Exploring Associations Between the Gut Microbiota and Full-Scale Intelligence in Preschool Children

The relationship between the gut microbiota and neurocognitive outcomes is becoming increasingly recognized; however, findings in humans are inconsistent. In addition, few studies have investigated the gut microbial metabolites that may mediate this relationship. The objective of this study was to investigate associations between full-scale intelligence (FSIQ) and the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolome in preschool children. Stool samples were collected from a community sample of 245 typically developing children (3-5 years) from the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) cohort. The faecal microbiome was assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing and the metabolome using LC-MS/MS. FSIQ and scores on the Verbal Comprehension, Visual Spatial, Working Memory indices of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV were used to assess neurocognition. Associations between the gut microbiota and FSIQ were determined using Pearson and Spearman correlations, which were corrected for multiple testing and relevant covariates. Verbal Comprehension negatively correlated with both Shannon alpha diversity (r=-0.14, p=0.032) and the caffeine-derived metabolite paraxanthine (r=-0.22, p<0.001). No other significant correlations were observed. Overall, the weak to modest correlations between Verbal Comprehension with alpha diversity and paraxanthine provide limited evidence of an association between the gut microbiota and neurocognitive outcomes in typically developing preschool children.

Evaluating the effectiveness of student assistance programs in Pennsylvania

This article presents data from an evaluation of the Pennsylvania Student Assistance Program (SAP). Focusing on both program process and effectiveness, the evaluation was conducted to determine the overall efficacy of SAPs in Pennsylvania and, more specifically, how SAP is currently being implemented. Five data collection strategies were employed: statewide surveys of SAP team members and county administrators, focus groups, site visits, and the Pennsylvania Department of Education SAP Database. A total of 1204 individual team members from 154 school buildings completed the team member survey. Fifty-three county administrators completed the county administrator survey. Focus groups were comprised of SAP coordinators, school board personnel and community agency staff. Site visits were conducted at five schools. The findings of the evaluation indicate that SAP in Pennsylvania is being implemented as designed. Recommended is the development of benchmarks and indicators that focus on the best SAP practices and the extent to which various indicators of the effectiveness of SAP are occurring at appropriate levels.

Postnatal booster injections increase engraftment after in utero stem cell transplantation

BACKGROUND

The primary barrier to clinical application of in utero hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is limited donor cell engraftment. We hypothesized that limited engraftment was due to competition between host and donor cells for available niches. We reasoned that increased engraftment might be achieved by performing multiple transplants separated by brief intervals to allow time for formation of new niches. To test this we performed multiple transplants in a congenic combination to avoid confounding immunologic effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

C57Pep3B (H2Kb, CD45.1) mice were used as donors of adult bone marrow and C57Bl/6 (H2Kb, CD45.2) mice were used as 14-day-gestation fetal recipients. All fetuses were injected intraperitoneally with 1 x 10(6) mononuclear cells. Boosted neonates were injected at Days 2, 4, and 7 of life with 5 x 10(6) cells. All animals were analyzed for donor cell engraftment by dual-color flow cytometry using CD45 and CD45.1 antigens. Results are reported as the mean +/- SD. Statistical analysis was performed using the two-tailed Student t test with P < 0.05 considered significant.

RESULTS

Postnatally boosted animals demonstrated significantly elevated levels of donor cell engraftment (3.30 +/- 0.8%; n = 8; P < 0.00001) when compared to the control animals (0.69 +/- 0.5%; n = 9) as determined by peripheral blood analysis at 6 weeks of age. This elevated level of engraftment was stable long term.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrate a significant increase in donor cell engraftment with postnatal booster injections after in utero transplantation. This supports the hypothesis that a limited number of niches may be a major component of the barrier to engraftment. It also suggests that postnatal booster injections may be a viable therapeutic strategy for improving donor cell engraftment after in utero HSC transplantation.

In utero bone marrow transplantation induces donor-specific tolerance by a combination of clonal deletion and clonal anergy

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

In utero bone marrow transplantation can induce donor-specific tolerance to postnatal solid organ transplantation, although the mechanisms remain poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the role of clonal deletion and clonal anergy in the maintenance of tolerance in a murine model of in utero bone marrow transplantation.

METHODS

DBA/2 mice (MIs(a+)) were used as donors of adult bone marrow, and 14-day-gestation fetal Balb/c mice (MIs(a-)) were used as recipients. Tolerance was defined by donor-specific skin graft survival for more than 8 weeks. Clonal deletion was assessed by flow cytometry for Vbeta6 T cell receptor usage. A tolerant animal demonstrating partial deletion of CD4+/Vbeta6+ T cells and a nontolerant animal were selected for analysis of clonal anergy by a proliferation assay using plate-bound anti-Vbeta6 antibody for stimulation with or without exogenous interleukin-2 (IL2).

RESULTS

Vbeta6+ splenocytes constituted 6.32% of CD4+ T cells in the tolerant animal compared with 9.19% in the nontolerant animal, demonstrating incomplete clonal deletion in the tolerant animal. Stimulation with plate-bound anti-Vbeta6 induced a good proliferative response in the nontolerant animal but a significantly attenuated response in the tolerant animal (P< .001), which was abrogated by the addition of IL2.

CONCLUSIONS

In this murine model of in utero bone marrow transplantation, the tolerant state is characterized by partial clonal deletion of donor reactive T cells and clonal anergy of nondeleted donor reactive T cells. The anergic state can be abrogated by exogenous IL2, suggesting that the mechanism of anergy is a deficiency of IL2 production.

[Value of echocardiography in aged patients with presumed idiopathic auricular fibrillation]

Thirty seven patients (mean age = 80.2 years with extremes from 66 to 98 years), presenting atrial fibrillation (AF), presumably idiopathic (non known heart disease, completely normal cardiac auscultation, good quality chest X-ray and electrocardiogram, no laboratory test anomaly), and paroxystic (n = 7: 19 p. cent) or permanent (n = 30: 81 p. cent), were given an electrocardiogram TM and bidimensional. In only 9 of them (24.3 p. cent), this examination is completely normal. Three other patients (8.1 p. cent) present an isolated dilatation of the left atrium. The 25 remaining patients present various cardiopericardic anomalies: valvular pathologies (n = 2: 59.4 p. cent): mitral (n = 15: 40.5 p. cent) more often than aortic (n = 7: 18.9 p. cent); myocardiopathies (n = 8: 21.6 p. cent), hypertrophic (n = 2), dilated (n = 4) or hypertrophic and dilated (n = 2); moderate pericardial effusion (n = 1: 2.7 p. cent). The mean left and right ventricular diameters, measured in TM mode, are normal as well as the mean contractility indexes (percentage of shortening of the small axis, stroke volume) and the mean filling index (mitral gradient EF) of the LV. Overall, the transverse diameter of the LA is moderately increased (41.9 +/- 9.7 mm); it is not significantly different from the AF, either paroxystic (41.5 +/- 4.9 mm) or permanent (42 +/- 9.93 mm) and whether it is (40.5 +/- 9.9 mm =) or not (42.5 +/- 8.8 mm) complicated by a systemic embolism, especially cerebral. Therefore, the sonocardiogram demonstrates a latent cardiopathy in two-thirds of the patients over 65 presenting a presumably idiopathic AF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)