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Blithikioti C, Miquel L, Paniello B, Nuño L, Gual A, Ballester BR, Fernandez A, Herreros I, Verschure P, Balcells-Olivero M. Chronic cannabis use affects cerebellum dependent visuomotor adaptation. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:8-15. [PMID: 36219905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances in the world. However, its effects on human cognition are not yet fully understood. Although the cerebellum has the highest density of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) in the human brain, literature on how cannabis use affects cerebellar-dependent learning is sparse. This study examined the effect of chronic cannabis use on sensorimotor adaptation, a cerebellar-mediated task, which has been suggested to depend on endocannabinoid signaling. METHODS Chronic cannabis users (n = 27) with no psychiatric comorbidities and healthy, cannabis-naïve controls (n = 25) were evaluated using a visuomotor rotation task. Cannabis users were re-tested after 1 month of abstinence (n = 13) to assess whether initial differences in performance would persist after cessation of use. RESULTS Cannabis users showed lower adaptation rates compared to controls at the first time point. However, this difference in performance did not persist when participants were retested after one month of abstinence (n = 13). Healthy controls showed attenuated implicit learning in the late phase of the adaptation during re-exposure, which was not present in cannabis users. This explains the lack of between group differences in the second time point and suggests a potential alteration of synaptic plasticity required for cerebellar learning in cannabis users. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggest that chronic cannabis users show alterations in sensorimotor adaptation, likely due to a saturation of the endocannabinoid system after chronic cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Blithikioti
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Miquel
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Paniello
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Nuño
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Gual
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belen Rubio Ballester
- IBEC, Institute for Biomedical Engineering of Catalonia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Fernandez
- IBEC, Institute for Biomedical Engineering of Catalonia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Paul Verschure
- IBEC, Institute for Biomedical Engineering of Catalonia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Balcells-Olivero
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain.
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Blithikioti C, Nuño L, Guell X, Pascual-Diaz S, Gual A, Balcells-Olivero Μ, Miquel L. The cerebellum and psychological trauma: A systematic review of neuroimaging studies. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 17:100429. [PMID: 35146077 PMCID: PMC8801754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological trauma is highly prevalent among psychiatric disorders, however, the relationship between trauma, neurobiology and psychopathology is not yet fully understood. The cerebellum has been recognized as a crucial structure for cognition and emotion, however, it has been relatively ignored in the literature of psychological trauma, as it is not considered as part of the traditional fear neuro-circuitry. The aim of this review is to investigate how psychological trauma affects the cerebellum and to make conclusive remarks on whether the cerebellum forms part of the trauma-affected brain circuitry. A total of 267 unique records were screened and 39 studies were included in the review. Structural cerebellar alterations and aberrant cerebellar activity and connectivity in trauma-exposed individuals were consistently reported across studies. Early-onset of adverse experiences was associated with cerebellar alterations in trauma-exposed individuals. Several studies reported alterations in connectivity between the cerebellum and nodes of large-brain networks, which are implicated in several psychiatric disorders, including the default mode network, the salience network and the central executive network. Also, trauma-exposed individuals showed altered resting state and task based cerebellar connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures that are involved in emotion and fear regulation. Our preferred interpretation of the results is through the lens of the Universal Cerebellar Transform, the hypothesis that the cerebellum, given its homogeneous cytoarchitecture, performs a common computation for motor, cognitive and emotional functions. Therefore, trauma-induced alterations in this computation might set the ground for a variety of psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Blithikioti
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Nuño
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clinic. GRAC, Institut Clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X. Guell
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - S. Pascual-Diaz
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Gual
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Μ. Balcells-Olivero
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clinic. GRAC, Institut Clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Miquel
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clinic. GRAC, Institut Clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
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Bruguera P, Barrio P, Manthey J, Oliveras C, López-Pelayo H, Nuño L, Miquel L, López-Lazcano A, Blithikioti C, Caballeria E, Matrai S, Rehm J, Vieta E, Gual A. Mid and long-term effects of a SBIRT program for at-risk drinkers attending to an emergency department. Follow-up results from a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Emerg Med 2021; 28:373-379. [PMID: 33709997 DOI: 10.1097/mej.0000000000000810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE SBIRT programs (Screening Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment) for at-risk drinkers in emergency departments (ED) have shown to be effective, particularly at short term. In this article, we report mid and long-term follow-up results of a specialized SBIRT program. A short-term follow-up after 1.5 months showed encouraging results, with more than a 20% greater reduction of at-risk drinking in the intervention group and more than double of successful referrals to specialized treatment. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the mid and long-term efficacy of an SBIRT program conducted by psychiatrist specialists in addictive disorders and motivational interviewing in the ED of a tertiary hospital. DESIGN, SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted a secondary analysis of a previously published randomized controlled trial of an SBIRT program conducted by alcohol specialists for at-risk drinkers presenting to the ED, measured with the AUDIT-C scale. INTERVENTION OR EXPOSURE Patients were randomized into two groups, with the control group receiving two leaflets: one regarding alcohol use and the other giving information about the study protocol. The intervention group received the same leaflets as well as a brief motivational intervention on alcohol use and, where appropriate, a referral to specialized treatment. OUTCOMES MEASURE AND ANALYSIS Long-term assessment primary outcome was the proportion of at-risk alcohol use measured by AUDIT-C scale. The main effectiveness analysis at 18 weeks and 12 months' follow-up was conducted with multilevel logistic regression analyses. Missing values were imputed with the last observation carried forward. MAIN RESULTS Of 200 patients included in the study, 133 (66.5%) and 131 (65.5%) completed 18 weeks and 1-year follow-up respectively. Although the proportion of risky drinkers was substantially lower in the intervention group (38.5 vs. 57.4% at 4.5 months and 58.5 vs 68.2% at 1 year), these results did not reach statistical significance (OR = 2.15; CI, 0.87-5.33). CONCLUSIONS In this secondary analysis for mid- and long-term effects of a specialized SBIRT program, there was no significant difference in the reduction of risky drinkers at 18 weeks and 1 year. The small size of the studied sample and the low retention rate precluded any significant conclusion, although point estimates suggest a positive effect. Overall, SBIRT programs are an effective tool to reduce alcohol use at short time and to refer patients to specialized treatment; however, its effects seem to decay over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Bruguera
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Red de Trastornos adictivos (RETICS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Barrio
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Red de Trastornos adictivos (RETICS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clara Oliveras
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Red de Trastornos adictivos (RETICS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugo López-Pelayo
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Red de Trastornos adictivos (RETICS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Nuño
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Red de Trastornos adictivos (RETICS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Miquel
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Red de Trastornos adictivos (RETICS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana López-Lazcano
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Red de Trastornos adictivos (RETICS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chrysanthi Blithikioti
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Red de Trastornos adictivos (RETICS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elsa Caballeria
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Red de Trastornos adictivos (RETICS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Matrai
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Red de Trastornos adictivos (RETICS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research & Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid
| | - Antoni Gual
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Red de Trastornos adictivos (RETICS), Barcelona, Spain
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Blithikioti C, Nuño L, Paniello B, Gual A, Miquel L. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on individuals under treatment for substance use disorders: Risk factors for adverse mental health outcomes. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 139:47-53. [PMID: 34029833 PMCID: PMC8769683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with Substance Use Disorders (SUD), are vulnerable to the psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the first study to assess risk factors of adverse mental health outcomes during lockdown in a SUD population. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study, conducted through an online survey that was completed by 303 individuals with SUD, attended in the Addiction Unit of University of Barcelona Clínic Hospital. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected and descriptive analyses were carried out. Depending on whether individuals reported a worsening or no change/improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms during lockdown, the sample was divided in two groups. A logistic regression was then carried out to identify risk factors associated with adverse mental health outcomes. RESULTS Overall, frequency of use for the majority of individuals with SUD remained stable during lockdown in comparison to the pre-lockdown era, although a reduction was found in frequency of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and cocaine use in a small fraction of individuals with SUD. Symptoms of clinical anxiety were found in 58.7% of the sample while 48.2% of participants scored above the clinical threshold for depression. In addition, 50.3% of the sample reported a deterioration in depression and anxiety symptoms during lockdown that was associated with the following risk factors: previous trauma-exposure, female gender, distress and isolation, income reduction and alcohol use. CONCLUSION A high percentage of patients with SUD experienced adverse mental health outcomes during lockdown that were associated with several risk factors, which should be taken into account in policy making and prevention strategies, as well as in clinical practice, in order to provide personalized care to SUD patients during the time of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Blithikioti
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain,Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Nuño
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain,Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B. Paniello
- Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain,FundacióClínic per la RecercaBiomèdica, FCRB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Gual
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain,Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Miquel
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain,Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain,Corresponding author. Villarroel, 170 08036, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Campeny E, López-Pelayo H, Nutt D, Blithikioti C, Oliveras C, Nuño L, Maldonado R, Florez G, Arias F, Fernández-Artamendi S, Villalbí JR, Sellarès J, Ballbè M, Rehm J, Balcells-Olivero MM, Gual A. The blind men and the elephant: Systematic review of systematic reviews of cannabis use related health harms. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 33:1-35. [PMID: 32165103 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is the third most used psychoactive substance worldwide. The legal status of cannabis is changing in many Western countries, while we have very limited knowledge of the public health impact of cannabis-related harms. There is a need for a summary of the evidence of harms and risks attributed to cannabis use, in order to inform the definition of cannabis risky use. We have conducted a systematic review of systematic reviews, aiming to define cannabis-related harms. We included systematic reviews published until July 2018 from six different databases and following the PRISMA guidelines. To assess study quality we applied the AMSTAR 2 tool. A total of 44 systematic reviews, including 1,053 different studies, were eligible for inclusion. Harm was categorized in three dimensions: mental health, somatic harm and physical injury (including mortality). Evidence shows a clear association between cannabis use and psychosis, affective disorders, anxiety, sleep disorders, cognitive failures, respiratory adverse events, cancer, cardiovascular outcomes, and gastrointestinal disorders. Moreover, cannabis use is a risk factor for motor vehicle collision, suicidal behavior and partner and child violence. Cannabis use is a risk factor for several medical conditions and negative social consequences. There is still little data on the dose-dependency of these effects; evidence that is essential in order to define, from a public health perspective, what can be considered risky use of cannabis. This definition should be based on quantitative and qualitative criteria that informs and permits the evaluation of current approaches to a regulated cannabis market.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Campeny
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup Recerca Addiccions Clinic (GRAC-GRE) Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - H López-Pelayo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup Recerca Addiccions Clinic (GRAC-GRE) Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - C Blithikioti
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup Recerca Addiccions Clinic (GRAC-GRE) Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Oliveras
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup Recerca Addiccions Clinic (GRAC-GRE) Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Nuño
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup Recerca Addiccions Clinic (GRAC-GRE) Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Maldonado
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Florez
- Hospital Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain
| | - F Arias
- Hospital Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J R Villalbí
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Sellarès
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup Recerca Addiccions Clinic (GRAC-GRE) Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ballbè
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, (CAMH), Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Canada; Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto (UofT), Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UofT, Canada; Epidemiological Research Unit, Klinische Psychologie & Psychotherapie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - M M Balcells-Olivero
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup Recerca Addiccions Clinic (GRAC-GRE) Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Gual
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup Recerca Addiccions Clinic (GRAC-GRE) Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Kim Y, Zheng X, Ansari Z, Bunnell MC, Herdy JR, Traxler L, Lee H, Paquola ACM, Blithikioti C, Ku M, Schlachetzki JCM, Winkler J, Edenhofer F, Glass CK, Paucar AA, Jaeger BN, Pham S, Boyer L, Campbell BC, Hunter T, Mertens J, Gage FH. Mitochondrial Aging Defects Emerge in Directly Reprogrammed Human Neurons due to Their Metabolic Profile. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2550-2558. [PMID: 29847787 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are a major target for aging and are instrumental in the age-dependent deterioration of the human brain, but studying mitochondria in aging human neurons has been challenging. Direct fibroblast-to-induced neuron (iN) conversion yields functional neurons that retain important signs of aging, in contrast to iPSC differentiation. Here, we analyzed mitochondrial features in iNs from individuals of different ages. iNs from old donors display decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-related gene expression, impaired axonal mitochondrial morphologies, lower mitochondrial membrane potentials, reduced energy production, and increased oxidized proteins levels. In contrast, the fibroblasts from which iNs were generated show only mild age-dependent changes, consistent with a metabolic shift from glycolysis-dependent fibroblasts to OXPHOS-dependent iNs. Indeed, OXPHOS-induced old fibroblasts show increased mitochondrial aging features similar to iNs. Our data indicate that iNs are a valuable tool for studying mitochondrial aging and support a bioenergetic explanation for the high susceptibility of the brain to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsung Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xinde Zheng
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zoya Ansari
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark C Bunnell
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joseph R Herdy
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Larissa Traxler
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute of Molecular Biology, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Technikerstraβe 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hyungjun Lee
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Apua C M Paquola
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chrysanthi Blithikioti
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Manching Ku
- Next Generation Sequencing Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Clinic for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Mathildenstraβe 1, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Technikerstraβe 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA
| | - Andres A Paucar
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Baptiste N Jaeger
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Son Pham
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Leah Boyer
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin C Campbell
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute of Molecular Biology, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Technikerstraβe 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Blithikioti C, Miquel L, Batalla A, Rubio B, Maffei G, Herreros I, Gual A, Verschure P, Balcells‐Oliveró M. Cerebellar alterations in cannabis users: A systematic review. Addict Biol 2019; 24:1121-1137. [PMID: 30811097 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is the most used illicit substance in the world. As many countries are moving towards decriminalization, it is crucial to determine whether and how cannabis use affects human brain and behavior. The role of the cerebellum in cognition, emotion, learning, and addiction is increasingly recognized. Because of its high density in CB1 receptors, it is expected to be highly affected by cannabis use. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate how cannabis use affects cerebellar structure and function, as well as cerebellar-dependent behavioral tasks. Three databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature published until March 2018. We included studies that focused on cannabis effects on cerebellar structure, function, or cerebellar-dependent behavioral tasks. A total of 348 unique records were screened, and 40 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The most consistent findings include (1) increases in cerebellar gray matter volume after chronic cannabis use, (2) alteration of cerebellar resting state activity after acute or chronic use, and (3) deficits in memory, decision making, and associative learning. Age of onset and higher exposure to cannabis use were frequently associated with increased cannabis-induced alterations. Chronic cannabis use is associated with alterations in cerebellar structure and function, as well as with deficits in behavioral paradigms that involve the cerebellum (eg, eyeblink conditioning, memory, and decision making). Future studies should consider tobacco as confounding factor and use standardized methods for assessing cannabis use. Paradigms exploring the functional activity of the cerebellum may prove useful as monitoring tools of cannabis-induced impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Blithikioti
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic (GRAC)Institut Clínic de Neurociències Barcelona Spain
- IDIBAPSInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Spain
- Hospital ClínicUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Laia Miquel
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic (GRAC)Institut Clínic de Neurociències Barcelona Spain
- IDIBAPSInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Spain
- Hospital ClínicUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Albert Batalla
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf MagnusUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht the Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist‐Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA)Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Belen Rubio
- Laboratory of Synthetic Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive SystemsInstitute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Barcelona Spain
| | - Giovanni Maffei
- Laboratory of Synthetic Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive SystemsInstitute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Barcelona Spain
| | - Ivan Herreros
- Laboratory of Synthetic Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive SystemsInstitute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Barcelona Spain
| | - Antoni Gual
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic (GRAC)Institut Clínic de Neurociències Barcelona Spain
- IDIBAPSInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Spain
- Hospital ClínicUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Paul Verschure
- Laboratory of Synthetic Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive SystemsInstitute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Barcelona Spain
- ICREAInstitucio Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluis Companys Barcelona Spain
| | - Mercedes Balcells‐Oliveró
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic (GRAC)Institut Clínic de Neurociències Barcelona Spain
- IDIBAPSInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Spain
- Hospital ClínicUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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Herreros I, Miquel L, Blithikioti C, Nuño L, Rubio Ballester B, Grechuta K, Gual A, Balcells-Oliveró M, Verschure P. Motor Adaptation Impairment in Chronic Cannabis Users Assessed by a Visuomotor Rotation Task. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8071049. [PMID: 31323815 PMCID: PMC6678817 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8071049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background—The cerebellum has been recently suggested as an important player in the addiction brain circuit. Cannabis is one of the most used drugs worldwide, and its long-term effects on the central nervous system are not fully understood. No valid clinical evaluations of cannabis impact on the brain are available today. The cerebellum is expected to be one of the brain structures that are highly affected by prolonged exposure to cannabis, due to its high density in endocannabinoid receptors. We aim to use a motor adaptation paradigm to indirectly assess cerebellar function in chronic cannabis users (CCUs). Methods—We used a visuomotor rotation (VMR) task that probes a putatively-cerebellar implicit motor adaptation process together with the learning and execution of an explicit aiming rule. We conducted a case-control study, recruiting 18 CCUs and 18 age-matched healthy controls. Our main measure was the angular aiming error. Results—Our results show that CCUs have impaired implicit motor adaptation, as they showed a smaller rate of adaptation compared with healthy controls (drift rate: 19.3 +/− 6.8° vs. 27.4 +/− 11.6°; t(26) = −2.1, p = 0.048, Cohen’s d = −0.8, 95% CI = (−1.7, −0.15)). Conclusions—We suggest that a visuomotor rotation task might be the first step towards developing a useful tool for the detection of alterations in implicit learning among cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Herreros
- SPECS lab, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Miquel
- GRAC, Grup de Recerca en addiccions clínic, Villarroel, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- IDIBAPS, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Villarroel, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Chrysanthi Blithikioti
- GRAC, Grup de Recerca en addiccions clínic, Villarroel, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- IDIBAPS, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Villarroel, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Nuño
- GRAC, Grup de Recerca en addiccions clínic, Villarroel, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belen Rubio Ballester
- IBEC, Institute for Biomedical Engineering of Catalonia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaudia Grechuta
- IBEC, Institute for Biomedical Engineering of Catalonia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Gual
- IDIBAPS, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Villarroel, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Paul Verschure
- IBEC, Institute for Biomedical Engineering of Catalonia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Meijer M, Dörr B, Lammertse HC, Blithikioti C, van Weering JR, Toonen RF, Söllner TH, Verhage M. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Munc18-1 inhibits synaptic transmission by preventing SNARE assembly. EMBO J 2017; 37:300-320. [PMID: 29150433 PMCID: PMC5770875 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases are important regulators of synaptic strength. Here, we describe a key component of the synaptic vesicle release machinery, Munc18‐1, as a phosphorylation target for neuronal Src family kinases (SFKs). Phosphomimetic Y473D mutation of a SFK phosphorylation site previously identified by brain phospho‐proteomics abolished the stimulatory effect of Munc18‐1 on SNARE complex formation (“SNARE‐templating”) and membrane fusion in vitro. Furthermore, priming but not docking of synaptic vesicles was disrupted in hippocampal munc18‐1‐null neurons expressing Munc18‐1Y473D. Synaptic transmission was temporarily restored by high‐frequency stimulation, as well as by a Munc18‐1 mutation that results in helix 12 extension, a critical conformational step in vesicle priming. On the other hand, expression of non‐phosphorylatable Munc18‐1 supported normal synaptic transmission. We propose that SFK‐dependent Munc18‐1 phosphorylation may constitute a potent, previously unknown mechanism to shut down synaptic transmission, via direct occlusion of a Synaptobrevin/VAMP2 binding groove and subsequent hindrance of conformational changes in domain 3a responsible for vesicle priming. This would strongly interfere with the essential post‐docking SNARE‐templating role of Munc18‐1, resulting in a largely abolished pool of releasable synaptic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Meijer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Dörr
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna Ca Lammertse
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chrysanthi Blithikioti
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Rt van Weering
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Fg Toonen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Söllner
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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