Peer perspectives on friendships among peers with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities: A pilot mixed methods study

BACKGROUND

The benefits of friendships among peers with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities are well supported by research. However, little is known about the nature of these inclusive friendships in inclusive college courses.

METHOD

We explored the perspectives of peers on the development of authentic friendships among peers with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities in inclusive college courses in the United States. We used a sequential, explanatory, transformative mixed methods-grounded theory research design. We integrated quantitative (N = 44) and qualitative (N = 8) findings using blended analysis to inform a preliminary grounded theory of inclusive and reciprocal friendships.

RESULTS

Quantitative findings suggest two relationships and one predictor of peers' perceived social engagement. Qualitative findings resulted in five themes that promote friendships.

CONCLUSIONS

We propose that the context for developing inclusive friendships could be fostered using the preparation and actions stages of the grounded theory model.

Quantitative analysis of the EEG in the intracarotid amobarbital procedure. I. Amplitude analysis

Thirty-seven subjects underwent bilateral internal carotid artery injections of amobarbital prior to surgery for intractable epilepsy. The electroencephalogram (EEG) of these patients was continuously monitored during these 74 procedures and was later subjected to quantitative analysis. Topographic mapping of these data suggested that the areas of inactivation were largely restricted to the anterior 2/3 of the hemisphere injected, corresponding to the vascular distributions of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Graphical representation of the data demonstrated that delta and theta band activity peaked in the first 2 min post injection and decreased gradually thereafter, becoming stable at around 12 min post injection. Examination of the alpha, beta 1, and beta 2 bands suggested that activity increased and decreased more gradually than that for delta and theta, with perhaps a longer latency. Although EEG changes were most prominent in the anterior 2/3 of the inactivated hemisphere, similar (though smaller) changes were also observed in both ipsilateral and contralateral zones thought to be outside of the vascular distribution of the internal carotid artery.