First Report of Tomato mottle mosaic virus infecting Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii) in China

Tomato mottled mosaic virus (ToMMV) was first identified in tomato in Mexico (Li et al. 2013). It belongs to the genus Tobamovirus and family Virgaviridae, and is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. The viral genome contains about 6400 nucleotides, encoding four proteins, including the 126 K protein, 183 K protein, movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) (Tu et al. 2021). ToMMV mainly poses a serious risk to solanaceous crops. The virus-infected plants appear stunted growth and top necrosis, and the disease leaves show mottled, shrinkage and necrosis symptoms, resulting in a significant decline in tomato fruit yield and quality (Li et al. 2017; Tu et al. 2021). Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim) is a perennial climbing herb in the family Cucurbitaceae, and the fruit, seed, peel and root can all be used as traditional Chinese medicine. In May of 2021, twenty-seven symptomless seedlings (developed from tissue culture plantlets) were randomly collected from nursery in Fengyang, Anhui Province. Total RNA of each sample was extracted, and RT-PCR was performed using degenerate tobamovirus primers Tob-Uni1 (5'-ATTTAAGTGGASGGAAAAVCACT-3') and Tob-Uni2 (5'-GTYGTT GATGAGTTCRTGGA-3') (Letschert et al. 2002). Amplicons with expected size were obtained from 6 of 27 samples and sequenced. Alignment results showed that the nucleotide sequence identities ranged from 98.7 to 100% with all ToMMV isolates deposited in NCBI GenBank. Then, ToMMV coat protein (CP) gene was amplified using specific primers CP-F (5'-ATGTCTTACGCTATTACTT CTCCG-3') and CP-R (5'-TTAGGACGCTGGCGCAGAAG-3'). The CP fragment was obtained and sequenced. Sequence alignment indicated that CP sequence of isolate FY (GenBank accession no. ON924176) exhibited a 100% identity with ToMMV isolate LN (MN853592.1). The anti-ToMMV polyclonal antibody (PAb) was prepared by the author (S.L.) by immunizing rabbit with purified virus from Nicotiana benthamiana, and serological tests (dot-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, Dot-ELISA) of RNA-positive T. kirilowii leaf samples using anti-ToMMV PAb were also positive. To fulfill a Koch's postulate, a pure culture of ToMMV was obtained from N. benthamiana using infectious cDNA clone of ToMMV (Tu et al. 2021), and then healthy T. kirilowii plants were mechanically inoculated with a prepared inoculum from ToMMV-infected N. benthamiana, as described previously (Sui et al. 2017). T. kirilowii seedlings showed chlorosis and leaf tip necrosis symptoms at 10 and 20 day post-inoculation respectively, and ToMMV infection on symptomatic plants was also verified by RT-PCR detection using primers CP-F and CP-R. These results demonstrated that T. kirilowii is a host of ToMMV under natural conditions, which might threaten the production of this medicinal plant. The seedlings from nursery appeared to be asymptomatic, but the plants showed chlorosis and necrosis symptoms after indoor inoculation. In qRT-PCR analysis, viral accumulation level in greenhouse-inoculated plants was a 25.6-fold of that in field-collected samples, which may be the reason of different symptom expression between field samples and inoculated samples. ToMMV has now been detected from the solanaceous (tomato, pepper and eggplant) and leguminous (pea) crops in the field (Li et al. 2014; Ambrós et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2022). To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural infection of ToMMV in T. kirilowii as well as its natural infection on Cucurbitaceae plants.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of SlRR genes in response to abiotic stress in tomato

The cytokinin two-component signal transduction system (TCS) is involved in many biological processes, including hormone signal transduction and plant growth regulation. Although cytokinin TCS has been well characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana, its role in tomato remains elusive. In this study, we characterized the diversity and function of response regulator (RR) genes, a critical component of TCS, in tomato. In total, we identified 31 RR genes in the tomato genome. These SlRR genes were classified into three subgroups (type-A, type-B and type-C). Various stress-responsive cis-elements were present in the tomato RR gene promoters. Their expression responses under pesticide treatment were evaluated by transcriptome analysis. Their expression under heat, cold, ABA, salinity and NaHCO₃ treatments was further investigated by qRT-PCR and complemented with the available transcription data under these treatments. Specifically, SlRR13 expression was significantly upregulated under salinity, drought, cold and pesticide stress and was downregulated under ABA treatment. SlRR23 expression was induced under salt treatment, while the transcription level of SlRR1 was increased under cold and decreased under salt stress. We also found that GATA transcription factors played a significant role in the regulation of SlRR genes. Based on our results, tomato SlRR genes are involved in responses to abiotic stress in tomato and could be implemented in molecular breeding approaches to increase resistance of tomato to environmental stresses.

Predicting hot electron generation in inertial confinement fusion with particle-in-cell simulations

A series of two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations with speckled laser drivers was carried out to study hot electron generation in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion on OMEGA. Scaling laws were obtained for hot electron fraction and temperature as functions of laser/plasma conditions in the quarter-critical region. Using these scalings and conditions from hydro simulations, the temporal history of hot electron generation can be predicted. The scalings can be further improved to predict hard x-rays for a collection of OMEGA warm target implosions within experimental error bars. These scalings can be readily implemented into inertial confinement fusion design codes.

[Correlation analysis of clock genes and MEN2 medullary thyroid carcinoma]

Objective: To investigate the correlation between CLOCK and BMAL1 genes and MEN2 medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Methods: Thirteen cases with MEN2 MTC and thirteen cases with non-MEN2 MTC were selected who were treated in the Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital between January 2013 and September 2021. Clinical indicators such as blood calcitonin level, tumor diameter and metastatic lymph node of patients were collected. The expression differences of CLOCK and BMAL1 between MEN2 MTC and para-carcinoma tissue as well as between MEN2 MTC and non-MEN2 MTC were detected by immunohistochemistry and qPCR. The correlation between lymph node metastasis and CLOCK or BMAL1 expression was analyzed. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis combined with qPCR and correlation analysis was used to explore the expression regulation relationship between RET and circadian clock genes. The rhythm disorder of MEN2 cells was verified by lipopolysaccharide cell stimulation experiment after dexamethasone rhythm synchronization. Results: MEN2 MTC exhibited typical RET gene mutation. The mean blood calcitonin level, the tumor diameter and the number of metastatic lymph nodes of patients with MEN2 MTC were higher than those of patients with non-MEN2 MTC (t value was 2.76, 2.53, 2.26, all P<0.05). Immunohistochemical results showed that the expression levels of CLOCK and BMAL1 in MEN2 MTC were higher than those in non-MEN2 MTC, while negatively expressed in para-cancerous thyroid follicle. qPCR displayed that the expression of CLOCK gene in cancer tissues was higher than that in non-MEN2 MTC and para-cancerous tissues (t value was 2.68 and 2.86, all P<0.05); the expression of BMAL1 gene in MEN2 MTC was higher than that in non-MEN2 MTC and para-cancerous tissues (t value was 2.21 and 2.35, all P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the expression levels of CLOCK and BMAL1 genes were positively correlated with the number of lymph node metastases in patients with MEN2 MTC (r=0.65, P<0.001; r=0.52, P=0.005). PPI network analysis indicated that the expression of CLOCK gene was positively correlated with the abnormal expression of RET gene (r=0.96, P<0.001). With lipopolysaccharide to stimulate cultured cells in vitro after dexamethasone rhythm synchronization, the expressions of CLOCK and BMAL1 in MEN2 MTC cells (0.47±0.22 and 2.60±1.48) at 12 hours of synchronization were significantly lower than those in para-cancerous tissues (1.70±1.62 and 8.23±2.52), the difference was statistically significant(t=5.04, P=0.007; t=3.34, P=0.029). Conclusion: CLOCK and BMAL1 are correlated with the occurrence and development of MEN2 MTC, and may be potential targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies for MEN2 MTC.

Applying machine learning to construct braking emission model for real-world road driving

Brake emissions from vehicles are increasing as the number of vehicles increases. However, current research on brake emissions, particularly the intensity and characteristics of emissions under real road conditions, is significantly inadequate compared to exhaust emissions. To this end, a dataset of 600 (200 unique real-world braking events simulated using three types of brake pads) real-world braking events (called brake pad segments) was constructed and a mapping function between the average brake emission intensity of PM2.5 from the segments and the segment features was established by five algorithms (multiple linear regression (MLR) and four machine learning algorithms). Based on the five algorithms, the importance of the different features of the fragments was discussed and brake energy intensity (BEI) and metal content (MC) of the brake pad emissions were identified as the most significant factors affecting brake emissions and used as the final modeling features. Among the five algorithms, categorical boosting (CatBoost) had the best prediction performance, with a mean R2 and RMSE of 0.83 and 0.039 respectively for the tenfold cross-validation. In addition, the CatBoost-based model was further compared with the MOVES model to demonstrate its applicability. The CatBoost-based model has better prediction performance than the MOVES model. The MOVES model overpredicts brake fragment emissions for urban roads and underpredicts brake fragment emissions for motorways. Furthermore, the CatBoost-based model was interpreted and visualized by an individual conditional expectation (ICE) plot to break the machine learning "black box", with BEI and MC showing nonlinear monotonic increasing relationships with braking emissions. ICE plot also provides viable technical solutions for controlling brake emissions in the future. Both avoiding aggressive braking driving behavior (e.g., the application of smart transportation technologies) and using brake pads with less metal content (e.g., using ceramic brake pads) can effectively reduce brake emissions. The construction of a machine learning-based brake emission model and the white-boxing of its model provide excellent insights for the future detailed assessment and control of brake emissions.

Variability of right ventricular linear measurements of size and function using a standardized echocardiographic protocol

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Right ventricular size and function have a prognostic value not only in right heart conditions (pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease), but also in left ventricular (LV) disease states. The right ventricle (RV) has a unique shape, for which a simple geometrical model is not achievable as is the case for the LV. In clinical practice simple measurements are used for the RV, since these are considered to be most reliable  and reproducible: linear cavity dimensions, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and tissue Doppler systolic velocity s’ at the tricuspid annulus. The latest RV quantitation guidelines made important modifications to RV measurements, in particular, by shifting from the apical 4-chamber view to the RV focused apical view. Very scarce data exist on the variability of these measurements.

Purpose

In this study we aim to analyze the intra and inter-observer variability of the linear measurements of RV size and function using a standardized methodology.

Methods

A mixed cohort, randomly selected from the echocardiographic database, comprising 50 patients, was retrospectively analyzed. We measured linear diameters (basal = 1, longitudinal = 2, mid = 3) in apical RV-focused view, TAPSE and s’. Based on computer simulations, we propose a step-by-step approach: tracing the longitudinal diameter as perpendicular to the mid of the basal and generally parallel with the interventricular septum, and the mid as perpendicular to the middle of the longitudinal (Figure). Two observers measured independently the same images at baseline, three (inter-observer) and six months (intra-observer).

Results

The longitudinal diameter had the lowest relative bias (3% inter and 4% intra-observer), followed by the basal (7% and 2%), and mid (6% and 6%). The limits of agreement (LOA) were small for s’ (-3 to 1 intra and -1 to 1mm inter-observer), TAPSE (-6 to 5 and -3 to 3mm), and larger for diameters (1=-5 to 10 and -8 to 6; 2=-13 to 17 and -11 to 6; 3=-11 to 7 and -9 to 4mm). ICCs for individual measurements were very good (1= 0.94 intra and 0.94 inter; 2 = 0.78 and 0.94; 3: 0.72 and 0.56; TAPSE: 0.86 and 0.94; s’=0.94 and 0.98), p &lt; 0.001 for all (Table).

Conclusion

A systematic approach to linear RV-focused apical view measurements may lead to reproducible results. It is essential that size measurements be performed in the RV focused view. Our study shows best consistency and reproducibility for the basal diameter and the linear functional parameters.  Echocardiographic laboratories may benefit from implementing a consistent analysis protocol and assessing its reproducibility. Abstract Figure: linear RV measurements  Abstract Table: variability results

Super-learner model realizes the transient prediction of CO2 and NOx of diesel trucks: Model development, evaluation and interpretation

The transient simulation of CO₂ and NO_X from motor vehicles has essential applications in evaluating vehicular greenhouse gas emissions and pollutant emissions. However, accurately estimating vehicular transient emissions is challenging due to the heterogeneity between different vehicles and the continuous upgrading of vehicle exhaust purification technology. To accurately characterize the transient emissions of motor vehicles, a Super-learner model is used to build CO₂ and NOx transient emission models. The actual onboard test data of 9 China VI N₂ vehicles were used to train the model, and the test data of another China VI N₂ vehicle were selected for further robustness verification. There were significant differences in the emissions between the vehicles, but the constructed transient model could capture the common law of transient emissions from China VI N₂ vehicles. The R² values of CO₂ and NOx emission in the test data of the validation vehicle were 0.71 and 0.82, respectively. In addition, to further prove the model's robustness, the training data were synchronously modelled based on the Moves-method. The Super-learner model has a smaller RMSE on the validation set than the model based on the Moves-method, indicating that the Super-learner model has more transient simulation advantages. The marginal contributions of the model characteristics to the model results were analysed by SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) value interpretation, and the marginal contributions of different pollutant characteristic parameters varied. Therefore, when establishing transient models of different pollutants, the selection of the model parameters demands considering the generation and purification process of different pollutants. The present work provides novel insights into the parameter selection, construction, and interpretation of the transient vehicle emission model.

[Screening of drugs that selectively inhibit uveal melanoma cells with SF3B1 mutations]

OBJECTIVE

To screen compounds that can selectively inhibit uveal melanoma cells with splicing factor 3B subunit 1 (SF3B1) mutations in comparison with isogenic SF3B1 wild-type counterparts in a cell model of SF3B1 mutant allele knockout.

METHODS

Principal component analysis was used to analyze transcriptome alternative splicing in TCGA cohorts of uveal melanoma with wild-type SF3B1 and SF3B1 mutations, and abnormal alternative splicing events derived from SF3B1 mutations were identified. The SF3B1 mutant allele in Mel202 cells was knocked out using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, and Sanger sequencing was used to verify the edited sequence. MTT and colony formation assays were used to assess the proliferation of Mel202 and Mut-KO cells. RT-PCR agarose electrophoresis combined with Sanger sequencing was used to determine alternative splicing events in Mel202 and Mut-KO cells. MTT assay was performed to screen the compounds that showed selective inhibitory effect against Mel202 cells with SF3B1 mutation.

RESULTS

Specific knockout of SF3B1 mutant allele in Mel202 cells obviously promoted the cell proliferation and caused changes in alternative splicing of ZDHHC16 and DYNLL1 transcripts. The screening data showed that 13 compounds had selective inhibitory activity against Mel202 cells with SF3B1 mutation (Fold change≥2), and among them, tetrandrine and lapatinib showed good dose-effect curves.

CONCLUSION

This study provides a cell screening model for identification of potential individualized treatment drugs for patients with uveal melanoma with SF3B1 mutation.

Whole-lesion histogram analysis of mono-exponential and bi-exponential diffusion-weighted imaging in differentiating lung cancer from benign pulmonary lesions using 3 T MRI

AIM

To investigate whether whole-lesion histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values derived from mono-exponential and bi-exponential diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can differentiate lung cancer from benign pulmonary lesions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty-two patients with lung cancer and 17 patients with benign pulmonary lesions were included retrospectively. All patients underwent DWI before surgery or biopsy. ADC histogram parameters, including mean, percentile values (10^th and 90^th), kurtosis, and skewness, were calculated independently by two radiologists. The histogram parameters were compared between patients with lung cancer and benign lesions. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to evaluate the diagnostic performance.

RESULTS

The ADC_Mean, ADC_10th, D_Mean, D_10th were significantly lower in lung cancer (1.187 ± 0.144 × 10^-3; 0.440 ± 0.062 × 10^-3; 1.068 ± 0.108 × 10^-3; and 0.422 ± 0.049 × 10^-3 mm/s) compared to benign lesions (1.418 ± 0.274 × 10^-3; 0.555 ± 0.113 × 10^-3; 1.216 ± 0.149 × 10^-3; and 0.490 ± 0.044 × 10^-3 mm/s; p<0.05). The ADC_Skewness and D_Skewness were significantly different between lung cancer (2.35 ± 0.72; 2.58 ± 1.14) and benign lesions (1.85 ± 0.54; 1.59 ± 1.47; p<0.05). D_10th was robust in differentiating lung cancer from benign lesions. Using 0.453 × 10^-3 mm/s as the optimal threshold, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of D_10th were 78.12%, 82.35%, and 79.6%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Whole-lesion histogram analysis of ADC values derived by mono-exponential and bi-exponential DWI using 3 T magnetic resonance imaging helps distinguish lung cancer from benign pulmonary lesions.

Pump-depletion dynamics and saturation of stimulated Brillouin scattering in shock ignition relevant experiments

As an alternative inertial confinement fusion scheme, shock ignition requires a strong converging shock driven by a high-intensity laser pulse to ignite a precompressed fusion capsule. Understanding nonlinear laser-plasma instabilities is crucial to assess and improve the laser-shock energy coupling. Recent experiments conducted on the OMEGA EP laser facility have demonstrated that such instabilities can ∼100% deplete the first 0.5 ns of the high-intensity laser. Analyses of the observed laser-generated blast wave suggest that this pump-depletion starts at ∼0.02 critical density and progresses to 0.1-0.2 critical density, which is also confirmed by the time-resolved stimulated Raman backscattering spectra. The pump-depletion dynamics can be explained by the breaking of ion-acoustic waves in stimulated Brillouin scattering. Such pump depletion would inhibit the collisional laser energy absorption but may benefit the generation of hot electrons with moderate temperatures for electron shock ignition [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 195001 (2017)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.119.195001].

Focus on autonomic dysfunctions in anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a case report

OBJECTIVE

We hope it will provide a reference for early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment of atypical Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis with non-typical autonomic dysfunctions as the first symptom.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We present a 15-year-old girl with the repetition of conscious disturbance at different levels, but no abnormal movements. Initially, there were no positive findings on routine electroencephalography (EEG) and dynamic video-electroencephalography (V-EEG), but the head-up tilt test (HTT) suggested neurocardiogenic syncope (vascular rejection type), which seemed to be the final diagnosis. However, the patient later experienced several episodes of disturbance of consciousness with unexplained abdominal pain. Abnormalities were discovered on EEG, which indicated the possibility of "epileptic seizures with autonomic-gastrointestinal features". Based on these findings, we finally tested the autoimmune encephalitis-related antibodies for the patient after the literature search and review.

RESULTS

The patient was finally diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Her symptoms were fully controlled after glucocorticoid and gamma globulin treatment, and she left the hospital with complete recovery.

CONCLUSIONS

Although autonomic nervous dysfunction occurred in our patient, her prognosis was good because she did not have respiratory or (and) circulatory failure. Exclusive diagnosis and early treatment are important in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Abdominal pain with positive HTT may be a manifestation of autonomic dysfunction in this disease.

[Correlation between alcohol drinking and high risk sexual behaviors in HIV negative clients of female sex workers]

Objective: To explore the correlation between alcohol drinking and high-risk sexual behaviors in HIV negative clients of female sex workers and provide scientific evidence for prevention of HIV sexual transmission. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in HIV negative clients in Ji'nan and Haikou from December 2018 to May 2019. The estimated sample size was 337, the information about their demographic characteristics, AIDS knowledge awareness, sexual behaviors and alcohol drinking habit were collected through convenience sampling. The data were analyzed by using SPSS 24.0 software. Results: A total of 381 clients were included in this study. Most of them were less than 40 years old, accounting for 89.2% (340/381); 85.3% of them (325/381) reported an education level of high school and above; the clients who were married, had cohabitation with females or had girl friends accounted for 53.2% (202/380). The overall awareness rate of AIDS knowledge was 83.7% (318/380). Of all participants, 80.8% (308/381) had commercial sex in the past year, 79.8% (304/381) had non-commercial sex partners, 62.7% (239/381) had high-risk sexual behaviors. The results of logistic regression showed that compared with those with alcohol drinking frequency ≤2 times per month in last year, the clients with alcohol drinking frequency more than once a week (aOR=3.22, 95%CI: 1.25-8.27) were more likely to have high risk sexual behaviors after adjustment for age, living area, location type of residence, time of local residence, education level, monthly income level, occupation, marital status, knowledge awareness of AIDS and HIV related services, the number of commercial or non-commercial sexual partners in the past year, cost of commercial sex and HIV test frequency. Conclusions: Alcohol drinking is related to high risk sexual behaviors in HIV negative clients, and will increase the risk of HIV transmission. To control AIDS, the intervention of alcohol drinking should be combined with other preventions to improve the correct use of condoms.

[Influence of Xuebijing injection and its component paeoniflorin on immune function and survival rate of septic rats]

Objective: To explore the influence of Xuebijing injection (hereinafter referred to as Xuebijing) and its component paeoniflorin on immune function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) of spleen and survival rate of septic rats. Methods: (1) CD4(+) CD25(+) Tregs and CD4(+) T cells were isolated and purified from spleens of three 9 to 12 weeks old Sprague-Dawley male rats (the same age, breed, and gender below) by immunomagnetic beads. According to the random number table (the same grouping method below), CD4(+) CD25(+) Tregs were divided into blank control group, simple CD3/CD28 group, simple endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group, LPS+ Xuebijing group, and LPS+ paeoniflorin group, with 6 wells in each group. The cells in simple CD3/CD28 group, simple LPS group, LPS+ Xuebijing group, and LPS+ paeoniflorin group were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing fetal bovine serum in volume fraction of 10%, 1.25 μg CD3, and 2.5 μg CD28 for 24 hours. Then 1 μg/mL LPS in the volume of 1 μL was added to the cells in simple LPS group, LPS+ Xuebijing group, and LPS+ paeoniflorin group. Moreover, 5 mg/mL Xuebijing in the volume of 1 μL and 80 μmol/L paeoniflorin in the volume of 1 μL were added to the cells in LPS+ Xuebijing group and LPS+ paeoniflorin group, respectively, which were cultured for another 72 hours. Cells in blank control group were routinely cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing fetal bovine serum in volume fraction of 10% for 96 hours. The expressions of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and forkhead wing-link transcription factor 3 (Foxp3) and apoptosis of CD4(+) CD25(+) Tregs were measured by flow cytometry. The interleukin-10 (IL-10) level from culture supernatant of CD4(+) CD25(+) Tregs was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CD4(+) T cells were divided into blank control' group, simple CD3/CD28' group, simple LPS' group, LPS+ Xuebijing' group, and LPS+ paeoniflorin' group, with 6 wells in each group. After being cocultured with the corresponding CD4(+) CD25(+) Tregs treated as before for 72 hours, the proliferative activity of CD4(+) T cells was measured by flow cytometry, and IL-4 level from culture supernatant of CD4(+) T cells was determined by ELISA. (2) One hundred and twenty rats were divided into sham surgery group, simple sepsis group, sepsis+ Xuebijing group, and sepsis+ paeoniflorin group, with 30 rats in each group. The septic rat model was reproduced by cecal ligation and puncture surgery in simple sepsis group, sepsis+ Xuebijing group, and sepsis+ paeoniflorin group. In sham surgery group, the rats were only performed with laparotomy to simulate surgery. In sepsis+ Xuebijing group, the rats were given post-surgical injection of 4 mL/kg Xuebijing through tail vein, twice a day. In sepsis+ paeoniflorin group, the rats received 978 μg paeoniflorin via tail vein, twice a day. The survival rates of rats in the four groups on post surgery day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were observed and recorded. The surviving cure of Kaplan-Meier was drawn. Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance, least significant difference t test. The surviving curve was analyzed by Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. Results: (1) Compared with those in blank control group, the expressions of CTLA-4 and Foxp3 of CD4(+) CD25(+) Tregs (t=27.19, 17.00, P<0.01) and IL-10 level from culture supernatant (t=40.76, P<0.01) were significantly increased in rats in simple LPS group. Compared with those in simple LPS group, the expressions of CTLA-4 and Foxp3 of CD4(+) CD25(+) Tregs (t(LPS+ Xuebijing group)=31.03, 11.27, t(LPS+ paeoniflorin group)=5.79, 5.64, P<0.01) and IL-10 level from culture supernatant (t=15.49, 4.20, P<0.01) was significantly decreased in LPS+ Xuebijing group and LPS+ paeoniflorin group. Compared with that in blank control group, the apoptosis rate of CD4(+) CD25(+) Tregs in simple LPS group was significantly declined (t=6.02, P<0.01). Compared with the rate in simple LPS group, the apoptosis rates of CD4(+) CD25(+) Tregs in LPS+ Xuebijing group and LPS+ paeoniflorin group were significantly increased (t=20.32, 8.60, P<0.01). (2) Compared with those in simple CD3/CD28' group, the proliferative rate of CD4(+) T cells was significantly decreased in simple LPS' group (t=22.47, P<0.01), while IL-4 level from culture supernatant was significantly elevated (t=3.51, P<0.01). Compared with those in simple LPS' group, the proliferative rates of CD4(+) T cells in LPS+ Xuebijing' group and LPS+ paeoniflorin' group were significantly increased (t=16.31, 11.48, P<0.01), while IL-4 level from culture supernatant showed no obvious change. (3) The post-operative 7-day survival rates of rats in sham surgery group, simple sepsis group, sepsis+ Xuebijing group, sepsis+ paeoniflorin group were 100% (30/30), 30% (9/30), 57% (17/30), and 47% (14/30), respectively. Compared with that in simple sepsis group, the survival rate within post-operative 7-day of rats in sepsis+ Xuebijing group was significantly higher (χ(2)=4.34, P<0.05), while the survival rate within post-operative 7-day of rats in sepsis+ paeoniflorin group showed no obvious change. Conclusions: Both Xuebijing and its component paeoniflorin are capable of reversing sepsis-induced inhibitory immune function and apoptotic resistant of Tregs in rats, and further improving the proliferative activity of T cells. In addition, the effect of paeoniflorin on improvement of survival rate of rats with sepsis is weaker than Xuebijing.

Cogeneration of hot electrons from multiple laser-plasma instabilities

Interactions of two-plasmon decay (TPD) and side-stimulated Raman scattering (SSRS) were studied using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations under inertial-confinement-fusion-relevant conditions for linearly and circularly polarized lasers. In the linear stage, SSRS took place under n_{e}=0.235n_{c} and TPD dominated near the quarter-critical density surface and their growth rates agreed with theory. In the nonlinear stage, SSRS reduced TPD through pump depletion. Hot electrons were found to be first accelerated by SSRS plasma waves and then by TPD plasma waves through a cogeneration mechanism. Compared to the linearly polarized case with the same laser intensity, both SSRS and TPD were reduced due to the lower laser amplitude in the circularly polarized case. As a result, a 30% decrease in hot electron flux was observed.

miR-27a is an important adipogenesis regulator associated with differential lipid accumulation between intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues of sheep

Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are crucial regulators for various biological processes. Despite important function in the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes, miRNA studies are limited in regional differences in adipogenesis. Here, we show that miR-27a plays an important role in regulating differential lipid accumulation between intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissues in sheep. Invivo, we observed that miR-27a expression in IM adipose tissue is more abundant than in SC adipose tissue. However, the expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG) and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR alpha) in IM adipose tissue was significantly lower than that in SC adipose tissue. In the ovine preadipocyte differentiation model, we found that the expression of miR-27a was significantly decreased in differentiated ovine adipocytes. Overexpression of miR-27a significantly downregulated the expression of PPARG and RXR alpha and suppressed the accumulation of triglyceride but promoted the proliferation of ovine preadipocytes. Whereas, inhibition of miR-27a suppressed preadipocyte proliferation but enhanced PPARG and RXR alpha expression and lipid droplet formation. In addition, dual-luciferase activity assays showed that RXR alpha was a direct target of miR-27a. Thus, miR-27a enhances ovine preadipocytes proliferation and inhibits ovine preadipocytes differentiation through regulating the expression of target RXR alpha. Collectively, our study demonstrates the functional importance of miR-27a in ovine adipogenesis and provides novel insights into exploring regional differences in adipogenesis.

Pump depletion and hot-electron generation in long-density-scale-length plasma with shock-ignition high-intensity laser

Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations for laser plasma interaction with laser intensity of 10^{16}W/cm^{2}, plasma density range of 0.01-0.28n_{c}, and scale length of 230-330μm showed significant pump depletion of the laser energy due to stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in the low-density region (n_{e}=0.01-0.2n_{c}). The simulations identified hot electrons generated by SRS in the low-density region with moderate energy and by two-plasmon-decay near n_{e}=0.25n_{c} with higher energy. The overall hot electron temperature (46 keV) and conversion efficiency (3%) were consistent with the experiment's measurements. The simulations also showed artificially reducing SBS would lead to stronger SRS and a softer hot-electron spectrum.

[Effects of ticagrelor on cardiorespiratory fitness in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention]

Objective: To investigate the effects of ticagrelor on cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: A total of 1 073 patients, who were diagnosed as coronary heart disease and underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) within 1 year after PCI, were enrolled from September 2017 to September 2019 in Peking University Third Hospital, including 309 patients in ticagrelor group and 764 patients in clopidogrel group. Clinical information, blood test results, echocardiographic parameters, cardiorespiratory fitness related parameters (including peak oxygen uptake (VO(2)), anaerobic threshold VO(2), peak oxygen pulse (VO(2)/HR) and carbon dioxide ventilation equivalent (VE/VCO(2)) slope), coronary lesions and intervention information were obtained. Cardiopulmonary fitness related indexes were compared between the two groups, and the correlation between ticagrelor use and cardiopulmonary fitness related indexes was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Patients who underwent CPET within 1 month after PCI were included in the subgroup analysis. Results: In ticagrelor group, the age was (60.3±10.3) years, and 253(81.9%) cases were male. The age of clopidogrel group was (60.6±10.0) years, and there were 608(79.6%) males. No significant differences were observed in peak VO(2), anaerobic threshold VO(2), and peak VO(2)/HR between the two groups (all P>0.05), but the VE/VCO(2) slope was significantly higher in the ticagrelor group than in the clopidogrel group (30.075 (27.207, 33.603) vs. 28.853 (25.970, 32.336), P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis suggested that the peak VO(2), anaerobic threshold VO(2) and peak VO(2)/HR were not significantly correlated with the ticagrelor use (all P>0.05), while the VE/VCO(2) slope was independently correlated with ticagrelor use (OR=1.098, 95%CI 1.032-1.168, P=0.003). Subgroup analysis of patients who underwent CPET within 1 month after PCI also indicated that no significant difference were observed in peak VO(2), anaerobic threshold VO(2), peak VO(2)/HR and VE/VCO(2) slope between the two groups (all P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis suggested that the peak VO(2), anaerobic threshold VO(2) and peak VO(2)/HR were not significantly correlated with ticagrelor use (all P>0.05), while the VE/VCO(2) slope was significantly correlated with ticagrelor use (OR=1.132, 95%CI 1.030-1.244, P=0.010). Conclusion: Among coronary heart disease patients after PCI, treatment with clopidogrel does not result in significant decrease in exercise endurance as compared with patients treated with ticagrelor.

Serum sclerostin as a potential novel biomarker for heart valve calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease

OBJECTIVE

To explore the correlation between change in sclerostin level and heart valve calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in stages 3-5, as well as the possible underlying mechanism, which could provide a clinical reference for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

110 patients were divided into a healthy control group and three groups of patients with CKD stages 3, 4, and 5 according to CKD staging guidelines. Scr, BUN, AKP, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, Ca, Pi, and CRP were measured, and calcium-phosphate product (Ca×Pi) calculated. ELISA was used to measure the sclerostin level, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by MDRD. Heart valve calcification was measured by a physician in the Cardiac Department of our hospital. The correlations between sclerostin-level change and heart valve calcification, as well as each index in CKD patients in stages 3-5, were analyzed.

RESULTS

Compared with the healthy control group, the serum Ca in CKD stage-3, stage-4, and stage-5 groups (p < 0.05) was reduced, and PTH was increased (p < 0.05). Blood Pi and Ca×Pi in the stage-4 and stage-5 groups were increased (p < 0.05). The serum sclerostin level increased with renal hypofunction in stage-3 CKD patients, and was significantly increased compared with that of the control group, reaching the highest level in the terminal stage (p < 0.01). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that serum sclerostin was negatively correlated with eGFR (r = -0.91, p < 0.001) and blood Ca (r= -0.271, p < 0.001), and positively correlated with SCr (r = 0.608, p < 0.001), blood Pi level (r = 0.295, p < 0.001), PTH (r = 0.334, p < 0.001), and Ca×Pi (r = 0.275, p < 0.001). The rate of heart valve calcification in the CKD patients in stage 5 was relatively high (11/30, 36.67%), and significantly higher than that in healthy controls (1/20, 5%; p < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis of heart valve calcification indicated that sclerostin was a risk factor for heart valve calcification in CKD patients in stages 3-5.

CONCLUSIONS

The sclerostin level gradually increased with renal hypofunction in CKD patients in stages 3-5, and the increase in serum sclerostin level in the CKD patients occurred earlier than the change in Pi and Ca×Pi. The risk of heart valve calcification in stage-5 CKD patients was significantly increased. Sclerostin is an independent risk factor for heart valve calcification in CKD patients.

Three-dimensional particle-in-cell modeling of parametric instabilities near the quarter-critical density in plasmas

The nonlinear regime of laser-plasma interactions including both two-plasmon decay (TPD) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) instabilities has been studied in three-dimensional (3D) particle-in-cell simulations with parameters relevant to the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. SRS and TPD develop in the same region in plasmas, and the generation of fast electrons can be described accurately with only the full model including both SRS and TPD. The growth of instabilities in the linear stage is found to be in good agreement with analytical theories. In the saturation stage the low-frequency density perturbations driven by the daughter waves of the SRS side scattering can saturate the TPD and consequently inhibit the fast-electron generation. The fast-electron flux in 3D modeling is up to an order of magnitude smaller than previously reported in 2D TPD simulations, bringing it close to the results of ICF experiments.

Diazoxide induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-related neuroprotection mediated by p38 MAPK against Aβ25-35 insults

OBJECTIVE

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) -resident caspase-12 was identified as a mediator of Aβ neurotoxicity. Recent evidence indicates that mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel openers mediate their neuroprotective role by adjusting ER stress pathways, but the molecular details remain largely unknown and have been investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, the protein expression levels of calreticulin (CRT) and caspase-12 activation and phosphorylated p38 MAPK were observed by immunoblotting in cultured PC12 cells from different groups: treatment with Aβ25-35 (group Aβ25-35), treatment with diazoxide (group diazoxide), pretreatment with diazoxide and then exposure to Aβ25-35 (group diazoxide + Aβ25-35), pretreatment with p38 MAPK inhibitor SB 203580 and then exposure to diazoxide and Aβ25-35 (group SB 203580 + diazoxide + Aβ25-35), and the control (group control).

RESULTS

In response to the treatment with Aβ25-35 (10 µM) for 24 h, the protein expression levels of CRT and caspase-12 activation were increased and phosphorylated p38 MAPK was decreased significantly. Diazoxide reduced CRT overexpression and caspase-12 activation and increased the up-regulation of phosphorylated p38 MAPK. When SB 203580 was presented before exposure to diazoxide and Aβ25-35, CRT expression was markedly suppressed, and the inhibition effect of diazoxide on caspase-12 activation was almost eliminated.

CONCLUSIONS

We showed that diazoxide induced ERS-related neuroprotection mediated by p38 MAPK against Aβ25-35 insults. From the clinical point of view, these results are of considerable importance for the understanding of AD pathogenesis. However, further studies are required to explore more detailed mechanisms of the observed effects.

[Influence of vagus nerve on multiple organ function and immune reaction of T lymphocytes in septic rats]

Objective: To explore influence of vagus nerve on multiple organ function and immune reaction of T lymphocytes in septic rats. Methods: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham injury group, sepsis group, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) group, and vagotomy (VGX) group, according to the random number table, with 10 rats in each group. Rats in sepsis group, VNS group, and VGX group were inflicted with sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Rats in VNS group were given electrical stimulation on left cervical vagus nerve for 15 min right after CLP. Rats in VGX group underwent vagotomy of left cervical vagus nerve at 30 min before CLP. At 24 h after CLP, serum of rats was collected to detect levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glycocholic acid (CG), creatine kinase (CK), myocardial creatine kinase (CK-MB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine by fully automatic biochemistry analyzer. The left lung of rats was collected to determine wet or dry mass, and wet to dry (W/D) ratio was calculated. The right lung of rats was collected to measure the activity of pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Spleen of rats was collected to determine the proliferative activity of CD4(+) T lymphocytes by cell counting kit 8, and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA were used to quantify mRNA expressions and levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon-γ, and IL-4, respectively. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's honest significant difference test. Results: (1) The levels of serum ALT, AST, CG, CK, CK-MB, BUN, and creatinine, pulmonary W/D ratio, as well as MPO activity of rats in sepsis group were significantly higher than those in sham injury group and VNS group (P<0.01) and were significantly lower than those in VGX group (P<0.01). (2) The proliferative activity of CD4(+) T lymphocytes of rats in sepsis group was 0.93±0.03, which was significantly lower than 1.54±0.07 of rats in sham injury group (P<0.01). The proliferative activity of CD4(+) T lymphocytes of rats in VNS group was 1.15±0.15, which was significantly higher than that of rats in sepsis group (P<0.01). The proliferative activity of CD4(+) T lymphocytes of rats in VGX group was 0.75±0.06, which was obviously lower than that of rats in sepsis group (P<0.01). (3) In comparison with those of rats in sham injury group, the levels of IL-2 and interferon-γ in CD4(+) T lymphocytes of rats in sepsis group were markedly decreased (P<0.01), while the level of IL-4 was significantly increased (P<0.01). In comparison with those of rats in sepsis group, the levels of IL-2 and interferon-γ in CD4(+) T lymphocytes of rats in VNS group were obviously increased (P<0.01), while the level of IL-4 was markedly decreased (P<0.01). As compared with those of rats in sepsis group, the levels of IL-2 and interferon-γ in CD4(+) T lymphocytes of rats in VGX group were markedly decreased (P<0.01), while the level of IL-4 was significantly increased (P<0.01). (4) As compared with those of rats in sham injury group, expressions of IL-2 and interferon-γ mRNA in CD4(+) T lymphocytes of rats in sepsis group were markedly decreased (P<0.01), while expression of IL-4 mRNA was significantly increased (P<0.01). Expressions of IL-2 and interferon-γ mRNA in CD4(+) T lymphocytes of rats in VNS group were obviously increased when compared with those of rats in sepsis group (P<0.01), while expression of IL-4 mRNA was markedly decreased (P<0.01). In comparison with those of rats in sepsis group, expressions of IL-2 and interferon-γ mRNA in CD4(+) T lymphocytes of rats in VGX group were markedly decreased (P<0.01), while expression of IL-4 mRNA was significantly increased (P<0.01). Conclusions: Electrical stimulation of vagus nerve can significantly improve multiple organ dysfunction and reverse immunosuppression of T lymphocytes in septic rats, while vagotomy of vagus nerve may enhance the susceptibility of rats to sepsis.

[Relationship between angiopoietin-2 and vascular endothelial factor and vasodilation function in hypertensive patients]

Objective: To analyze the relationship between angiopoietin 2 (Ang2) and vascular endothelial factor and vasodilation function in hypertensive patients. Methods: Patients with new onset grade 1~2 hypertension (n=40) and healthy control group (n=25) wereenrolledprospectively. Serum Ang2 and nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), endothelin-1 (ET-1) were measured in both groups. Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) were measured in hypertensive patients. The above indicators were reviewed in hypertensive patients after antihypertensive treatment until blood pressure<140/90 mmHg. Results: Compared with the control group, serum Ang2 (P=0.049) and ET-1 (P<0.001) were significantly higher. Serum NO (P<0.001) and eNOS (P<0.001) was significantly lower in the hypertensive group. Compared with baseline, serum Ang2 (P=0.049) and ET-1 (P<0.001) were decreased significantly, meanwhile serum NO (P<0.001) and eNOS (P<0.001) were significantly increased. Serum Ang2 after antihypertensive treatment was not significantly different from that of the control group, but no statistical difference was observed in FMD after antihypertensive therapy. Correlation analysis found that serum Ang2 was positively correlated with mean arterial pressure (R=0.432, P<0.001), and negative correlated with serum NO(R=-0.374, P=0.001) and FMD (R=-0.368 0, P=0.002). Multiple linear regression found that serum Ang2 was independently associated with body mass index, mean arterial pressure, and serum NO. Conclusion: Serum Ang 2 can reflect the degree of endothelial and vasodilation impairment in hypertensive patients. Antihypertensive therapy can improve endothelial function, but whether it can restore damaged vasodilation function needs further verification.

Abstract P5-04-25: Characterization of FGFR1/2 genetic alterations reveals novel fusions of FGFR1 in Chinese breast cancer

Background: Deregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) signalling has been extensively studied in various tumor types, and has been implicated in driving endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Genetic alterations of FGFR1, especially FGFR1 amplification, is one of particularly important mechanisms leading to enhanced FGFR signaling in breast cancer. However, the prevalence of FGFR1/2 genetic variations in Chinese breast cancer patients has not been well explored.

Methods: To investigate the characteristics of FGFR1 and FGFR2 genetic variations in Chinese breast cancer, we employed customized next-generation sequencing panel to screen the somatic mutation or copy number variations of FGFR1/2 in primary breast cancer tissues by using two ongoing breast cancer Cohorts, in which we have recruited 289 of early breast cancer patients (EBC Cohort) and 74 of advanced breast cancer patients (ABC Cohort).

Results: In EBC Cohort, we found FGFR1 amplification in 9.0% (26/289) patients and FGFR2 amplification in 2.1% (6/289) patients, and also found 3 of somatic FGFR1 mutations (FGFR1 p.W4C; p.E334K; p.V396I ) and 2 of FGFR2 mutations (FGFR2 p.S702L; p.Y779*). Unlike the comparable prevalence of FGFR2 genetic variations in 2.8% (8/289) of EBC Cohort and 2.7% (2/74; one amplification event and one FGFR2 p.E499D mutation) of ABC Cohort, there were more FGFR1 genetic alterations in ABC Cohort (27%; 20/74 patients; p&lt;0.001), including 19 events of FGFR1 amplification and 1 of FGFR1 c.2186+20G&gt;A intron mutation. More importantly, we identified 5 novel FGFR1 fusion genes in our cohorts, including TACC1-FGFR1, FGFR1-KCNU1, FGFR1-MIR1268A, FGFR1-LZTS1-AS1 and FGFR1-RNF5P1. Although FGFR1-TACC1 fusion gene has been previously reported in breast cancer and TACC1 is fused to the C-terminal of FGFR1 protein leading to aberrant activation of FGFR1, we found TACC1 was fused to the N-terminal of FGFR1 at exon 6 of FGFR1 in our study. In addition, we identified and verified FGFR1-MIR1268A fusion gene at mRNA level using RNA-seq analysis, and further found this fusion gene might result in the truncation of FGFR1.

Conclusions: Collectively, we characterized the prevalence of FGFR1/2 genetic alterations in Chinese breast cancer, and identified 5 of novel FGFR1 fusion genes. The potential roles for novel FGFR1 fusion genes in regulating breast cancer cellular biology and in affecting the efficacy of endocrine therapy have been under the investigation in our laboratory, and the result from which will help us better elucidate the molecular mechanism of FGFR1 in driving the resistance of endocrine therapy.

This study was supported by funding from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81602645), Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2016A030313768) and Research Funds from Guangzhou Science and Technology Bureau (Grant No. 201707010418 and 201804010430).

Citation Format: Wang Y, Guo L, Cao L, Jia M, Wen L, Ren C, Zhang G, Liao N. Characterization of FGFR1/2 genetic alterations reveals novel fusions of FGFR1 in Chinese breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-04-25.

MicroRNA-433 inhibits migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells via targeting Notch1

We aimed to determine the effects of miR-433 on the malignant behaviors of ovarian cancer cells, as well as to elucidate the possible mechanisms of ovarian cancer development. A total of 9 ovarian cancer tissues and 9 matched normal ovary tissues were obtained, and the expression levels of miR-433 and Notch1 were then determined by real-time PCR. Human ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3 and OVCAR3 were transfected with miR-433 mimics, negative miR-control and Notch1 siRNA. The expression of Notch1 protein in transfected cells was determined by western blot. In addition, the proliferation, migration and invasion of SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells in vitro were then evaluated using Cell Counting Kit 8, wound healing assay and Transwell invasion assay, respectively. Besides, bioinformatics methods and luciferace reporter assay were performed to confirm whether Notch1 was a direct target of miR-433. The expression of miR-433 was markedly down-regulated while Notch1 expression was significantly up-regulated in ovarian cancer tissues compared with matched normal ovary tissues. Overexpression of miR-433 significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells, but had not significant effects on cell proliferation. In addition, Notch1 was a direct target of miR-433. Besides, down-regulation of Notch1 inhibited the invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Our findings indicate that miR-433 may inhibit cell migration and invasion in the development of ovarian cancer via down-regulation of Notch1. Notch1 may serve as a potential target in cancer therapy.

Electron Shock Ignition of Inertial Fusion Targets

It is shown that inertial confinement fusion targets designed with low implosion velocities can be shock-ignited using laser-plasma interaction generated hot electrons (hot-e's) to obtain high energy gains. These designs are robust to multimode asymmetries and are predicted to ignite even for significantly distorted implosions. Electron shock ignition requires tens of kilojoules of hot-e's which can be produced only at a large laser facility like the National Ignition Facility, with the laser-to-hot-e conversion efficiency greater than 10% at laser intensities ∼10^{16}  W/cm^{2}.

[Prospective cohort study on the outcomes of sacrospinous ligament fixation using conventional instruments in treating stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ pelvic organ prolapse]

Objective: To evaluate the medium and long term safety and efficacy of sacrospinous ligament fixation (SSLF) performed with conventional instruments in treating stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Methods: A prospective cohort analysis was conducted in the Peking Union Medical College Hospital, between May 2007 and June 2015, enrolling 55 women with stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ POP who intended to receive SSLF. Primary end points were objective success rates using pelvic organ prolapse quantitation system (POP-Q) and subjective satisfaction rates with questionnaires after surgery according to vaginal examination and related questionnaires for all patients who received SSLF eventually. Exploratory outcomes included perioperative parameters and complications. Results: Of these 55 POP patients enrolled, 52 (95%, 52/55) received SSLF using conventional surgical instruments, the other 3 cases converted to ischial spinous fascia fixation due to difficulty exposing. Medium blood loss during operation was 100 ml (20-300 ml) and operative time 60 minutes (20-165 minutes). Pelvic hematoma with diameters of 5 cm and 7 cm were observed in two patients, both recovered fully with conservative methods. All patients were able to micturate spontaneously after catheter withdrawal. One patient reported right thigh pain after operation which remained till 3-month follow-up and relieved after physiotherapy. The objective success rate was 100% (52/52) at 3 months. With a medium follow-up time of 23.7 months, the objective success rate was 98% (51/52), the recurrence rate was 2% (1/52) and the satisfactory rate was 94% (49/52). De novo urinary incontinence occurred in 6% (3/52) of patients. Conclusion: Most POP could be corrected with SSLF using conventional instruments which is a feasible, economic and effective procedure for Asian patients with medium compartment prolapse.

Aggravated nausea and vomiting induced by fat emulsion for hyperemesis gravidarum: A case report

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE

Total parental nutrition (TPN) for hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is generally effective and well-tolerated. We report a case of aggravated nausea and vomiting caused by fat emulsion.

CASE DESCRIPTION

A 40-year-old pregnant woman through IVF was admitted to the hospital at 11-week gestation and diagnosed with HG. During TPN treatment, the patient suffered from aggravated nausea and vomiting. We identified fat emulsion as the most likely culprit using challenge, dechallenge and rechallenge.

WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION

This is the first report of fat emulsion aggravating nausea and vomiting in such situation.

[Impact of blood pressure control on coronary flow reserve in hypertensive patients]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the impacts of blood pressure control on coronary flow reserve (CFR) in hypertensive patients.

METHODS

A total of 236 patients without significant coronary stenosis (defined as <50% luminal narrowing which was confirmed by coronary angiography or coronary artery CT scan) between January 2011 to July 2015 were retrospectively enrolled in this study. CFR was measured in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) during adenosine triphosphate-induced hyperemia by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Patients were divided into hypertension group (n=173) and non-hypertension group (n=63). The hypertension patients were further divided into ideally controlled (n=31, defined as SBP <120 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) and DBP <80 mmHg), controlled (n=82, defined as SBP 120 to 139 mmHg and DBP <90 mmHg) and uncontrolled groups (n=60, defined as SBP≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic DBP≥90 mmHg) based on their blood pressure after systematic antihypertensive therapy and CFR values were compared among the 4 groups. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify the independent determinants of CFR in patients with hypertension.

RESULTS

Compared with non-hypertension group, the CFR was significantly lower in controlled (3.27±0.71 vs. 2.87±0.56, P<0.001) and uncontrolled groups (3.27±0.71 vs. 2.61±0.71, P<0.001), but was similar in ideally controlled group (3.27±0.71 vs. 3.21±0.85, P=0.68). Furthermore, the CFR was significantly lower in uncontrolled group than that of the other two hypertension groups and was significantly lower in controlled group than that of ideally controlled group. Higher blood pressure (β=-0.17, P=0.03) and age(β=-0.02, P=0.03) were independent predictors of lower CFR in patients with hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher blood pressure is an independent predictor of decreased CFR in patients with hypertension. Hypertensive patients with ideally controlled blood pressure have similar CFR level as patients without hypertension.

RNAi of Grp78 may disturb the fusion of ICR mouse palate cultured in vitro

RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool to silence or minimize gene expression, and palate culture in vitro is an important technique for study of the palate development. Our previous study demonstrated that the gene expression of glucose-regulated protein-78 (Grp78) was downregulation in the all-trans retinoic acid-induced mouse models of cleft palate (CP) during embryogenesis. To find the role of Grp78, the small interfering RNA (siRNA) of this gene carried by fluorescent vector was injected with a microinjector, through which about 30 pmol siRNA was injected into the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mouse palate explants. After 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, these palate explants were removed from culture to observe their fluorescent and Alcian blue-staining phenotypes, and the expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) key members (Grp78, Inositol-responsive enzyme 1, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, activating transcription factor-6 and X-box binding protein-1) was measured. After cultured for 72 h, the partially or completely fused bilateral palates were observed in the control siRNA group, while CPs were found in the Grp78 siRNA group. In the Grp78 siRNA group, the relatively mRNA abundance of the key genes belonged to UPR at each time point was lower than that of the control siRNA group, and their protein expression also displayed the same change. By the system of RNAi strategies with mouse palate culture, we found the siRNA of Grp78 disturbed the fusion of mouse palate cultured in vitro.

Preparation, Biochemical Analysis, and Structure Determination of the Bromodomain, an Acetyl-Lysine Binding Domain

The bromodomain (BrD) represents an evolutionarily conserved protein domain whose function mostly is to recognize acetylated lysine residues in histones and nuclear proteins in regulation of gene transcription in chromatin. The highly conserved BrD structure features an unusual left-handed, antiparallel four-helix bundle and a hydrophobic pocket between the interhelical ZA and BC loops important for acetyl-lysine binding. Many proteins, particularly transcriptional activators, contain BrDs, and mutation or deletion of the BrDs impairs the protein function, implying their critical role in human biology and disease. In this chapter, we provide general protocols of the preparation, biochemical analysis, and structure determination of BrDs, aiming to offer a general guideline for structural and biochemical functional characterization of BrD-containing proteins.

The effectiveness of low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment: a meta-analysis

Background and Objectives

Although low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) has been demonstrated to have a biomodulatory effect on periodontal tissue, no systematic review has exclusively addressed its effectiveness as an adjunct to non‐surgical periodontal treatment. This study aimed to evaluate whether an additional benefit exists for the application of LLLT compared with scaling and root planing (SRP) alone.

Material and Methods

An extensive search was conducted in the Cochrane Library (Issue 8, 2015), PubMed (1997) and EMBASE (1947) before August 2015 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The bias risk was assessed with the Cochrane tool for risk of bias evaluation. A meta‐analysis was performed using REVMAN 5.3.

Results

After independent screening of 354 initial records, eight publications (seven RCTs) were included. However, six were rated as ‘having a high risk of bias’ as a result of major methodological weakness in ‘allocation concealment’ and ‘blinding of key personnel’. Meta‐analysis showed that LLLT‐mediated SRP demonstrated significant short‐term benefits over SRP monotherapy in the improvement of the probing pocket depth (p = 0.0009 at 1 mo; p = 0.03 at 2 mo) and the level of interleukin‐1β in the gingival crevicular fluid (p = 0.01 at 1 mo). Nevertheless, LLLT failed to show significant additional intermediate‐term (3 and 6 mo) effects in terms of clinical parameters and alveolar bone density.

Conclusion

These findings indicated that LLLT showed only short‐term additional benefits after conventional SRP. Its long‐term effects remain unclear due to substantial methodological weaknesses and an insufficient number of current studies. Future RCTs with better designs and longer follow‐up periods are required to assess the effectiveness of LLLT as an adjunctive treatment strategy in patients with periodontal disease.

Disorder-enhanced spin polarization of the Zn1−xCoxO1−v concentrated magnetic semiconductor

Amorphous concentrated magnetic semiconductor Zn_0.32Co_0.68O_1−v (v refers to oxygen vacancies) thin film was investigated by magnetic and electrical transport measurements as well as Andreev reflection spectroscopy.