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Liu X, Turner JR, Oxford CR, McNeill J, Walsh B, Le Roy E, Weagle CL, Stone E, Zhu H, Liu W, Wei Z, Hyslop NP, Giacomo J, Dillner AM, Salam A, Hossen AA, Islam Z, Abboud I, Akoshile C, Amador-Muñoz O, Anh NX, Asfaw A, Balasubramanian R, Chang RYW, Coburn C, Dey S, Diner DJ, Dong J, Farrah T, Gahungu P, Garland RM, Grutter de la Mora M, Hasheminassab S, John J, Kim J, Kim JS, Langerman K, Lee PC, Lestari P, Liu Y, Mamo T, Martins M, Mayol-Bracero OL, Naidoo M, Park SS, Schechner Y, Schofield R, Tripathi SN, Windwer E, Wu MT, Zhang Q, Brauer M, Rudich Y, Martin RV. Elemental Characterization of Ambient Particulate Matter for a Globally Distributed Monitoring Network: Methodology and Implications. ACS EST Air 2024; 1:283-293. [PMID: 38633206 PMCID: PMC11020157 DOI: 10.1021/acsestair.3c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Global ground-level measurements of elements in ambient particulate matter (PM) can provide valuable information to understand the distribution of dust and trace elements, assess health impacts, and investigate emission sources. We use X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize the elemental composition of PM samples collected from 27 globally distributed sites in the Surface PARTiculate mAtter Network (SPARTAN) over 2019-2023. Consistent protocols are applied to collect all samples and analyze them at one central laboratory, which facilitates comparison across different sites. Multiple quality assurance measures are performed, including applying reference materials that resemble typical PM samples, acceptance testing, and routine quality control. Method detection limits and uncertainties are estimated. Concentrations of dust and trace element oxides (TEO) are determined from the elemental dataset. In addition to sites in arid regions, a moderately high mean dust concentration (6 μg/m3) in PM2.5 is also found in Dhaka (Bangladesh) along with a high average TEO level (6 μg/m3). High carcinogenic risk (>1 cancer case per 100000 adults) from airborne arsenic is observed in Dhaka (Bangladesh), Kanpur (India), and Hanoi (Vietnam). Industries of informal lead-acid battery and e-waste recycling as well as coal-fired brick kilns likely contribute to the elevated trace element concentrations found in Dhaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department
of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jay R. Turner
- Department
of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Christopher R. Oxford
- Department
of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jacob McNeill
- Department
of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Brenna Walsh
- Department
of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Emmie Le Roy
- Department
of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Crystal L. Weagle
- Department
of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Emily Stone
- Department
of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Haihui Zhu
- Department
of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Wenyu Liu
- Department
of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Zilin Wei
- Department
of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Nicole P. Hyslop
- Air
Quality Research Center, University of California
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jason Giacomo
- Air
Quality Research Center, University of California
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ann M. Dillner
- Air
Quality Research Center, University of California
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Abdus Salam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Al-amin Hossen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Zubayer Islam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Ihab Abboud
- Air
Quality Research Division, Environment and
Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Clement Akoshile
- Department
of Physics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
| | - Omar Amador-Muñoz
- Instituto
de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Nguyen Xuan Anh
- Institute
of Geophysics, Vietnam Academy of Science
and Technology, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Araya Asfaw
- Institute
of Geophysics and Space Science, Addis Ababa
University, Addis
Ababa 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Rachel Ying-Wen Chang
- Department
of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie
University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Craig Coburn
- Department
of Geography and Environment, University
of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Sagnik Dey
- Centre
for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - David J. Diner
- Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Jinlu Dong
- School
of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tareq Farrah
- Research
Laboratories, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Paterne Gahungu
- Institute
of Applied Statistics, University of Burundi, Bujumbura BP1550, Burundi
| | - Rebecca M. Garland
- Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Unit
for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
- Department
of Geography, Geo-Informatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Michel Grutter de la Mora
- Instituto
de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Sina Hasheminassab
- Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Juanette John
- Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Jhoon Kim
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department
of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie
University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kristy Langerman
- Department
of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Pei-Chen Lee
- Department
of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Puji Lestari
- Faculty
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Yang Liu
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tesfaye Mamo
- Physics
Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Mathieu Martins
- Research
Laboratories, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Olga L. Mayol-Bracero
- Department
of Environmental Science, University of
Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Mogesh Naidoo
- Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Sang Seo Park
- Department
of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoav Schechner
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Technion Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Robyn Schofield
- School
of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Sachchida N. Tripathi
- Department
of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Eli Windwer
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- PhD
Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department
of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department
of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Michael Brauer
- School
of Population and Public Health, University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Department
of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Weichenthal S, Pinault L, Christidis T, Burnett RT, Brook JR, Chu Y, Crouse DL, Erickson AC, Hystad P, Li C, Martin RV, Meng J, Pappin AJ, Tjepkema M, van Donkelaar A, Weagle CL, Brauer M. How low can you go? Air pollution affects mortality at very low levels. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabo3381. [PMID: 36170354 PMCID: PMC9519036 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recently released new guidelines for outdoor fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) recommending an annual average concentration of 5 μg/m3. Yet, our understanding of the concentration-response relationship between outdoor PM2.5 and mortality in this range of near-background concentrations remains incomplete. To address this uncertainty, we conducted a population-based cohort study of 7.1 million adults in one of the world's lowest exposure environments. Our findings reveal a supralinear concentration-response relationship between outdoor PM2.5 and mortality at very low (<5 μg/m3) concentrations. Our updated global concentration-response function incorporating this new information suggests an additional 1.5 million deaths globally attributable to outdoor PM2.5 annually compared to previous estimates. The global health benefits of meeting the new WHO guideline for outdoor PM2.5 are greater than previously assumed and indicate a need for continued reductions in outdoor air pollution around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Weichenthal
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Richard T. Burnett
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yen Chu
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Chi Li
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Washington University, Saint Louis, WA, USA
| | - Jun Meng
- Washington University, Saint Louis, WA, USA
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Washington University, Saint Louis, WA, USA
| | | | - Michael Brauer
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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3
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Weagle CL, Saint-Louis R, Dumas-Lefebvre É, Chavanne C, Dumont D, Chang RYW. Sea-air transfer of a tracer dye observed during the Tracer Release Experiment with implications for airborne contaminant exposure. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 182:113945. [PMID: 35905703 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rhodamine water tracer (RWT) released during the 2021 Tracer Release Experiment in the St. Lawrence Estuary provides a proxy for the water-soluble fractions of contaminant spills. Measurements of total and size-resolved aerosols were taken onboard a research vessel throughout the experiment. Size-resolved aerosol measurements show airborne transmission of water-soluble RWT in a bimodal distribution peaking at 5.2 μm and 0.9 μm. Highest aerosol RWT (30.5 pg m-3) was observed in the 12-hour daytime period following the first dye release (Sept. 5), while the lowest (8.8 pg m-3) was observed in the subsequent nighttime sample. Available wind and RWT patch information were used to identify factors contributing to the factor-of-three variation in aerosol RWT concentrations. Negligible correlations were found between aerosol RWT and wind speed and sample time-of-day. Wind direction is isolated as the key variable for consideration in identifying the impact of contaminant spills on coastal and inland communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Weagle
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Richard Saint-Louis
- Département De Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 2Z9, Canada
| | - Élie Dumas-Lefebvre
- Institut des Sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Cédric Chavanne
- Institut des Sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Dany Dumont
- Institut des Sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Rachel Y-W Chang
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Meng J, Martin RV, Li C, van Donkelaar A, Tzompa-Sosa ZA, Yue X, Xu JW, Weagle CL, Burnett RT. Source Contributions to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter for Canada. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:10269-10278. [PMID: 31386807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sectoral contribution of emissions to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) offers information for air quality management, and for investigation of association with health outcomes. This study evaluates the contribution of different emission sectors to PM2.5 in 2013 for Canada using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, downscaled with satellite-based PM2.5. Despite the low population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations of 5.5 μg m-3 across Canada, we find that over 70% of population-weighted PM2.5 originates from Canadian sources followed by 30% from the contiguous United States. The three leading sectoral contributors to population-weighted PM2.5 over Canada are wildfires with 1.0 μg m-3 (17%), transportation with 0.96 μg m-3 (16%), and residential combustion with 0.91 μg m-3 (15%). The relative contribution to population-weighted PM2.5 of different sectors varies regionally with residential combustion as the leading contributor in Central Canada (19%), while wildfires dominate over Northern Canada (59%), Atlantic Canada (34%), and Western Canada (18%). The contribution from U.S. sources is larger over Central Canada (33%) than over Western Canada (17%), Atlantic Canada (17%), and Northern Canada (<2%). Sectoral trend analysis showed that the contribution from anthropogenic sources to population-weighted PM2.5 decreased from 7.1 μg m-3 to 3.4 μg m-3 over the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Meng
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory , Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Zitely A Tzompa-Sosa
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Xu Yue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Crystal L Weagle
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
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Weagle CL, Snider G, Li C, van Donkelaar A, Philip S, Bissonnette P, Burke J, Jackson J, Latimer R, Stone E, Abboud I, Akoshile C, Anh NX, Brook JR, Cohen A, Dong J, Gibson MD, Griffith D, He KB, Holben BN, Kahn R, Keller CA, Kim JS, Lagrosas N, Lestari P, Khian YL, Liu Y, Marais EA, Martins JV, Misra A, Muliane U, Pratiwi R, Quel EJ, Salam A, Segev L, Tripathi SN, Wang C, Zhang Q, Brauer M, Rudich Y, Martin RV. Global Sources of Fine Particulate Matter: Interpretation of PM 2.5 Chemical Composition Observed by SPARTAN using a Global Chemical Transport Model. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:11670-11681. [PMID: 30215246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a leading risk factor for the global burden of disease. However, uncertainty remains about PM2.5 sources. We use a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) simulation for 2014, constrained by satellite-based estimates of PM2.5 to interpret globally dispersed PM2.5 mass and composition measurements from the ground-based surface particulate matter network (SPARTAN). Measured site mean PM2.5 composition varies substantially for secondary inorganic aerosols (2.4-19.7 μg/m3), mineral dust (1.9-14.7 μg/m3), residual/organic matter (2.1-40.2 μg/m3), and black carbon (1.0-7.3 μg/m3). Interpretation of these measurements with the GEOS-Chem model yields insight into sources affecting each site. Globally, combustion sectors such as residential energy use (7.9 μg/m3), industry (6.5 μg/m3), and power generation (5.6 μg/m3) are leading sources of outdoor global population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations. Global population-weighted organic mass is driven by the residential energy sector (64%) whereas population-weighted secondary inorganic concentrations arise primarily from industry (33%) and power generation (32%). Simulation-measurement biases for ammonium nitrate and dust identify uncertainty in agricultural and crustal sources. Interpretation of initial PM2.5 mass and composition measurements from SPARTAN with the GEOS-Chem model constrained by satellite-based PM2.5 provides insight into sources and processes that influence the global spatial variation in PM2.5 composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Weagle
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Graydon Snider
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Sajeev Philip
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field , California 94035-0001 , United States
| | - Paul Bissonnette
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Jaqueline Burke
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - John Jackson
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Robyn Latimer
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Emily Stone
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Ihab Abboud
- Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Egbert , Ontario L0L 1N0 , Canada
| | | | - Nguyen Xuan Anh
- Institute of Geophysics , Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Jeffrey Robert Brook
- Department of Public Health Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A8 , Canada
| | - Aaron Cohen
- Health Effects Institute , Boston , Massachusetts 02110-1817 , United States
| | - Jinlu Dong
- Department of Earth System Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Mark D Gibson
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Derek Griffith
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) , Pretoria , South Africa 0001
| | - Kebin B He
- Department of Earth System Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Brent N Holben
- Earth Science Division , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 21046 , United States
| | - Ralph Kahn
- Earth Science Division , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 21046 , United States
| | - Christoph A Keller
- Universities Space Research Association/Goddard Earth Science Technology and Research , Columbia , Maryland 20771 , United States
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 20771 , United States
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Nofel Lagrosas
- Manila Observatory , Ateneo de Manila University campus , Quezon City , 1108 , Philippines
| | - Puji Lestari
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering , ITB , JL. Ganesha No.10 , Bandung 40132 , Indonesia
| | - Yeo Lik Khian
- Center for Global Change Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Eloise A Marais
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - J Vanderlei Martins
- Department of Physics and Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology , University of Maryland , Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Amit Misra
- Center for Environmental Science and Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur , 208016 , India
| | - Ulfi Muliane
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering , ITB , JL. Ganesha No.10 , Bandung 40132 , Indonesia
| | - Rizki Pratiwi
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering , ITB , JL. Ganesha No.10 , Bandung 40132 , Indonesia
| | - Eduardo J Quel
- UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET) Juan B. de la Salle 4397 - Villa Martelli , Buenos Aires B1603ALO , Argentina
| | - Abdus Salam
- Department of Chemistry , University of Dhaka , Dhaka 1000 , Bangladesh
| | - Lior Segev
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Sachchida N Tripathi
- Center for Environmental Science and Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur , 208016 , India
| | - Chien Wang
- Center for Global Change Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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