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Washington JW, Rosal CG, McCord JP, Strynar MJ, Lindstrom AB, Bergman EL, Goodrow SM, Tadesse HK, Pilant AN, Washington BJ, Davis MJ, Stuart BG, Jenkins TM. Nontargeted mass-spectral detection of chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylates in New Jersey soils. Science 2020; 368:1103-1107. [PMID: 32499438 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba7127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity and environmental persistence of anthropogenic per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of global concern. To address legacy PFAS concerns in the United States, industry developed numerous replacement PFAS that commonly are treated as confidential information. To investigate the distribution of PFAS in New Jersey, soils collected from across the state were subjected to nontargeted mass-spectral analyses. Ten chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylates were tentatively identified, with at least three congeners in all samples. Nine congeners are ≥(CF2)7 Distinct chemical formulas and structures, as well as geographic distribution, suggest airborne transport from an industrial source. Lighter congeners dispersed more widely than heavier congeners, with the most widely dispersed detected in an in-stock New Hampshire sample. Additional data were used to develop a legacy-PFAS fingerprint for historical PFAS sources in New Jersey.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Washington
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Charlita G Rosal
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development, Athens, GA, USA
| | - James P McCord
- EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mark J Strynar
- EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Andrew B Lindstrom
- EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Erica L Bergman
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), Site Remediation and Waste Management Program, Trenton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Haile K Tadesse
- EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Andrew N Pilant
- EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Mary J Davis
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Thomas M Jenkins
- Senior Environmental Employment Program, Office of Research and Development, USEPA, Athens, GA, USA
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Washington JW, Rosal CG, Ulrich EM, Jenkins TM. Use of carbon isotopic ratios in nontargeted analysis to screen for anthropogenic compounds in complex environmental matrices. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1583:73-79. [PMID: 30455052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Analytical data for ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), nontargeted, high-resolution, mass-spectrometry (HR/MS) molecular features from a wide array of samples are used to calculate 13C112C(n-1)/12Cn isotopologue ratios. These ratios increase with molecular carbon number roughly following a trend defined by atmospheric carbon. When the effective source reservoir 13C/12C ratio is calculated from the isotopologue ratio (assuming a fractionation factor of unity), features in biotic samples uniformly are tightly grouped, proximate to atmospheric 13C/12C ratio. In contrast, features in soil natural organic matter (NOM), dust NOM and anthropogenic compounds range from proximate to relatively divergent from atmospheric 13C/12C. For the NOM, 13C/12C ratios are consistent with an expected preferential volatilization of 12C, rendering features in soil NOM 13C-enriched and some features in dust NOM 13C-depleted. Anthropogenic compounds tend to diverge most dramatically from atmospheric 13C/12C, generally toward 13C-depletion, but pesticides we tested tended toward 13C-enriched. This pattern is robust and evident in: i) anthropogenic vs natural features in dust; ii) perfluorinated compounds in standards and as soil contaminants; and iii) sunscreen compounds in commercial products and wastewater. Considering the observed wide 13C/12C range for anthropogenic compounds, we suggest Rayleigh distillation during synthetic processes commonly favors one isotope over the other, rendering a source reservoir that is progressively depleted as synthesis proceeds and, consequently, generates a wide variation in 13C/12C for man-made products. However, kinetic-isotopic effects and/or synthesis from petroleum/natural gas might contribute to the anthropogenic isotopic signature as well. Regardless of cause, 13C/12C can be used to cull HR/MS molecular features that are more likely to be of anthropogenic or non-biotic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Washington
- USEPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, United States.
| | - Charlita G Rosal
- USEPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 944 East Harmon Avenue, Las Vegas, NV, 89119, United States.
| | - Elin M Ulrich
- USEPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Thomas M Jenkins
- Senior Environmental Employee Program, USEPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, United States
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Momplaisir GM, Rosal CG, Heithmar EM, Varner KE, Riddick LA, Bradford DF, Tallent-Halsell NG. Development of a solid phase extraction method for agricultural pesticides in large-volume water samples☆. Talanta 2010; 81:1380-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bradford DF, Heithmar EM, Tallent-Halsell NG, Momplaisir GM, Rosal CG, Varner KE, Nash MS, Riddick LA. Temporal patterns and sources of atmospherically deposited pesticides in Alpine Lakes of the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:4609-4614. [PMID: 20496891 DOI: 10.1021/es100758a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural pesticides are being transported by air large distances to remote mountain areas and have been implicated as a cause for recent population declines of several amphibian species in such locations. Largely unmeasured, however, are the magnitude and temporal variation of pesticide concentrations in these areas, and the relationship between pesticide use and pesticide appearance in the montane environment. We addressed these topics in the southern Sierra Nevada mountains, California, by sampling water weekly or monthly from four alpine lakes from mid-June to mid-October 2003. The lakes were 46-83 km from the nearest pesticide sources in the intensively cultivated San Joaquin Valley. Four of 41 target pesticide analytes were evaluated for temporal patterns: endosulfan, propargite, dacthal, and simazine. Concentrations were very low, approximately 1 ng/L or less, at all times. The temporal patterns in concentrations differed among the four pesticides, whereas the temporal pattern for each pesticide was similar among the four lakes. For the two pesticides applied abundantly in the San Joaquin Valley during the sampling period, endosulfan and propargite, temporal variation in concentrations corresponded strikingly with application rates in the Valley with lag times of 1-2 weeks. A finer-scale analysis suggests that a large fraction of these two pesticides reaching the lakes originated in localized upwind areas within the Valley.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Bradford
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Landscape Ecology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 93478, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193, USA.
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Rosal CG, Momplaisir GM, Heithmar EM. Roxarsone and transformation products in chicken manure: Determination by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1606-14. [PMID: 15761918 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the animal feed additive roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) and six of its possible transformation products (arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonate, dimethylarsinate, 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, and 4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) in chicken manure was investigated using capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS). Initial method development was conducted using ultraviolet (UV) detection for ruggedness and time efficiency. Separation of these seven arsenic species was effected using a 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 5.7. The CE-ICP-MS limits of detection in terms of As for each of the species was in the low microg.L(-1) range, corresponding to absolute detection limits in the range 20-70 fg As (based on a 23 nL injection). Overall, the method developed in this study provides high selectivity and low limits of detection (1-3 microg.L(-1) or low-ppb, based on As), uses small sample volume (low nL), and produces minimal wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlita G Rosal
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA.
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