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Mirra A, Casoni D, Barge P, Hight D, Levionnois O, Spadavecchia C. Usability of the SedLine® electroencephalographic monitor of depth of anaesthesia in pigs: a pilot study. J Clin Monit Comput 2022; 36:1635-1646. [PMID: 35059913 PMCID: PMC9637619 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-022-00807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the usability of the SedLine® monitor in anaesthetized pigs. Five juvenile healthy pigs underwent balanced isoflurane-based general anaesthesia for surgical placement of a subcutaneous jugular venous port. The SedLine® was applied to continuously monitor electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and its modulation during anaesthesia. Computer tomography and magnetic resonance were performed to investigate the relationship between electrodes' positioning and anatomical structures. The pediatric SedLine® EEG-sensor could be easily applied and SedLine®-generated variables collected. An EEG Density Spectral Array (DS) was displayed over the whole procedure. During surgery, the EEG signal was dominated by elevated power in the delta range (0.5-4 Hz), with an underlying broadband signal (where power decreased with increasing frequency). The emergence period was marked by a decrease in delta power, and a more evenly distributed power over the 4-40 Hz frequency range. From incision to end of surgery, mean SedLine®-generated values (± standard deviation) were overall stable [23.0 (± 2.8) Patient State Index (PSI), 1.0% (± 3.8%) Suppression Ratio (SR), 8.8 Hz (± 2.5 Hz) Spectral Edge Frequency 95% (SEF) left, 7.7 Hz (± 2.4 Hz) SEF right], quickly changing during emergence [75.3 (± 11.1) PSI, 0.0 (± 0.0) SR, 12.5 (± 6.6) SEF left 10.4 (± 6.6) SEF right]. Based on the imaging performed, the sensor does not record EEG signals from the same brain areas as in humans. SedLine®-DSA and -generated variables seemed to reflect variations in depth of anaesthesia in pigs. Further studies are needed to investigate this correlation, as well as to define the species-specific brain structures monitored by the EEG-sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mirra
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - D Casoni
- Department for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - P Barge
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Hight
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - O Levionnois
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Spadavecchia
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Vidondo B, Stettler S, Stojiljkovic A, Mogel H, Gaschen V, Spadavecchia C, Casoni D, Stoffel MH. Assessment of potential neuropathic changes in cattle after cautery disbudding. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:9-16. [PMID: 31419617 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Disbudding of calves is a standard husbandry procedure to reduce the risk of injuries to other cattle and to workers. Whereas acute pain resulting from disbudding has been studied extensively, little is known about chronic pain as a potential long-term consequence. The goal of the present study was to investigate possible morphological changes in the cornual nerve as a function of disbudding. Samples were collected from 17 randomly selected bulls and from 21 calves from a prospective clinical study. Among the calves, 13 were disbudded and 8 were sham-disbudded. Out of the disbudded calves, 4 showed signs of chronic pain. In all the animals, the infraorbital nerve was used as a methodological check. Morphological analysis included measuring minimal diameters of the axons present in both the cornual and infraorbital nerves. Sympathetic fibers were identified as based on the presence of Tyroxine hydroxylase (TH). TH-negative fibers were considered afferents. Trigeminal ganglia from the calves were immunostained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). R. cornualis and N. infraorbitalis differed in terms of axon diameters and proportion of TH-positive fibers. Weak evidence (p > .091) of a difference in axon diameters between control and disbudded calves was found in R. cornualis, but the proportion of TH-positive fibers was alike in both groups. Average glial envelope and the percentages of ATF3-positive neurons revealed no difference between calves with and without signs of pain. Thus, available evidence is insufficient to support neuropathic changes as a result of disbudding in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vidondo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, POB 3350, CH - 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Stettler
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, POB 3350, CH - 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Stojiljkovic
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, POB 3350, CH - 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - H Mogel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, POB 3350, CH - 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - V Gaschen
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, POB 3350, CH - 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - C Spadavecchia
- Division of Veterinary Anesthesia, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, POB 3350, CH - 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - D Casoni
- Division of Veterinary Anesthesia, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, POB 3350, CH - 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - M H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, POB 3350, CH - 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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Morzenti S, Spadavecchia C, Dolci C, De Ponti E, Guerra L, Landoni C, Crespi A. 83. Performance optimization using new PET/CT technology with respect to count statistic variation. Phys Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Spadavecchia C, De Ponti E, Morzenti S, Crespi A. 318. PET/CT image alignment: Methodology for assessment using a dedicated phantom. Phys Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.04.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Villa R, Paruccini N, Spadavecchia C, Baglivi A, Signoriello M, Crespi A. 54. Spatio-temporal generalisation of Model Observer for Low Contrast Detectability assessment of dynamic angiographic images: comparison with an innovative Statistical method and 2AFC experiments. Phys Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Casoni D, Mirra A, Suter MR, Gutzwiller A, Spadavecchia C. Can disbudding of calves (one versus four weeks of age) induce chronic pain? Physiol Behav 2018; 199:47-55. [PMID: 30414886 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calf disbudding is a welfare-relevant invasive husbandry procedure. While it is widely recognized that disbudding elicits acute pain, its chronic consequences are currently unknown. OBJECTIVES Primary aim of this study was to investigate whether disbudding leads to chronic pain in calves; secondary aim was to evaluate the influence of age at disbudding (1 week versus 4 weeks). METHODS Thirty-four Holstein bull calves, enrolled in a prospective, controlled, randomized trial, underwent either early disbudding (ED) or late disbudding (LD) or sham treatment (control) at 1 and 4 weeks of age. Pain scoring and quantitative sensory tests (von Frey filaments and algometry) were performed at regular intervals up to 105 days of life; neurophysiological determination of nociceptive reflex thresholds and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) up to 90 days. Data was analyzed with the Brunner and Langer model followed by post-hoc test, with level of significance set at 0.05. RESULTS Thirty-one calves completed the data collection. Signs of chronic sensitization were observed in 38% of disbudded calves (4 in ED and 4 in LD). Pain scores (until 105 days) and allodynia scores (until 60 days) were significantly higher while pressure thresholds (until 105 days) were significantly lower in both groups ED and LD compared to control. Late disbudded calves showed impairment of trigeminal CPM. Lower laser-evoked trigeminal reflex thresholds were found in clinically painful calves compared to control. CONCLUSIONS The sequelae of disbudding can extend beyond the acute post-procedural phase. Chronic trigeminal sensitization, independently from the age at disbudding can affect individual calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Casoni
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - A Mirra
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M R Suter
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Gutzwiller
- Agroscope, Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - C Spadavecchia
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Wagmann N, Spadavecchia C, Morath-Huss U, Schüpbach-Regula G, Zanolari P. Evaluation of anaesthesia and analgesia quality during disbudding of goat kids by certified Swiss farmers. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:220. [PMID: 29986699 PMCID: PMC6038348 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certified Swiss farmers are allowed to disbud their goat kids using a standard intramuscularly administered anaesthetic mixture. This mixture, containing xylazine and ketamine, is officially distributed with the goal to provide a painless disbudding. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of analgesia and anaesthesia achieved during disbudding, when performed by Swiss farmers. To assess this, 174 goat kids at 31 different farms were observed and filmed during cautery disbudding. RESULTS The standard anaesthetic mixture (0.05 mg/kg xylazine and 20 mg/kg ketamine) was used only in 71 goat kids. Fifty-eight goat kids were anaesthetised with different dosages of xylazine (median 0.18 mg/kg) and ketamine (median 10 mg/kg), 22 with xylazine only (median 0.61 mg/kg), 20 with xylazine (median 1.84 mg/kg) and perineural lidocaine (median 1.23 mg/kg), three with acepromazine (dosage unknown) and ketamine (10 mg/kg). Based on vocalisation, limb movement and head lifting during disbudding, a general reaction score was attributed to 168 goat kids (six were excluded due to firm restraint): 56.5% were scored zero (no limb movement, no vocalisation), 7.7% one, 17.3% two and 18.5% three (strong movements, vocalisation). Significant risk factors for higher reaction scores were the type of anaesthetic protocol and manipulation by the farmer during induction. Significant risk factors for longer recoveries were use of xylazine alone or xylazine in combination with perineural lidocaine, breed, younger age and recovery underneath heat lamp. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that anaesthesia and analgesia of goat kids disbudded by Swiss farmers is inadequate, as 35.8% of the animals showed moderate to strong behavioural reactions during the procedure. Unexpectedly, only 40.8% of the goat kids were anaesthetised with the standard anaesthetic mixture and several other protocols were used. A refinement of the recommended protocol is urgently needed to guarantee animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wagmann
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Spadavecchia
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Division, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - U Morath-Huss
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Division, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Schüpbach-Regula
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, 3097 Liebefeld, Bern, Switzerland
| | - P Zanolari
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Guerra L, Ponti ED, Morzenti S, Spadavecchia C, Crivellaro C. Respiratory Motion Management in PET/CT: Applications and Clinical Usefulness. Curr Radiopharm 2018; 10:85-92. [PMID: 28530533 DOI: 10.2174/1874471010666170519165918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Breathing movement can introduce heavy bias in both image quality and quantitation in PET/CT. The aim of this paper is a review of the literature to evaluate the benefit of respiratory gating in terms of image quality, quantification and lesion detectability. METHODS A review of the literature published in the last 10 years and dealing with gated PET/CT technique has been performed, focusing on improvement in quantification, lesion detectability and diagnostic accuracy in neoplastic lesion. In addition, the improvement in the definition of radiotherapy planning has been evaluated. RESULTS There is a consistent increase of the Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) in gated PET images when compared to ungated ones, particularly for lesions located in liver and in lung. Respiratory gating can also increase sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of PET/CT. Gated PET/CT can be used for radiation therapy planning, reducing the uncertainty in target definition, optimizing the volume to be treated and reducing the possibility of "missing" during the dose delivery. Moreover, new technologies, able to define the movement of lesions and organs directly from the PET sinogram, can solve some problems that currently are limiting the clinical use of gated PET/CT (i.e.: extended acquisition time, radiation exposure). CONCLUSION The published literature demonstrated that respiratory gating PET/CT is a valid technique to improve quantification, lesion detectability of lung and liver tumors and can better define the radiotherapy planning of moving lesions and organs. If new technical improvements for motion compensation will be clinically validated, gated technique could be applied routinely in any PET/CT scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Guerra
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Gerardo Hospital - ASST Monza, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Pergolesi 33, Monza, 20900. Italy
| | - Elena De Ponti
- Medical Physics Department, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST-Monza, Monza. Italy
| | - Sabrina Morzenti
- Medical Physics Department, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST-Monza, Monza. Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Crivellaro
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST-Monza, Monza. Italy
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Di Leo G, Spadavecchia C, Zanardo M, Secchi F, Veronese I, Cantone MC, Sardanelli F. Should the automatic exposure control system of CT be disabled when scanning patients with endoaortic stents or mechanical heart valves? A phantom study. Eur Radiol 2016; 27:2989-2994. [PMID: 27957643 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the impact of endoaortic stents/mechanical heart valves on the output of an automatic exposure control (AEC) system and CT radiation dose. METHODS In this phantom study, seven stents and two valves were scanned with varying tube voltage (80/100/120 kVp), AEC activation (enabled/disabled) and prosthesis (present/absent), for a total of 540 scans. For each prosthesis, the dose-length product (DLP) was compared between scans with the AEC enabled and disabled. Percentage confidence levels for differences due to the prosthesis were calculated. RESULTS Differences between results with the AEC enabled and disabled were not statistically significant (p ≥ 0.059). In the comparison with and without the prosthesis, DLP was unchanged at 80 kVp and 100 kVp, while a slight increase was observed at 120 kVp. The radiation dose varied from 1.8 mGy to 2.4 mGy without the prosthesis and from 1.8 mGy to 2.5 mGy with the prosthesis (confidence level 37-100%). CONCLUSIONS The effect of the prosthesis on the AEC system was negligible and not clinically relevant. Therefore, disabling the AEC system when scanning these patients is not likely to provide a benefit. KEY POINTS • CT-AEC system is not impaired in patients with endoaortic prostheses/heart valves. • Negligible differences may be observed only at 120 kVp. • Disabling the AEC system in these patients is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Leo
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, via Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese, Italy.
| | - Chiara Spadavecchia
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy
| | - Moreno Zanardo
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, via Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Francesco Secchi
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, via Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Ivan Veronese
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy
| | - Marie Claire Cantone
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, via Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese, Italy
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Radice A, Paruccini N, Spadavecchia C, Villa R, Baglivi A, Crespi A. A statistical method for low-contrast detectability analysis in angiography systems. Phys Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.07.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Villa R, Paruccini N, Pasquali C, Spadavecchia C, Baglivi A, Radice A, Crespi A. Low contrast detectability assessment with homemade software and dedicated phantom: evaluation of results and comparison with cdmam analysis. Phys Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.07.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Fries M, Montavon S, Spadavecchia C, Levionnois OL. Evaluation of a wireless activity monitoring system to quantify locomotor activity in horses in experimental settings. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:225-231. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Fries
- Division of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Switzerland
| | | | - C. Spadavecchia
- Division of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Switzerland
| | - O. L. Levionnois
- Division of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Switzerland
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Adami C, Casoni D, Noussitou F, Rytz U, Spadavecchia C. Addition of magnesium sulphate to ropivacaine for spinal analgesia in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. Vet J 2016; 209:163-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Spadavecchia C, Villa R, Pasquali C, Paruccini N, Crespi A. Low contrast detectability in digital mammography: Comparison between two systems through a statistical method. Phys Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.01.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Villa R, Spadavecchia C, Radice A, Pasquali C, Paruccini N, De Ponti E, Crespi A. Low contrast detectability assessment through a statistical method: Homemade software and dedicated phantom. Phys Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.01.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Levionnois OL, Zuehlke N, Kuhn M, Spadavecchia C. Impact of low inspired oxygen fraction on oxygenation in clinical horses under general anesthesia. PFERDEHEILKUNDE 2016. [DOI: 10.21836/pem20160507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of etomidate anaesthesia by immersion technique in Bombina orientalis. The study comprised two phases. The first phase was carried out to identify the etomidate concentration capable of producing anaesthetic induction, as well as surgical anaesthesia, in the toads. The second phase was aimed at testing that concentration in eight additional animals. Etomidate administered via immersion at a concentration of 37.5 mg/L produced effective anaesthesia in oriental fire-bellied toads. The average duration of surgical anaesthesia was 20 min. All the toads enrolled in the study survived the anaesthesia and long-term complications did not occur. However, undesired side-effects, namely itching, myoclonus and prolonged recovery, were noticed during the perianaesthetic period. The authors concluded that etomidate anaesthesia by immersion, at a concentration of 37.5 mg/L, is suitable in oriental fire-bellied toads and produces anaesthesia of a depth and duration that is sufficient to allow the completion of various experimental procedures, without resulting in lethal complications. However, the occurrence of undesired side-effects opens a debate on the safety of this anaesthetic technique, and imposes the need for further investigation prior to proposing the latter for routine laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D d'Ovidio
- Freelance Veterinarian, Arzano, Naples, Italy
| | - C Spadavecchia
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Division, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - G Angeli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Adami
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Division, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Two healthy dogs were anaesthetized to undergo elective orthopaedic procedures. After premedication with methadone and acepromazine, general anaesthesia was induced with midazolam and S-ketamine. Immediately after anaesthetic induction, seizures occurred in both dogs. In the first dog the syndrome was characterized by tonic and clonic motor activity, muscular hypertone, hypersalivation, urination, defecation and hyperthermia. In the second dog muscular twitches of the temporal and masseter regions were observed, followed by increased skeletal muscles tone, hypersalivation, spontaneous urination and increase in body temperature. Recoveries from anaesthesia were uneventful and no seizures were observed. Considering the temporal association between anaesthetic induction and occurrence of seizures, and the fact that other causative factors could not be identified, it is hypothesized that S-ketamine played a role in determining the convulsive phenomena observed in these patients. S-ketamine might carry the potential for inducing seizures in otherwise healthy dogs, despite the concomitant use of GABA-ergic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Adami
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Division, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne
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Ranheim B, Risberg ÅI, Spadavecchia C, Landsem R, Haga HA. The pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine administered as a constant rate infusion in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:93-6. [PMID: 25229603 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine, the most selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist in clinical use, is increasingly being used in both conscious and anaesthetized horses; however, the pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of this drug administered alone as an infusion are not previously described in horses. Seven horses received an infusion of 8 μg dexmedetomidine/kg/h for 150 min, venous blood samples were collected, and dexmedetomidine concentrations were assayed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and analyzed using noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Sedation was scored as the distance from the lower lip of the horse to the ground measured in centimetre. The harmonic mean (SD) plasma elimination half-life (Lambda z half-life) for dexmedetomidine was 20.9 (5.1) min, clearance (Cl) was 0.3 (0.20) L/min/kg, and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss ) was 13.7 (7.9) L/kg. There was a considerable individual variation in the concentration of dexmedetomidine vs. time profile. The level of sedation covaried with the plasma concentration of dexmedetomidine. This implies that for clinical use of dexmedetomidine constant rate infusion in conscious horses, infusion rates can be easily adjusted to effect, and this is preferable to an infusion at a predetermined value.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ranheim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Risberg A, Spadavecchia C, Ranheim B, Krontveit R, Haga HA. Antinociceptive effects of three escalating dexmedetomidine and lignocaine constant rate infusions in conscious horses. Vet J 2014; 202:489-97. [PMID: 25266648 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine and lignocaine IV are used clinically to provide analgesia in horses. The aims of this study were to investigate the antinociceptive effects, plasma concentrations and sedative effects of 2, 4 and 6 µg/kg/h dexmedetomidine IV, with a bolus of 0.96 µg/kg preceding each continuous rate infusion (CRI), and 20, 40 and 60 µg/kg/min lignocaine IV, with a bolus of 550 µg/kg preceding each CRI, in 10 Swiss Warmblood horses. Electrically elicited nociceptive withdrawal reflexes were evaluated by deltoid muscle electromyography. Nociceptive threshold and tolerance were determined by electromyography and behaviour following single and repeated stimulation. Plasma concentrations of drugs were determined by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Sedation was scored on a visual analogue scale. Dexmedetomidine increased nociceptive threshold to single and repeated stimulation for all CRIs, except at 2 µg/kg/h, where no increase in single stimulation nociceptive threshold was observed. Dexmedetomidine increased nociceptive tolerance to single and repeated stimulation at all CRIs. There was large individual variability in dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations and levels of sedation; the median plasma concentration providing antinociceptive effects to all recorded parameters was 0.15 ng/mL, with a range from <0.02 ng/mL (below the lower limit of quantification) to 0.25 ng/mL. Lignocaine increased nociceptive threshold and tolerance to single and repeated stimulation at CRIs of 40 and 60 µg/kg/min, corresponding to plasma lignocaine concentrations >600 ng/mL. Only nociceptive tolerance to repeated stimulation increased at 20 µg/kg/min lignocaine. Lignocaine at 40 µg/kg/min and dexmedetomidine at 4 µg/kg/h were the lowest CRIs resulting in consistent antinociception. Lignocaine did not induce significant sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Risberg
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - C Spadavecchia
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - B Ranheim
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - R Krontveit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - H A Haga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
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Perret-Gentil F, Doherr M, Spadavecchia C, Levionnois O. Attitudes of Swiss veterinarians towards pain and analgesia in dogs and cats. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2014; 156:111-7. [DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Spadavecchia C, Jaggy A. Thymectomy in a cat with myasthenia gravis: a case report focusing on perianaesthetic management. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2012; 150:515-8. [DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281.150.10.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Spadavecchia C, Haga H, Ranheim B. Concentration-dependent isoflurane effects on withdrawal reflexes in pigs and the role of the stimulation paradigm. Vet J 2012; 194:375-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Adami C, Veres-Nyéki K, Spadavecchia C, Rytz U, Bergadano A. Evaluation of peri-operative epidural analgesia with ropivacaine, ropivacaine and sufentanil, and ropivacaine, sufentanil and epinephrine in isoflurane anesthetized dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. Vet J 2012; 194:229-34. [PMID: 22658249 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Adami
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Division, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, 3012 Berne, Switzerland.
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Veres-Nyéki KO, Graubner C, Aloisio F, Spadavecchia C. Pulmonary edema at recovery after colic operation with in-situ nasogastric tube in a horse. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2012; 153:401-4. [PMID: 21866513 DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
After an uneventful general anesthesia, in a horse negative pressure pulmonary edema developed due to acute upper airway obstruction during the anesthetic recovery phase after colic surgery. No pathologic alteration of respiration was observed until the horse stood up and began suffocating. The horse had recovered with the nasogastric tube in situ. This, together with the postmortem diagnosis of laryngeal hemiplegia resulted in impairment of airflow through the larynx and development of pulmonary edema. Our objective is to alert clinicians about the possible hazard of recovery with an in-situ nasogastric tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Veres-Nyéki
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Berne.
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Schuhbeck MM, Kuhn M, Spadavecchia C, Levionnois OL. Continuous intravenous lidocaine infusion during isoflurane anaesthesia in horses undergoing surgical procedures. PFERDEHEILKUNDE 2012. [DOI: 10.21836/pem20120301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Graubner C, Gerber V, Doherr M, Spadavecchia C. Clinical application and reliability of a post abdominal surgery pain assessment scale (PASPAS) in horses. Vet J 2011; 188:178-83. [PMID: 20627635 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to refine a multi-dimensional scale based on physiological and behavioural parameters, known as the post abdominal surgery pain assessment scale (PASPAS), to quantify pain after laparotomy in horses. After a short introduction, eight observers used the scale to assess eight horses at multiple time points after laparotomy. In addition, a single observer was used to test the correlation of each parameter with the total pain index in 34 patients, and the effect of general anaesthesia on PASPAS was investigated in a control group of eight horses. Inter-observer variability was low (coefficient of variation 0.3), which indicated good reliability of PASPAS. The correlation of individual parameters with the total pain index differed between parameters. PASPAS, which was not influenced by general anaesthesia, was a useful tool to evaluate pain in horses after abdominal surgery and may also be useful to investigate analgesic protocols or for teaching purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Graubner
- Equine Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
A goat was scheduled for experimental surgery under general anesthesia. The first attempt of performing endotracheal intubation failed and provoked laryngeal spasm. After repeated succesful intubation of inhalation anesthesia was delivered in high concentrations of sevoflurane. Suddenly hypertension and tachycardia were observed, followed by foamy airway secretion and then severe airway hemorrhage. The authors hypothesize that laryngeal spasm provoked respiratory distress and pulmonary edema. The delivered high concentrations of sevoflurane probably enhanced a hyperadrenergic response, predisposing to the development of airway hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Adami
- Section of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Fosse TK, Toutain PL, Spadavecchia C, Haga HA, Horsberg TE, Ranheim B. Ketoprofen in piglets: enantioselective pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and PK/PD modelling. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 34:338-49. [PMID: 20950352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chiral pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ketoprofen were investigated in a placebo-controlled study in piglets after intramuscular administration of 6 mg/kg racemic ketoprofen. The absorption half-lives of both enantiomers were short, and S-ketoprofen predominated over R-ketoprofen in plasma. A kaolin-induced inflammation model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects of ketoprofen. Skin temperatures increased after the kaolin injection, but the effect of ketoprofen was small. No significant antipyretic effects could be detected, but body temperatures tended to be lower in the ketoprofen-treated piglets. Mechanical nociceptive threshold testing was used to evaluate the analgesic effects. The piglets in the ketoprofen-treated group had significantly higher mechanical nociceptive thresholds compared to the piglets in the placebo group for 12-24 h following the treatment. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of the results from the mechanical nociceptive threshold testing gave a median IC(50) for S-ketoprofen of 26.7 μg/mL and an IC(50) for R-ketoprofen of 1.6 μg/mL. This indicates that R-ketoprofen is a more potent analgesic than S-ketoprofen in piglets. Estimated ED(50) for racemic ketoprofen was 2.5 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Fosse
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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Levionnois O, Mevissen M, Thormann W, Spadavecchia C. Assessing the efficiency of a pharmacokinetic-based algorithm for target-controlled infusion of ketamine in ponies. Res Vet Sci 2010; 88:512-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ionita JC, Lempe A, Leupold T, Spadavecchia C. Analgesics in the horse: an update. PFERDEHEILKUNDE 2007. [DOI: 10.21836/pem20070401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Knobloch M, Portier CJ, Levionnois OL, Theurillat R, Thormann W, Spadavecchia C, Mevissen M. Antinociceptive effects, metabolism and disposition of ketamine in ponies under target-controlled drug infusion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 216:373-86. [PMID: 16919695 PMCID: PMC2039908 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is widely used as an anesthetic in a variety of drug combinations in human and veterinary medicine. Recently, it gained new interest for use in long-term pain therapy administered in sub-anesthetic doses in humans and animals. The purpose of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPk) model for ketamine in ponies and to investigate the effect of low-dose ketamine infusion on the amplitude and the duration of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR). A target-controlled infusion (TCI) of ketamine with a target plasma level of 1 microg/ml S-ketamine over 120 min under isoflurane anesthesia was performed in Shetland ponies. A quantitative electromyographic assessment of the NWR was done before, during and after the TCI. Plasma levels of R-/S-ketamine and R-/S-norketamine were determined by enantioselective capillary electrophoresis. These data and two additional data sets from bolus studies were used to build a PBPk model for ketamine in ponies. The peak-to-peak amplitude and the duration of the NWR decreased significantly during TCI and returned slowly toward baseline values after the end of TCI. The PBPk model provides reliable prediction of plasma and tissue levels of R- and S-ketamine and R- and S-norketamine. Furthermore, biotransformation of ketamine takes place in the liver and in the lung via first-pass metabolism. Plasma concentrations of S-norketamine were higher compared to R-norketamine during TCI at all time points. Analysis of the data suggested identical biotransformation rates from the parent compounds to the principle metabolites (R- and S-norketamine) but different downstream metabolism to further metabolites. The PBPk model can provide predictions of R- and S-ketamine and norketamine concentrations in other clinical settings (e.g. horses).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knobloch
- Division Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Spadavecchia C, Trachsel D, Tschudi PR, Schatzmann U. Combined general anaesthesia in a horse with tricuspidal regurgitation and transthoracic sonographic monitoring of the cardiac function. PFERDEHEILKUNDE 2006. [DOI: 10.21836/pem20060302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Levionnois OL, Spadavecchia C, Bergadano A, Schatzmann U. Use of opioids for horse analgesia with particular interest on epidural administration. PFERDEHEILKUNDE 2005. [DOI: 10.21836/pem20050407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- C Spadavecchia
- Klinik für Nutztiere und Pferde and tinstitut für Tierneurologie, Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät, Universität Bern, Switerland
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