single crystals. Mechanical strain induced by thermal expansion mismatch between the substrate and rubrene is quantified by X-ray diffraction. The corresponding WF change is measured by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. The WF of rubrene increases (decreases) significantly with in-plane tensile (compressive) strain, which agrees qualitatively with density functional theory calculations. An elastic-to-plastic transition, characterized by a steep rise of the WF, occurs at ∼0.05% tensile strain along the rubrene π-stacking direction. The results provide the first concrete link between mechanical strain and WF of an organic semiconductor and have important implications for understanding the connection between structural and electronic disorder in soft organic electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, 55455 Minnesota, USA
| | - Annabel R. Chew
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, 94305 California, USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Rojas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, 55455 Minnesota, USA
| | - Gjergji Sini
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay Lussac, Neuville sur Oise, Cergy-Pontoise Cedex 95031, France
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Greg Haugstad
- Characterization Facility, University of Minnesota, 100 Union St SE, Minneapolis, 55455 Minnesota, USA
| | - Alex Belianinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd., Oak Ridge, 37831 Tennessee, USA
| | - Sergei V. Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd., Oak Ridge, 37831 Tennessee, USA
| | - Hong Li
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332 Georgia, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506 Kentucky, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, 94305 California, USA
| | - C. Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, 55455 Minnesota, USA
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