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Lungwitz D, Joy S, Mansour AE, Opitz A, Karunasena C, Li H, Panjwani NA, Moudgil K, Tang K, Behrends J, Barlow S, Marder SR, Brédas JL, Graham K, Koch N, Kahn A. Spectral Signatures of a Negative Polaron in a Doped Polymer Semiconductor: Energy Levels and Hubbard U Interactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5633-5640. [PMID: 37310355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The modern picture of negative charge carriers on conjugated polymers invokes the formation of a singly occupied (spin-up/spin-down) level within the polymer gap and a corresponding unoccupied level above the polymer conduction band edge. The energy splitting between these sublevels is related to on-site Coulomb interactions between electrons, commonly termed Hubbard U. However, spectral evidence for both sublevels and experimental access to the U value is still missing. Here, we provide evidence by n-doping the polymer P(NDI2OD-T2) with [RhCp*Cp]2, [N-DMBI]2, and cesium. Changes in the electronic structure after doping are studied with ultraviolet photoelectron and low-energy inverse photoemission spectroscopies (UPS, LEIPES). UPS data show an additional density of states (DOS) in the former empty polymer gap while LEIPES data show an additional DOS above the conduction band edge. These DOS are assigned to the singly occupied and unoccupied sublevels, allowing determination of a U value of ∼1 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lungwitz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Syed Joy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chamikara Karunasena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, USA
| | - Naitik A Panjwani
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karttikay Moudgil
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
| | - Kan Tang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Jan Behrends
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, USA
| | - Kenneth Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Pandeya A, Yang L, Alegun O, Karunasena C, Risko C, Li Z, Wei Y. Biotinylation as a tool to enhance the uptake of small molecules in Gram-negative bacteria. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260023. [PMID: 34767592 PMCID: PMC8589159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern. The shrinking selection of effective antibiotics and lack of new development is making the situation worse. Gram-negative bacteria more specifically pose serious threat because of their double layered cell envelope and effective efflux systems, which is a challenge for drugs to penetrate. One promising approach to breach this barrier is the “Trojan horse strategy”. In this technique, an antibiotic molecule is conjugated with a nutrient molecule that helps the antibiotic to enter the cell through dedicated transporters for the nutrient. Here, we explored the approach using biotin conjugation with a florescent molecule Atto565 to determine if biotinylation enhances accumulation. Biotin is an essential vitamin for bacteria and is obtained through either synthesis or uptake from the environment. We found that biotinylation enhanced accumulation of Atto565 in E. coli. However, the enhancement did not seem to be due to uptake through biotin transporters since the presence of free biotin had no observable impact on accumulation. Accumulated compound was mostly in the periplasm, as determined by cell fractionation studies. This was further confirmed through the observation that expression of streptavidin in the periplasm specifically enhanced the accumulation of biotinylated Atto565. This enhancement was not observed when streptavidin was expressed in the cytoplasm indicating no significant distribution of the compound inside the cytoplasm. Using gene knockout strains, plasmid complementation and mutagenesis studies we demonstrated that biotinylation made the compound a better passenger through OmpC, an outer membrane porin. Density functional theory (DFT)-based evaluation of the three-dimensional geometries showed that biotinylation did not directly stabilize the conformation of the compound to make it favorable for the entry through a pore. Further studies including molecular dynamics simulations are necessary to determine the possible mechanisms of enhanced accumulation of the biotinylated Atto565.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Pandeya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Olaniyi Alegun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Chamikara Karunasena
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Centre for Applied Energy and Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Centre for Applied Energy and Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Yinan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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de Silva DC, Jayawardana P, Hapangama A, Suraweera EGDN, Ranjani D, Fernando S, Karunasena C, Jinadasa S. Attitudes toward prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy for genetic disorders among healthcare workers in a selected setting in Sri Lanka. Prenat Diagn 2008; 28:715-21. [PMID: 18561288 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess attitudes toward prenatal diagnosis (PND) and termination of pregnancy (TOP) for Down syndrome (DS), hemophilia, lethal autosomal recessive disorder (LRD) and a hypothetical late-onset neurodegenerative disorder (NDD) among healthcare workers in one Sri Lankan district. METHODS Self-administered questionnaire (tested for content validity) completed by medical (n = 218) and nursing (n = 368) students, nurses (n = 178) and doctors (n = 127). RESULTS Acceptability of PND was 94%, 91%, 86% and 71% respectively for LRD, DS, hemophilia and NDD. Favorable attitudes toward TOP for DS (84%), and LRD (82%) were higher compared with hemophilia (65%) and NDD (53%). There was willingness to consider TOP for self/spouse for DS (79%), LRD (78%), hemophilia (60%) and NDD (54%). The proportions willing to participate in a pregnancy termination (DS 54%, LRD 51%, hemophilia 38%, NDD 38%) were lower. Religious affiliation influenced attitudes regarding TOP with Christians being more opposed than Buddhists. CONCLUSIONS There is acceptance of and willingness to participate in TOP for fetal anomalies among Sri Lankan healthcare workers. These findings have relevance for developing prenatal diagnostic services in Sri Lanka. Religious affiliation among Asian doctors, nurses (and patients) in developed countries is likely to determine permissiveness toward PND and TOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi C de Silva
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Thalagolla Road, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
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