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Gandino G, Civilotti C, Finzi S, Gaboardi M, Guazzini A, Novara C, Procentese F, Santinello M, Sola T, Veglia F, Venera EM, Di Fini G. Linguistic markers of processing the first months of the pandemic COVID-19: a psycholinguistic analysis of Italian university students' diaries. Curr Psychol 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37359583 PMCID: PMC10196289 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A longitudinal psycholinguistic study was conducted with 107 students from different Italian universities that produced daily photo-diary entries for two weeks, one at the beginning and the other at the end of the first Italian lockdown period, imposed in view of the rapid dissemination of COVID -19. The task was to take a daily photo accompanied by a short description (text). The texts accompanying the photos were analysed using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software to analyze linguistic markers representing psychological processes related to the experience of the pandemic and the lockdown, identifying potential changes in psycholinguistic variables useful for understanding the psychological impact of such harsh and extended restricted living conditions on Italian students. LIWC categories related to negation, anger, cognitive mechanisms, tentative discourse, past, and future increased statistically significantly between the two time points, while word count, prepositions, communication, leisure, and home decreased statistically significantly. While male participants used more articles at both time points, females used more words related to anxiety, social processes, past, and present at T1 and more related to insight at T2. Participants who lived with their partner showed higher scores on negative emotions, affect, positive feelings, anger, optimism, and certainty. Participants from southern Italy tended to describe their experiences from a collective and social perspective rather than an individual perspective. By identifying, discussing, and comparing these phenomena with the broader literature, a spotlight is shed for the first time on the psycholinguistic analysis of students at the national level who faced the first COVID -19 lockdown in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Gandino
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - C. Civilotti
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - S. Finzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M. Gaboardi
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - A. Guazzini
- Department of Education, Languages, Interculture, Literatures and Psychology, Centre for the Study of Complex Systems (CSDC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - C. Novara
- Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - M. Santinello
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - T. Sola
- University of Chieti and Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - F. Veglia
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - E. M. Venera
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - G. Di Fini
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Pardini S, Szubert J, Novara C, Brytek-Matera A. Higher levels of concern about dieting and moderate-intensity physical activity predict orthorexia nervosa among young adults. Eur Psychiatry 2022. [PMCID: PMC9565963 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In some individuals, interest in healthy attitudes and behaviours towards food may show obsessive signs. Preoccupation with ‘healthful’ eating may contribute to orthorexia nervosa (ON) – a strong preoccupation with “healthy eating” manifested by the avoidance of all foods considered by the individual to be “unhealthy”. Objectives The objective of the present study was to determine whether disordered eating behaviour, physical activity and self-esteem are predictors of ON in young adults. Methods Five hundred fifty-four Polish and Italian university students participated in the present study. Participants were asked to answer the Eating Habits Questionnaire, the Eating Attitudes Test, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Results Our findings found that higher levels of concern about dieting and moderate-intensity physical activity were related to ON. Particularly, higher levels of concern about dieting, bulimic behaviour and thoughts about food and moderate-intensity physical activity predicted problems associated with healthy eating. Higher levels of concern about dieting, self-esteem as well as self-control of eating and perceived pressure from others to gain weight were associated with knowledge of healthy eating. Whereas, higher levels of concern about dieting with country factor (Poland) predicted feeling positively about healthy eating. Conclusions In ON treatment, reduction in symptoms and concerns characteristic of eating disorders and adequate levels of physical activity should be taken into consideration. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Novara C, Mattioli S, Piasentin S, Pardini S, Maggio E. The role of dieting, psychopathological characteristics and maladaptive personality traits in Orthorexia Nervosa. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:290. [PMID: 35459152 PMCID: PMC9034604 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pursuing a healthy diet is not a dysfunctional behavior, but dieting could be an important etiological factor for Orthorexia Nervosa (ON). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of diet in groups with high/low orthorexic tendencies. Moreover, some psychopathological characteristics associated with ON and maladaptive personality traits were investigated. METHODS The sample consisted of three groups: two were on a diet and had high (HIGH-D; n = 52) or low (LOW-D; n = 41) orthorexic tendencies. The other was composed of people with high orthorexic tendencies not on a diet (HIGH; n = 40). Participants filled out self-report questionnaires to investigate orthorexic tendencies, eating disorders features, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, perfectionism, depressive/anxious symptomatology, and maladaptive personality traits. RESULTS The HIGH-D group showed more orthorexic tendencies than the HIGH group. More maladaptive personality traits and anxiety symptoms have been highlighted in HIGH and HIGH-D groups. The HIGH group had more eating disorder characteristics than other groups. Only the HIGH-D group showed more depressive symptoms than the LOW-D group. CONCLUSIONS The features of HIGH and LOW-D groups suggest that diet alone could not explain ON, even if it could be a possible factor related to ON. Therefore, people with high orthorexic tendencies, psychopathological features, and maladaptive personality traits could be in a prodromic condition for disordered eating habits and deserve clinical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Novara
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Mattioli
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Piasentin
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Pardini
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - E. Maggio
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Novara C, Maggio E, Piasentin S, Pardini S, Mattioli S. Orthorexia Nervosa: differences between clinical and non-clinical samples. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:341. [PMID: 34238282 PMCID: PMC8265101 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is a construct characterized by behaviors, emotions, and beliefs on eating healthy food and excessive attention to diet; moreover, dieting has been considered a risk factor in ON symptoms development. The principal aim of this study was to investigate the differences in clinical and non-clinical groups most at risk of ON. Aspects that could be associated with ON (Eating Disorders [EDs], obsessive-compulsive symptomatology, perfectionistic traits, anxiety, depression, Body Mass Index [BMI]) were investigated in all groups. METHODS The sample consisted of 329 adults belonging to four different groups. Three were on a diet: Anorexia/Bulimia Nervosa group (N = 90), Obesity/Binge Eating Disorder group (N = 54), Diet group (N = 91). The Control group consisted of people who were not following a diet (N = 94). Participants completed several self-administered questionnaires (EHQ-21, EDI-3, OCI-R, MPS, BAI, BDI-II) to assess ON-related features in different groups. RESULTS Analyses highlighted higher orthorexic tendencies in Anorexia/Bulimia Nervosa, Obesity/BED, and Diet groups than in the Control group. Moreover, results have shown that in the AN/BN group, eating disorders symptomatology and a lower BMI were related to ON and that in Obesity/Binge Eating Disorder and Diet groups, perfectionism traits are associated with ON. CONCLUSION Individuals who pursue a diet share some similarities with those who have an eating disorder regarding emotions, behaviors, and problems associated with orthorexic tendencies. Moreover, perfectionistic traits seem to predispose to higher ON tendencies. In general, these results confirm the ON as an aspect of the main eating disorders category.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Novara
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - E. Maggio
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Piasentin
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Pardini
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Mattioli
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Ascari L, Novara C, Dusio V, Oddi L, Siniscalco C. Quantitative methods in microscopy to assess pollen viability in different plant taxa. Plant Reprod 2020; 33:205-219. [PMID: 33123804 PMCID: PMC7648740 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-020-00398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
High-quality pollen is a prerequisite for plant reproductive success. Pollen viability and sterility can be routinely assessed using common stains and manual microscope examination, but with low overall statistical power. Current automated methods are primarily directed towards the analysis of pollen sterility, and high throughput solutions for both pollen viability and sterility evaluation are needed that will be consistent with emerging biotechnological strategies for crop improvement. Our goal is to refine established labelling procedures for pollen, based on the combination of fluorescein (FDA) and propidium iodide (PI), and to develop automated solutions for accurately assessing pollen grain images and classifying them for quality. We used open-source software programs (CellProfiler, CellProfiler Analyst, Fiji and R) for analysis of images collected from 10 pollen taxa labelled using FDA/PI. After correcting for image background noise, pollen grain images were examined for quality employing thresholding and segmentation. Supervised and unsupervised classification of per-object features was employed for the identification of viable, dead and sterile pollen. The combination of FDA and PI dyes was able to differentiate between viable, dead and sterile pollen in all the analysed taxa. Automated image analysis and classification significantly increased the statistical power of the pollen viability assay, identifying more than 75,000 pollen grains with high accuracy (R2 = 0.99) when compared to classical manual counting. Overall, we provide a comprehensive set of methodologies as baseline for the automated assessment of pollen viability using fluorescence microscopy, which can be combined with manual and mechanized imaging systems in fundamental and applied research on plant biology. We also supply the complete set of pollen images (the FDA/PI pollen dataset) to the scientific community for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ascari
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Cristina Novara
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Virginia Dusio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Ludovica Oddi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Consolata Siniscalco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
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Novara C, Vivet B, Raffard S. Le dégoût dans le trouble obsessionnel compulsif, mécanismes, évaluation, implications pour des pistes thérapeutiques. PRAT PSYCHOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prps.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Codazzi AC, Turchetti A, Apicella A, Ippolito R, Ceravolo G, Gitto E, Calabrò MP, Novara C, Casari G, Marseglia GL. Bicuspid aortic valve in children: importance of aortic shape, role of follow up and risk of aortic dilatation. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2020; 34:127-129. SPECIAL ISSUE: FOCUS ON PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY. [PMID: 33000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Codazzi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, U.O.S. Pediatric Cardiology, "IRCCS Policlinico S.Matteo" Pavia, Italy
| | - A Turchetti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, "IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo" Pavia, Italy
| | - A Apicella
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, "IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo" Pavia, Italy
| | - R Ippolito
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, "IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo" Pavia, Italy
| | - G Ceravolo
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Unit of Emergency Pediatric, University of Messina, "G. Martino" Policlinic, Italy
| | - E Gitto
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - M P Calabrò
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Unit of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Messina, "G. Martino" Policlinic, Italy
| | - C Novara
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, "IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo" Pavia, Italy
| | - G Casari
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, "IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo" Pavia, Italy
| | - G L Marseglia
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, "IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo" Pavia, Italy
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Colonna S, Monticelli O, Gomez J, Novara C, Saracco G, Fina A. Effect of morphology and defectiveness of graphene-related materials on the electrical and thermal conductivity of their polymer nanocomposites. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shams M, Valeriani V, Torrisi C, Pardini S, Novara C, Rigato L, Bozza F, Capovilla E. Assessment of obsessive thoughts and worries in women with breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw337.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Preuss UW, Watzke S, Fehr C, Koller G, Soyka M, Wurst FM, Mouzas I, Grinakis E, Koulentaki M, Oustamanolakis P, Liodaki N, Stathaki D, Karpyak VM, Biernacka J, Geske J, Lewis K, Hall-Flavin D, Schneekloth T, Loukianova L, Frye M, Mrazek D, Durazzo TC, Cardenas VA, Mon A, Meyerhoff DJ, Mota N, Corral M, Parada M, Crego A, Lopez-Caneda E, Rodriguez-Holguin S, Cadaveira F, Mota N, Corral M, Parada M, Caamano-Isorna F, Gomez-Suarez AF, Rodriguez-Holguin S, Cadaveira F, Mioni D, Novara C, Bottesi G, Lazzaretto M, Pessa G, Ki S, Maurage P, Joassin F, de Timary P, Caamano F, Doallo-Pesado S, Salvadores J, Rodriguez-Holguin S, Corral M, Cadaveira F, Cvetkovic J, Milojkovic B, Djukic-Dejanovic S, Jovanovic M, Vuckovic N, Dickov A, Stijovic S, Arsenijevic V, Radivojevic V, Coric B, Jugovic V, Stanojevic A, Popovic V, Dimitrijevic V, Davidovic V. PSYCHIATRY * P61 * DIMENSIONS AND CATEGORIES OF DSM V CRITERIA IN AN INTERNATIONAL SAMPLE OF DRINKING SUBJECTS AND INPATIENT ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT INDIVIDUALS. Alcohol Alcohol 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Dorz S, Novara C, Sica C, Sanavio E. [Burnout syndrome among health workers caring for AIDS patients: predictive variables]. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 2004; 26:114-8. [PMID: 15270439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Psychological stress and coping strategies in staff working with AIDS patients were assessed using self report methods. MEASURES Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Coping Orientations to Problems Experiences (COPE), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Depression Questionnaire (DQ) were completed by staff from 20 hospitals of North-Center Italy, including 329 doctors and nurses working with people with AIDS. The results suggested important correlations among burnout, coping style, depression and anxiety. Inadequate strategies used as Focusing on and Venting of emotion, Behavioral Disengagement and depression predicted high level of Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, while Personal Accomplishment were predicted by more adequate strategies (Planning, Restrain coping and Seeking social support) and low level of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dorz
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale-Università di Padova, Italy.
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Abstract
Threatening stimuli are processed differently from neutral ones by anxious and obsessive-compulsive subjects. In the present research, processing of threatening words was compared with that of neutral words for two groups of Italian students, one with high mean and one with low mean score on Checking, a subscale of the Padua Inventory. Two tests were given, a computerized version of the emotional Stroop task and a later recognition test under incidental learning conditions. The expected interference effect on the Stroop task for those scoring high on Checking was confirmed. These results suggest an association between compulsive checking and bias in the first automatic stages of processing of threatening stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Novara
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
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Novara C, Casari S, Compostella S, Dorz S, Sanavio E, Sica C. Coping and cognitive processing style in HIV-positive subjects. Psychother Psychosom 2000; 69:316-21. [PMID: 11070444 DOI: 10.1159/000012414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People's reactions to traumatic events are mediated by their subjective style of coping. This is of particular importance for HIV+ patients, mainly in the first phases of the disease. This work aimed at examining whether an 'acceptance' style of coping, as opposed to a 'mental disengagement' style, selectively influences the first stages of the processing of neutral, emotional and HIV-related information. METHOD Two groups of 11 HIV+ asymptomatic subjects were chosen according to their coping strategies, acceptance or mental disengagement, as measured by Coping Orientations to the Problems Experienced (COPE). Twenty-two patients completed the Emotional Stroop Task and an incidental memory recognition task containing neutral, emotional and HIV-related stimuli. RESULTS Analysis of reaction times (RTs) on the Emotional Stroop Task showed that HIV+ subjects have longer RTs for emotional and HIV-related than for neutral words. Instead, no effect was found as regards interaction with style of coping. CONCLUSION Results confirmed a processing bias of emotional information, whereas Acceptance and Mental disengagement strategies, as measured by the COPE scales, did not appear to influence information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Novara
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
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Ferrari R, Novara C, Sanavio E, Zerbini F. Internal Structure and Validity of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory, Italian Language Version. Pain Med 2000; 1:123-30. [PMID: 15101901 DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-4637.2000.00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is an investigation of the psychometric characteristics of the Italian translation of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory and a comparison with the American, German, Swedish and Dutch versions of the MPI. METHOD The Italian translation of the MPI was administered together with Melzack McGill Pain Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Visual Analog Scales. Confirmatory factor analyses were accomplished on the MPI scores. Furthermore, reliability, intercorrelations, and convergent validity of MPI were evaluated. PATIENTS Participants were 220 patients suffering from a variety of chronic pain syndromes (cephalalgia 45.8%; low-back pain 30.5%). RESULTS Confirmatory factor analyses suggest changes to all 3 sections of the MPI-IV. Factor structure, after having excluded several items sorted according to the 3 sections of the questionnaire, is basically the same as in other versions of the MPI. Internal consistency analyses yielded acceptable reliability (Cronbach alpha coefficients) for 11 out of 13 scales. CONCLUSIONS After making appropriate changes in all 3 sections of the inventory, the MPI is substantially suitable for use in cross-cultural and international research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ferrari
- Servizio di Terapia Antalgica e Cure Palliative, A.S.L. n.6 Vicenza, Italy
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