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Gifford RM, Taylor N, Carroll A, Sweeting J, Parsons IT, Stacey MJ, Homer NZM, Tsanas A, Woods DR, Reynolds RM. Assessment of salivary cortisol dynamics in an infantry training exercise: a pilot study. BMJ Mil Health 2024:e002622. [PMID: 38604756 DOI: 10.1136/military-2023-002622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measuring cortisol during military training offers insights into physiological responses to stress. We attempted precisely timed, cortisol awakening response (CAR) and pre-sleep cortisol (PSC), and diurnal slope (peak morning minus evening cortisol), during a British Army exercise. We aimed to understand cortisol dynamics and evaluate the feasibility of CAR and PSC in this environment. METHOD Setting: high-intensity, 10-day infantry exercise. Participants: regular infantry soldiers exercising (EX, n=25) or headquarters-based (HQ, n=6). Participants undertook PSC and WAKE and WAKE+30 min samples after 1-2 days, 5-6 days and 9-10 days. Wrist-worn GENEActiv accelerometers were used to assess sleep duration in EX only. Samples taken ±15 min from prespecified time points were deemed adherent. Validated questionnaires were used to measure resilience and perceived stress. Cortisol and cortisone were measured simultaneously by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS From adherent participants' samples, CAR was positive and tended to decrease as the exercise progressed. From all available data, HQ demonstrated greater diurnal slope than EX (F=7.68, p=0.02), reflecting higher morning cortisol (F=4.72, p=0.038) and lower PSC (p=0.04). No differences were seen in cortisol:cortisone ratio. 26.1% of CAR samples were adherent, with moderately strong associations between adherence and stress (r=0.41, p=0.009) but no association between adherence and day of exercise (χ2=0.27, p=0.8), sleep duration (r=-0.112, p=0.43) or resilience (r=-0.79, p=0.75). Test-retest reliability ratings for CAR were Cronbach's α of 0.48, -11.7 and 0.34 for the beginning, middle and end of the exercise, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We observed a reduction in morning cortisol and decreased diurnal slope during a high-intensity military exercise, compared with the HQ comparator cohort in whom diurnal slope was preserved. A carefully timed CAR was not feasible in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Gifford
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Taylor
- Academic Department of Military General Practice, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Carroll
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Sweeting
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - I T Parsons
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - M J Stacey
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Z M Homer
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Tsanas
- Usher Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D R Woods
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - R M Reynolds
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Parsons IT, Ellwood J, Stacey MJ, Gall N, Chowienczyk P, Woods DR. Risk factors for reflex syncope in the British Army. BMJ Mil Health 2023; 169:548-553. [PMID: 35177430 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-002040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reflex syncope in the UK Armed Forces is reportedly higher than comparable militaries and civilian populations and is significantly more common in soldiers who take part in State Ceremonial and Public Duties (SCPD) compared with other British Army service personnel (SP). This study aimed to investigate individual susceptibility factors for syncope in soldiers who regularly take part in SCPD. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed in 200 soldiers who perform SCPD. A questionnaire was undertaken reviewing soldiers' medical history and circumstances of any fainting episodes. A consented review of participants' electronic primary healthcare medical record was also performed. Participants were divided into two groups (syncope, n=80; control, n=120) based on whether they had previously fainted. RESULTS In the syncope group orthostasis (61%) and heat (35%) were the most common precipitating factors. The most common interventions used by soldiers were to maintain hydration (59%) and purposeful movements (predominantly 'toe wiggling'; 55%). 30% of participants who had previously fainted did not seek definitive medical attention. A history of migraines/headaches was found to increase the risk of reflex syncope (OR 8.880, 1.214-218.8), while a history of antihistamine prescription (OR 0.07144, 0.003671-0.4236), non-white ethnicity (OR 0.03401, 0.0007419-0.3972) and male sex (OR 0.2640, 0.08891-0.6915) were protective. CONCLUSION This is the first study, in the British Army, to describe, categorise and establish potential risk factors for reflex syncope. Orthostatic-mediated reflex syncope is the most common cause in soldiers who regularly perform SCPD and this is further exacerbated by heat exposure. Soldiers do not use evidence-based methods to avoid reflex syncope. These data could be used to target interventions for SP who have previously fainted or to prevent fainting during SCPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain T Parsons
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Ellwood
- Defence Primary Healthcare, George Guthrie Medical Centre, Wellington Barracks, London, UK
| | - M J Stacey
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Gall
- Department of Cardiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - P Chowienczyk
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D R Woods
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
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Stacey MJ, Leckie T, Fitzpatrick D, Hodgson L, Barden A, Jenkins R, Galloway R, Weller C, Grivas GV, Pitsiladis Y, Richardson AJ, Woods DR. Neurobiomarker and body temperature responses to recreational marathon running. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:566-573. [PMID: 37777396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess how biomarkers indicating central nervous system insult (neurobiomarkers) vary in peripheral blood with exertional-heat stress from prolonged endurance exercise. DESIGN Observational study of changes in neuron specific enolase (NSE), S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100β), Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP) and Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 (UCHL1) at Brighton Marathon 2022. METHODS In 38 marathoners with in-race core temperature (Tc) monitoring, exposure (High, Intermediate or Low) was classified by cumulative hyperthermia - calculated as area under curve of Time × Tc > 38 °C - and also by running duration (finishing time). Blood was sampled for neurobiomarkers, cortisol and fluid-regulatory stress surrogates, including copeptin and creatinine (at rested baseline; within 30 min of finishing; and at 24 h). RESULTS Finishing in 236 ± 40 min, runners showed stable GFAP and UCH-L1 across the marathon and next-day. Significant (P < 0.05) increases from baseline were shown post-marathon and at 24 h for S100β (8.52 [3.65, 22.95] vs 39.0 [26.48, 52.33] vs 80.3 [49.1, 99.7] ng·L-1) and post-marathon only for NSE (3.73 [3.30, 4.32] vs 4.85 [4.45, 5.80] μg·L-1, P < 0.0001). Whilst differential response to hyperthermia was observed for cortisol, copeptin and creatinine, neurobiomarker responses did not vary. Post-marathon, only NSE differed by exercise duration (High vs Low, 5.81 ± 1.77 vs. 4.69 ± 0.73 μg·L-1, adjusted P = 0.0358). CONCLUSIONS Successful marathon performance did not associate with evidence for substantial neuronal insult. To account for variation in neurobiomarkers with prolonged endurance exercise, factors additional to hyperthermia, such as exercise duration and intensity, should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Stacey
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Defence Medical Services, UK; Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, UK; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - T Leckie
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, UK
| | - D Fitzpatrick
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, UK; Sport and Exercise Medicine Department, Charing Cross Hospital, UK
| | - L Hodgson
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - A Barden
- School of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - R Jenkins
- Foundation Programme, Defence Medical Services, UK
| | - R Galloway
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - C Weller
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - G V Grivas
- Division of Humanities and Political Sciences, Physical Education and Sports, Hellenic Naval Academy, Greece
| | - Y Pitsiladis
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, UK; Human Telemetrics, UK
| | - A J Richardson
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, UK
| | - D R Woods
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Defence Medical Services, UK; Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, UK
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Gifford RM, Taylor N, Stacey M, Woods DR. Sex, gender or occupational psychology: what matters most to preventing heat-related illnesses and improving outcomes for women in ground close combat? BMJ Mil Health 2023; 169:75-77. [PMID: 32345677 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of women in ground close combat (WGCC) roles, the impact on women of the attendant risk of heat stress and heat illness has been considered. Much emphasis has been placed on sex differences in thermal physiology. This article considers the application of evidence of sex-associated thermoregulatory variation to the occupational and environmental setting of WGCC, and weighs the relative importance of physiological differences arising from biological sex, and behaviour associated with gender normatives. Quantifying the risk of heat illness to WGCC should draw on data from their real-world occupational context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Gifford
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Academic Department of Military Medicine, HQ Joint Medical Group, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Taylor
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, HQ Joint Medical Group, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Stacey
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, HQ Joint Medical Group, Birmingham, UK
| | - D R Woods
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, HQ Joint Medical Group, Birmingham, UK.,Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University Carnegie Faculty, Leeds, UK
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Parsons IT, Stacey MJ, Faconti L, Hill N, O’Hara J, Walter E, Farukh B, McNally R, Sharp H, Patten A, Grimaldi R, Gall N, Chowienczyk P, Woods DR. Correction to: Histamine, mast cell tryptase and post-exercise hypotension in healthy and collapsed marathon runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3257-3258. [PMID: 34410476 PMCID: PMC8505363 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. T. Parsons
- Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, England
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - M. J. Stacey
- Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, England
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - L. Faconti
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - N. Hill
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - J. O’Hara
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England
| | - E. Walter
- Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - B. Farukh
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - R. McNally
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - H. Sharp
- Brighton and Sussex NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - A. Patten
- Brighton and Sussex NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - N. Gall
- King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - P. Chowienczyk
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - D. R. Woods
- Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, England
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England
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Parsons IT, Gifford RM, Stacey MJ, Lamb LE, O'Shea MK, Woods DR. Does vitamin D supplementation prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in military personnel? Review of the evidence. BMJ Mil Health 2021; 167:280-286. [PMID: 33504571 PMCID: PMC7843210 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
For most individuals residing in Northwestern Europe, maintaining replete vitamin D status throughout the year is unlikely without vitamin D supplementation and deficiency remains common. Military studies have investigated the association with vitamin D status, and subsequent supplementation, with the risk of stress fractures particularly during recruit training. The expression of nuclear vitamin D receptors and vitamin D metabolic enzymes in immune cells additionally provides a rationale for the potential role of vitamin D in maintaining immune homeostasis. One particular area of interest has been in the prevention of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). The aims of this review were to consider the evidence of vitamin D supplementation in military populations in the prevention of ARTIs, including SARS-CoV-2 infection and consequent COVID-19 illness. The occupational/organisational importance of reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2, especially where infected young adults may be asymptomatic, presymptomatic or paucisymptomatic, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain T Parsons
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Life Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R M Gifford
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - M J Stacey
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - L E Lamb
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - M K O'Shea
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - D R Woods
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Parsons IT, Parsons AT, Balme E, Hazell G, Gifford R, Stacey M, Woods DR, Russell-Jones D. The use of routine blood tests to assist the diagnosis of COVID-19 in symptomatic hospitalized patients. Ann Clin Biochem 2021; 58:318-326. [PMID: 33591793 PMCID: PMC8258729 DOI: 10.1177/0004563221999076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Specific patterns of blood test results are associated with COVID-19 infection. The aim of this study was to identify which blood tests could be used to assist in diagnosing COVID-19. Method A retrospective review was performed on consecutive patients referred to hospital with a clinical suspicion of COVID-19 over a period of four weeks. The patient’s clinical presentation and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR) were recorded. The patients were divided by diagnosis into COVID (COVID-19 infection) or CONTROL (an alternate diagnosis). A retrospective review of consecutive patients over a further two-week period was used for the purposes of validation. Results Overall, 399 patients (53% COVID, 47% CONTROL) were analysed. White cell count, neutrophils and lymphocytes were significantly lower, while lactate dehydrogenase and ferritin were significantly higher, in the COVID group in comparison to CONTROL. Combining the white cell count, lymphocytes and ferritin results into a COVID Combined Blood Test (CCBT) had an area under the curve of 0.79. Using a threshold CCBT of –0.8 resulted in a sensitivity of 0.85 and a specificity of 0.63. Analysing this against a further retrospective review of 181 suspected COVID-19 patients, using the same CCBT threshold, resulted in a sensitivity of 0.73 and a specificity of 0.75. The sensitivity was comparable to the SARS-CoV-2 RT PCR. Discussion Mathematically combining the blood tests has the potential to assist clinical acumen allowing for rapid streaming and more accurate patient flow pending definitive diagnosis. This may be of particular use in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Parsons
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - A T Parsons
- School of Electronic, Electrical & Systems Engineering, Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - E Balme
- Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Trust, Guildford, UK
| | - G Hazell
- Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Trust, Guildford, UK
| | - R Gifford
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Stacey
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - D R Woods
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
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Gifford RM, O'Leary TJ, Double RL, Wardle SL, Wilson K, Boyle LD, Homer NZM, Kirschbaum C, Greeves JP, Woods DR, Reynolds RM. Positive adaptation of HPA axis function in women during 44 weeks of infantry-based military training. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 110:104432. [PMID: 31536944 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basic military training (BMT) is a useful model of prolonged exposure to multiple stressors. 8-12 week BMT is associated with perturbations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis which could predispose recruits to injury and psychological strain. However, characterisations of HPA axis adaptations during BMT have not been comprehensive and most studies included few if any women. METHODS We studied women undertaking an arduous, 44-week BMT programme in the UK. Anxiety, depression and resilience questionnaires, average hair cortisol concentration (HCC), morning and evening saliva cortisol and morning plasma cortisol were assessed at regular intervals throughout. A 1-h dynamic cortisol response to 1 μg adrenocorticotrophic hormone-1-24 was performed during weeks 1 and 29. RESULTS Fifty-three women (aged 24 ± 2.5 years) completed the study. Questionnaires demonstrated increased depression and reduced resilience during training (F 6.93 and F 7.24, respectively, both p < 0.001). HCC increased from 3 months before training to the final 3 months of training (median (IQR) 9.63 (5.38, 16.26) versus 11.56 (6.2, 22.45) pg/mg, p = 0.003). Morning saliva cortisol increased during the first 7 weeks of training (0.44 ± 0.23 versus 0.59 ± 0.24 μg/dl p < 0.001) and decreased thereafter, with no difference between the first and final weeks (0.44 ± 0.23 versus 0.38 ± 0.21 μg/dl, p = 0.2). Evening saliva cortisol did not change. Fasting cortisol decreased during training (beginning, mid and end-training concentrations: 701 ± 134, 671 ± 158 and 561 ± 177 nmol/l, respectively, p < 0.001). Afternoon basal cortisol increased during training while there was a trend towards increased peak stimulated cortisol (177 ± 92 versus 259 ± 13 nmol/l, p = 0.003, and 589 ± 164 versus 656 ± 135, p = 0.058, respectively). DISCUSSION These results suggest a normal stress response in early training was followed quickly by habituation, despite psychological and physical stress evidenced by questionnaire scores and HCC, respectively. There was no evidence of HPA axis maladaptation. These observations are reassuring for women undertaking arduous employment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gifford
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Research & Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - T J O'Leary
- Department of Army Health and Physical Performance Research, Andover, Hampshire, UK
| | - R L Double
- Department of Army Health and Physical Performance Research, Andover, Hampshire, UK
| | - S L Wardle
- Department of Army Health and Physical Performance Research, Andover, Hampshire, UK
| | - K Wilson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - L D Boyle
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N Z M Homer
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - J P Greeves
- Department of Army Health and Physical Performance Research, Andover, Hampshire, UK; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - D R Woods
- Research & Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK; Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK; Northumbria and Newcastle NHS Trusts, Wansbeck General and Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK
| | - R M Reynolds
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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9
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Taylor N, Gifford RM, Cobb R, Wardle SL, Jones S, Blackadder-Weinstein J, Hattersley J, Wilson A, Imray C, Greeves JP, Reynolds R, Woods DR. Experience from the selection and nutritional preparation for Expedition ICE MAIDEN: the first successful all-female unassisted Antarctic traverse. BMJ Mil Health 2019; 167:27-32. [PMID: 31097481 DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2019-001175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Expedition ICE MAIDEN (Ex IM) was the first all-female unsupported crossing of Antarctica. We describe the prerequisite selection and training, comparing those who formed the final team with other participants, and discuss how the expedition diet was established. METHODS All women serving in the British Army were invited to participate. Following initial assessments, successful women completed three training/selection ski expeditions. Between expeditions 1 and 2, participants completed 6 months rigorous UK-based training. Weight was measured before and after the 6 months UK-based training, expeditions 2 and 3, and body composition by skinfold before and after expedition 2. Participant feedback, body composition and weight changes were applied to modify the expedition diet and provide weight gain targets prior to Ex IM. RESULTS Following 250 applications, 50 women were assessed and 22, 12 and seven women attended training expeditions 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The final team of six women lost more weight than other participants during UK-based training (mean (SD) change -1.3 (1.5) kg vs -0.5 (1.6) kg, respectively, p=0.046) and during training expedition 2 (-2.8 (0.8) kg vs -1.7 (0.4) kg, respectively, p=0.048), when they also gained more lean mass (+2.1 (0.8) kg vs +0.4 (0.7) kg, respectively, p=0.004). The Ex IM diet provided 5000 kCal/day, comprising approximately 45% carbohydrate, 45% fat and 10% protein. Median (range) weight change between expedition 3 and Ex IM was +8.7 (-1.9 to +14.3) kg. CONCLUSIONS The selected Ex IM team demonstrated favourable training-associated body composition changes. Training-associated weight loss informed the expeditionary diet design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Taylor
- Academic Department of General Practice, Defence Medical Services Research and Clinical Innovation, Birmingham, UK
| | - R M Gifford
- University/ British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK .,Academic Department of Military Medicine, Defence Medical Services Research and Clinical Innovation, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Cobb
- PND Consulting, Birmingham, UK
| | - S L Wardle
- Army Personnel Research Capability, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
| | - S Jones
- Antarctic Logistics and Expeditions, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - J Blackadder-Weinstein
- Academic Department of General Practice, Defence Medical Services Research and Clinical Innovation, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Hattersley
- Human Metabolic Research Unit, Universities of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust and University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - A Wilson
- Human Metabolic Research Unit, Universities of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust and University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - C Imray
- Human Metabolic Research Unit, Universities of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust and University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - J P Greeves
- Army Personnel Research Capability, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
| | - R Reynolds
- University/ British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D R Woods
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Defence Medical Services Research and Clinical Innovation, Birmingham, UK.,Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Gifford RM, Todisco T, Stacey M, Fujisawa T, Allerhand M, Woods DR, Reynolds RM. Risk of heat illness in men and women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Res 2019; 171:24-35. [PMID: 30641370 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat illness (HI) is a growing global concern; its incidence has risen dramatically across the world in recent years. The individual factors whereby elevated core temperature produces HI are not well-understood. Given known physiological differences between men and women pertaining to temperature regulation, we hypothesized that women would be at increased risk of HI than men. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the relative risk of HI in women compared with men through an exhaustive literature review and meta-analysis. METHODS We search PubMed and Ovid Medline databases from inception to Apr 2017. Search terms included all permutations of sex and heat illness (including heatstroke and exertional heat illness) with no language restrictions. We included adult or adolescent human data reporting comparable male and female HI rates. One reviewer identified and screened titles and abstracts. Two independent reviewers applied eligibility criteria. Disagreements were resolved with a third reviewer. RESULTS Of 5888 articles identified by searches, 36 were included in the systematic review and 22 in the meta-analysis. The mean (standard deviation) quality score was 3.31(1.25)/5. Overall the rate among women was consistently lower than men across the lifespan. The male: female pooled IRR was 2.28 (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 1.66-3.16). There was modest heterogeneity (between-studies variance (τ2) = 0.02). The rates did not differ significantly when corrected for severity or occupation. DISCUSSION The rate of HI was significantly increased in men compared with women. Risk for HI might be conferred by psychological and behavioral factors rather than physiological ones. Further research is required to delineate which groups are at greatest risk, leading to the development of mitigation strategies against HI. OTHER No funding was received. The authors acknowledge the support of the UK Women in Ground Close Combat Review. The Study was registered with PROSPREO CRD42017064739.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Gifford
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - T Todisco
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Stacey
- Department of Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - T Fujisawa
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Allerhand
- Centre for Statistics, School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D R Woods
- Department of Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK; Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK; Northumbria and Newcastle NHS Trusts, Wansbeck General and Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK; University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R M Reynolds
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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11
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Ryder DS, Woods DR, Castiau M, Masschelein CA. Glycolytic Flux in Lager Yeast Fermentations: Application of Isotachophoresis and Bioluminescence for Measurement of Cellular Intermediates. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-41-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Boos CJ, Holdsworth D, Woods DR, O'Hara JP, Brooks N, Macconnachie L, Bakker-Dyos J, Paisey JR, Mellor A. 18Assessment of cardiac arrhythmias at extreme high altitude using an implantable cardiac monitor: REVEAL HA Study. Europace 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eux283.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Boos CJ, Vincent E, Mellor A, Woods DR, New C, Cruttenden R, Barlow M, Cooke M, Deighton K, Scott P, Clarke S, O'Hara J. The effect of high altitude on central blood pressure and arterial stiffness. J Hum Hypertens 2017; 31:715-719. [PMID: 28540933 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Central arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP) and arterial stiffness are known to be better predictors of adverse cardiovascular outcomes than brachial SBP. The effect of progressive high altitude (HA) on these parameters has not been examined. Ninety healthy adults were included. Central BP and the augmentation index (AI) were measured at the level of the brachial artery (Uscom BP+ device) at <200 m and at 3619, 4600 and 5140 m. The average age of the subjects (70% men) were 32.2±8.7 years. Compared with central arterial pressures, brachial SBP (+8.1±6.4 mm Hg; P<0.0001) and pulse pressure (+10.9±6.6 mm Hg; P<0.0001) were significantly higher and brachial diastolic BP was lower (-2.8±1.6 mm Hg; P<0.0001). Compared with <200 m, HA led to a significant increase in brachial and central SBP. Central SBP correlated with AI (r=0.50; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.41-0.58; P<0.0001) and age (r=0.32; 95% CI: 21-0.41; P<0.001). AI positively correlated with age (r=0.39; P<0.001) and inversely with subject height (r=-0.22; P<0.0001), weight (r=-0.19; P=0.006) and heart rate (r=-0.49; P<0.0001). There was no relationship between acute mountain sickness scores (Lake Louis Scoring System (LLS)) and AI or central BP. The independent predictors of central SBP were male sex (coefficient, t=4.7; P<0.0001), age (t=3.6; P=0.004) and AI (t=7.5; P<0.0001; overall r2=0.40; P<0.0001). Subject height (t=2.4; P=0.02), age (7.4; P<0.0001) and heart rate (t=11.4; P<0.0001) were the only independent predictors of AI (overall r2=0.43; P<0.0001). Central BP and AI significantly increase at HA. This rise was influenced by subject-related factors and heart rate but not independently by altitude, LLS or SpO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Boos
- Department of Cardiology, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds Beckett and Bournemouth Universities, Poole, UK.,Department of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.,Research Institute, For Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - E Vincent
- Defence Medical Services, Lichfield, UK
| | - A Mellor
- Research Institute, For Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Defence Medical Services, Lichfield, UK.,James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - D R Woods
- Research Institute, For Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Defence Medical Services, Lichfield, UK.,Northumbria and Newcastle NHS Trusts, Wansbeck General and Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - C New
- Defence Medical Services, Lichfield, UK
| | | | - M Barlow
- Research Institute, For Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - M Cooke
- Research Institute, For Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - K Deighton
- Research Institute, For Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - P Scott
- Defence Medical Services, Lichfield, UK
| | - S Clarke
- Research Institute, For Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - J O'Hara
- Research Institute, For Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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14
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Gifford RM, Reynolds RM, Greeves J, Anderson RA, Woods DR. Reproductive dysfunction and associated pathology in women undergoing military training. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2017; 163:301-310. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2016-000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Shannon O, Barlow M, Duckworth L, Woods DR, Barker T, Grindrod A, Griffiths A, O'Hara JP. The Reliability of a Pre-Loaded Treadmill Time-Trial in Moderate Normobaric Hypoxia. Int J Sports Med 2016; 37:825-30. [PMID: 27337430 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-108651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of a pre-loaded 1 500-m treadmill time trial, conducted in moderate normobaric hypoxia. 8 trained runners/triathletes (24±3 years, 73.2±8.1 kg, 182.5±6.5 cm, altitude specific V˙O2max: 52.9±5.5 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) completed 3 trials (the first as a familiarisation), involving 2, 15-min running bouts at 45% and 65% V˙O2max, respectively, and a 1 500-m time trial in moderate normobaric hypoxia equivalent to a simulated altitude of 2 500 m (FiO2~15%). Heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation, skeletal muscle and cerebral tissue oxygenation (StO2), expired gas ( V˙O2 and V˙CO2), and ratings of perceived exertion were monitored. Running performance (Trial 1: 352.7±40; Trial 2: 353.9±38.2 s) demonstrated a low CV (0.9%) and high ICC (1). All physiological variables demonstrated a global CV≤4.2%, and ICC≥0.87, with the exception of muscle (CV 10.4%; ICC 0.70) and cerebral (CV 4.1%; ICC 0.82) StO2. These data demonstrate good reliability of the majority of physiological variables and indicate that a pre-loaded 1 500-m time trial conducted in moderate normobaric hypoxia is a highly reliable test of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Shannon
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Faculty, Headingley Campus, Headingley, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - M Barlow
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Faculty, Headingley Campus, Headingley, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - L Duckworth
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Faculty, Headingley Campus, Headingley, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - D R Woods
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Faculty, Headingley Campus, Headingley, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - T Barker
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Newcastle Road, Stoke on Trent, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - A Grindrod
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Faculty, Headingley Campus, Headingley, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - A Griffiths
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Faculty, Headingley Campus, Headingley, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - J P O'Hara
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Faculty, Headingley Campus, Headingley, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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16
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Hazlerigg A, Woods DR, Mellor AJ. Incidence of acute mountain sickness in UK Military Personnel on Mount Kenya. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2015; 162:465-469. [PMID: 26604255 DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2015-000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is a common problem of trekkers to high altitude. The UK military train at high altitude through adventurous training (AT) or as exercising troops. The ascent of Point Lenana at 4985 m on Mount Kenya is frequently attempted on AT. This study sought to establish the incidence of AMS within this population, to aid future planning for military activities at altitude. METHODS A voluntary questionnaire was distributed to all British Army Training Unit Kenya based expeditions attempting to ascend Mount Kenya during the period from February to April 2014. The questionnaire included twice daily Lake Louise and Borg (perceived exertion scale) self-scoring. All expeditions were planned around a 5-day schedule, which included reserve time for acclimatisation, illness and inclement weather. RESULTS Data were collected on 47 participants, 70% of whom reached the summit of Point Lenana. 62% (29/47) self-reported AMS (defined as Lake Louise score (LLS) ≥3) on at least one occasion during the ascent, and 34% (10/29) suffered severe AMS (LLS ≥6). Those who attempted the climb within 2 weeks of arrival in Kenya had a higher incidence of AMS (12/15 (80%) vs 17/32 (53%), p=0.077). Participants recording a high Borg score were significantly more likely to develop AMS (16/18 vs 9/21, p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS This represents the first informative dataset for Mount Kenya ascents and altitude. The incidence of AMS during AT on Mount Kenya using this ascent profile is high. Adapting the current ascent profile, planning the ascent after time in country and reducing perceived exertion during the trek may reduce the incidence of AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Hazlerigg
- Defence Medical Services, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D R Woods
- Defence Medical Services, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, UK.,Carnegie Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - A J Mellor
- Defence Medical Services, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, UK.,Carnegie Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Academic Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
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17
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Moore AC, Stacey MJ, Bailey KGH, Bunn RJ, Woods DR, Haworth KJ, Brett SJ, Folkes SEF. Risk factors for heat illness among British soldiers in the hot Collective Training Environment. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2015; 162:434-439. [PMID: 26036822 PMCID: PMC5256239 DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2015-000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Heat illness is a preventable disorder in military populations. Measures that protect vulnerable individuals and contribute to effective Immediate Treatment may reduce the impact of heat illness, but depend upon adequate understanding and awareness among Commanders and their troops. Objective To assess risk factors for heat illness in British soldiers deployed to the hot Collective Training Environment (CTE) and to explore awareness of Immediate Treatment responses. Methods An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to British soldiers deployed in the hot CTEs of Kenya and Canada. Responses were analysed to determine the prevalence of individual (Intrinsic) and Command-practice (Extrinsic) risk factors for heat illness and the self-reported awareness of key Immediate Treatment priorities (recognition, first aid and casualty evacuation). Results The prevalence of Intrinsic risk factors was relatively low in comparison with Extrinsic risk factors. The majority of respondents were aware of key Immediate Treatment responses. The most frequently reported factors in each domain were increased risk by body composition scoring, inadequate time for heat acclimatisation and insufficient briefing about casualty evacuation. Conclusions Novel data on the distribution and scale of risk factors for heat illness are presented. A collective approach to risk reduction by the accumulation of ‘marginal gains’ is proposed for the UK military. This should focus on limiting Intrinsic risk factors before deployment, reducing Extrinsic factors during training and promoting timely Immediate Treatment responses within the hot CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C Moore
- Department of Medicine, Frimley Health Foundation Trust, Frimley, UK
| | - M J Stacey
- Department of Military Medicine, RCDM, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - K G H Bailey
- Occupational Medicine, Headquarters Army Recruiting and Training Division, Upavon, Wiltshire, UK
| | - R J Bunn
- Environmental Monitoring Team, Army Medical Directorate, Camberley, UK
| | - D R Woods
- Department of Military Medicine, RCDM, Birmingham, UK.,Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - K J Haworth
- Occupational Medicine, Headquarters Army Recruiting and Training Division, Upavon, Wiltshire, UK
| | - S J Brett
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.,General Intensive Care Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, Greater London, UK
| | - S E F Folkes
- Occupational Medicine, Headquarters Army Recruiting and Training Division, Upavon, Wiltshire, UK
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18
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Hill NE, Woods DR, Delves SK, Murphy KG, Davison AS, Brett SJ, Quinton R, Turner S, Stacey M, Allsopp AJ, Fallowfield JL. The gonadotrophic response of Royal Marines during an operational deployment in Afghanistan. Andrology 2015; 3:293-7. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. E. Hill
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine; Birmingham UK
- Imperial College London; London UK
| | - D. R. Woods
- Consultant Physician in Endocrinology and Diabetes; Northumbria and Newcastle NHS Trusts; Newcastle, UK
- University of Newcastle upon Tyne; Newcastle UK
- Carnegie Research Institute; Leeds Metropolitan University; Leeds UK
| | | | | | - A. S. Davison
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Newcastle Hospitals NHS Trust; Newcastle UK
| | | | - R. Quinton
- Institute of Genetic Medicine; University of Newcastle upon Tyne; Newcastle UK
- Department of Endocrinology; Royal Victoria Infirmary; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - S. Turner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Newcastle Hospitals NHS Trust; Newcastle UK
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19
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Mellor AJ, Boos CJ, Ball S, Burnett A, Pattman S, Redpath M, Woods DR. Copeptin and arginine vasopressin at high altitude: relationship to plasma osmolality and perceived exertion. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:91-8. [PMID: 25213006 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A diuresis is a key part of acclimatisation to high altitude (HA). Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a hormone involved in salt and water balance and may potentially have a role in the development of altitude illness. ProAVP (copeptin) is more stable than AVP and is assayed by a straightforward, automated method. We investigated the relationship of AVP to copeptin and the copeptin response to exercise and altitude illness in a large cohort during a field study at HA. METHODS 48 subjects took part in a 10-day trek at HA. Venous blood samples were taken at 3,833, 4,450 and 5,129 m post-trek (exercise) and the following day at rest. Daily recordings of symptoms of altitude illness, oxygen saturations and perceived exertion were carried out. RESULTS AVP and copeptin levels increased with exercise and correlated closely (ρ 0.621 p < 0.001), this was strongest in the stressed state when AVP secretion was highest, at 5,129 m post-exercise (ρ 0.834 p < 0.001). On two-way ANOVA, both altitude (F = 3.5; p = 0.015) and exercise (F = 10.2; p = 0.002) influenced copeptin levels (interaction F = 2.2; p = 0.08). AVP levels were influenced by exercise (F = 14.4; p = 0.0002) but not altitude (F = 2.0; p = 0.12) with no overall group interactions (F = 1.92.6; p = 0.06). There was no association between copeptin or arginine vasopressin and altitude illness. Copeptin correlated with the Borg RPE score and was significantly higher in the group with a Borg score ≥15 (7.9 vs. 3.7 p < 0.001). CONCLUSION We have shown that arginine vasopressin and copeptin levels correlate and are suppressed below 5,129 m. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that exertion, rather than altitude illness or increasing osmolality, is the stimulus for increases in copeptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Mellor
- Defence Medical Services, Lichfield, UK,
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20
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Boos CJ, Holdsworth DA, Hall DP, Mellor A, O'Hara J, Woods DR. Comparison of two methods of assessing total body water at sea level and increasing high altitude. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 34:478-84. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Boos
- Defence Medical Services; Department of Postgraduate Medicine; Lichfield UK
- Department of Cardiology; Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Dorset UK
- Centre of Postgraduate Medical Research & Education; Bournemouth University; Bournemouth UK
- Department of Cardiology; Royal Berkshire Hospital; Reading UK
| | - D. A. Holdsworth
- Defence Medical Services; Department of Postgraduate Medicine; Lichfield UK
- Department of Cardiology; Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Dorset UK
| | - D. P. Hall
- Defence Medical Services; Department of Postgraduate Medicine; Lichfield UK
- Department of Anaesthesia; Western General Hospital; Edinburgh UK
| | - A. Mellor
- Defence Medical Services; Department of Postgraduate Medicine; Lichfield UK
- James Cook University Hospital; Middlesborough UK
- Leeds Metropolitan University; 104 Carnegie Research Institute (CRI); Leeds UK
| | - J. O'Hara
- Leeds Metropolitan University; 104 Carnegie Research Institute (CRI); Leeds UK
| | - D. R. Woods
- Defence Medical Services; Department of Postgraduate Medicine; Lichfield UK
- Department of Medicine; Royal Victoria Infirmary and Northumbria NHS Foundation Trust; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- University of Newcastle; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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21
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Woods DR, Mellor A, Begley J, Stacey M, O'Hara J, Hawkins A, Yarker J, Foxen S, Smith C, Boos C. Brain natriuretic peptide and NT-proBNP levels reflect pulmonary artery systolic pressure in trekkers at high altitude. Physiol Res 2013; 62:597-603. [PMID: 23869896 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the utility of the natriuretic peptides BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) and NT-proBNP as markers of pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) in trekkers ascending to high altitude (HA). 20 participants had BNP and NT-proBNP assayed and simultaneous echocardiographic assessment of PASP performed during a trek to 5150 m. PASP increased significantly (p=0.006) with ascent from 24+/-4 to 39+/-11 mm Hg at 5150 m. At 5150 m those with a PASP>/=40 mm Hg (n=8) (versus those with PASP<40 mm Hg) had higher post-exercise BNP (pg/ml): 54.5+/-36 vs. 13.4+/-17 (p=0.012). Their resting BNP at 5150 m was also higher: 57.3+/-43.4 vs. 12.6+/-13 (p=0.017). In those with a pathological (>/=400 pg/ml) rise in NT-proBNP at 5150 m (n=4) PASP was significantly higher: 45.9+/-7.5 vs. 32.2+/-6.2 mm Hg (p=0.015). BNP and NT-proBNP may reflect elevated PASP, a central feature of high altitude pulmonary oedema, at HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Woods
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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22
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Woods DR, Begley J, Stacey M, Smith C, Boos CJ, Hooper T, Hawkins A, Hodkinson P, Green N, Mellor A. Severe acute mountain sickness, brain natriuretic peptide and NT-proBNP in humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:349-55. [PMID: 22222437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the response of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP to high altitude (HA) both at rest and following exercise. METHODS We measured NT-proBNP and BNP and Lake Louise (LL) acute mountain sickness (AMS) scores in 20 subjects at rest in Kathmandu (Kat; 1300 m), following exercise and at rest at 4270 and 5150 m. RESULTS BNP and NT-proBNP (pg ml(-1) , mean ± SEM) rose significantly from Kat (9.2 ± 2 and 36.9 ± 6.6, respectively) to arrival at 4270 m after exercise (16.6 ± 4 and 152 ± 56.1, P=0.008 and P<0.001, respectively) and remained elevated the next morning at rest (28.9 ± 9 and 207.4 ± 65.1, P = 0.004 and P<0.001 respectively). At 5150, immediately following ascent/descent to 5643 m, BNP and NT-proBNP were 32.3 ± 8.8 and 301.1 ± 96.3 (P=0.003 and P<0.001 vs. Kat, respectively) and at rest the following morning were 33.3 ± 9.7 and 258.9 ± 89.5 (P=0.008 and P=0.001 vs. Kat respectively). NT-proBNP and BNP correlated strongly at 5150 m (ρ 0.905, P<0.001 and ρ 0.914, P<0.001 for resting and post-exercise samples respectively). At 5150 m, BNP levels were significantly higher among the four subjects with severe (LL score>6) AMS (58.4 ± 18.7) compared with those without (BNP 22.7 ± 8.6, P=0.048). There were significant correlations between change in body water from baseline to 5150 m with both BNP and NT-proBNP (ρ 0.77, P=0.001, ρ 0.745, P=0.002 respectively). CONCLUSION In conclusion, these data suggest that BNP and NT-proBNP increase with ascent to HA both after exercise and at rest. We also report the novel finding that BNP is significantly greater in those with severe AMS at 5150 m.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Begley
- Department of Biochemistry; Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Poole; UK
| | | | | | | | | | - A. Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry; Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Poole; UK
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23
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Abstract
High altitude exposure normally leads to a marked natriuresis and diuresis. Acute mountain sickness is often associated with fluid retention, to which an elevated cortisol may contribute. Most investigators report a rise in resting cortisol with ascent, but little data exist regarding the cortisol response to a day trekking. We therefore measured salivary cortisol during ascent to > 5000 m in a cohort of between 42-45 subjects following a 6-h trek (samples taken between 15:30-16:30 h) and between 15-20 subjects at rest (morning samples taken between 08:00-09:00 h). Morning resting cortisol [nmol/l, mean±sd, (range)] was 5.5±2.9 (2.13-13.61) at 1300 m; 4.7±6.8 (1.4-27.02) at 3400 m, and significantly (p=0.002) rose between 4270 m [3.5±2.1 (1.4-8.34)] and 5150 m [14.5±30.3 (1.9-123.1)]. Post-exercise cortisol [nmol/l, mean±sd, (range)] dropped between 3400 m [7±6 (1.5-33.3)] and 4270 m [4.2±4.8 (1.4-29.5)] (p=0.001) followed by a significant rise in post-exercise cortisol between 4270 m [4.2±4.8 (1.4-29.5)] and 5 150 m [9.2±10.2 (1.4-61.3)] (p<0.001). There were no significant associations between severity of acute mountain sickness and cortisol levels. There was a significant though weak correlation between cortisol post-exercise at 5150 m and oxygen saturation at 5150 m (rho= - 0.451, p=0.004). In conclusion, this is the largest cohort to have their resting and post-exercise cortisol levels ascertained at high altitude. We confirm the previous findings of an elevated resting morning cortisol at > 5000 m, but present the novel finding that the cortisol response to a day trekking at HA appears suppressed at 4270 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Woods
- Northumbria and Newcastle NHS Trusts, Royal Victoria Infirmary and Wansbeck General, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Abstract
For the military doctor, an understanding of the metabolic effects of high altitude (HA) exposure is highly relevant. This review examines the acute metabolic challenge and subsequent changes in nutritional homeostasis that occur when troops deploy rapidly to HA. Key factors that impact on metabolism include the hypoxic-hypobaric environment, physical exercise and diet. Expected metabolic changes include augmentation of basal metabolic rate (BMR), decreased availability of oxygen in peripheral metabolic tissues, reduction in VO2 max, increased glucose dependency and lactate accumulation during exercise. The metabolic demands of exercise at HA are crucial. Equivalent activity requires greater effort and more energy than it does at sea level. Soldiers working at HA show high energy expenditure and this may exceed energy intake significantly. Energy intake at HA is affected adversely by reduced availability, reduced appetite and changes in endocrine parameters. Energy imbalance and loss of body water result in weight loss, which is extremely common at HA. Loss of fat predominates over loss of fat-free mass. This state resembles starvation and the preferential primary fuel source shifts from carbohydrate towards fat, reducing performance efficiency. However, these adverse effects can be mitigated by increasing energy intake in association with a high carbohydrate ration. Commanders must ensure that individuals are motivated, educated, strongly encouraged and empowered to meet their energy needs in order to maximise mission-effectiveness.
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Abstract
The effects of acetone and butanol on the growth of vegetative cells and the stability of swollen-phase bright-stationary-phase cells (clostridial forms) of Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 and an autolytic deficient mutant (lyt-1) were investigated. There was little difference in the sensitivity of strain P262 and the lyt-1 mutant vegetative cells and clostridial forms to acetone. The stability of the different morphological stages was unaffected by acetone concentrations far in excess of those encountered in factory fermentations. Butanol concentrations between 7 and 16 g/liter, which are within the range obtained in industrial fermentations, increased the degeneration of strain P262 clostridial forms but had no effect on the stability of lyt-1 clostridial forms which never underwent autolysis. Vegetative cells of the lyt-1 mutant were able to grow in higher concentrations of butanol than strain P262 vegetative cells. It was concluded that there is a relationship between butanol tolerance and autolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van Der Westhuizen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700 South Africa
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Reysenbach AL, Ravenscroft N, Long S, Jones DT, Woods DR. Characterization, Biosynthesis, and Regulation of Granulose in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 52:185-90. [PMID: 16347108 PMCID: PMC203438 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.1.185-190.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of granulose was investigated in 15 solvent-producing Clostridium strains. Only one of the strains did not produce granulose. The structure of granulose in Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 consisted of a high-molecular-weight polyglucan containing only (1-->4) linked d-glucopyranose units. Biosynthesis of granulose in C. acetobutylicum P262 was dependent on ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, and granulose synthase and mutants defective in granulose accumulation lacked either one or both enzyme activities. Granulose-positive revertants exhibited both enzyme activities. ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase and granulose synthase were not subject to allosteric control by metabolites. Granulose accumulation and the biosynthetic enzyme activities were initiated immediately before the pH breakpoint and were detected in cells only at the end of the exponential growth phase. Granulose accumulation did not occur under conditions of nitrogen limitation, excess carbon, or excess energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Reysenbach
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
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Abstract
The optimum conditions for autolysis and autoplast formation in Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 have been defined. Autolysis was optimal at pH 6.3 in 0.04 M sodium phosphate buffer, and the bacterium produced latent and active forms of an autolytic enzyme. The ability of cells to autolyze decreased sharply when cultures entered the stationary phase. Autoplasts were induced by 0.25 to 0.5 M sucrose and were stable in media containing sucrose, CaCl(2), and MgCl(2). A pleiotropic autolysis-deficient mutant (lyt-1) was isolated. The mutant produced less autolysin than did the parent P262 strain, and it had an altered cell wall which was more resistant to both its own and P262 autolysins. The mutant formed long chains of cells, and lysozyme was required for the production of autoplasts. Growth of the P262 strain or the lyt-1 mutant was inhibited by the same concentrations of penicillin, ampicillin, and vancomycin. The lyt-1 mutant strain treated with the minimum growth-inhibitory concentration of penicillin autolyzed upon the addition of wild-type autolysin to the autolysis buffer at the same rate as did the untreated P262 strain. Chloramphenicol did not protect the penicillin-treated lyt-1 cells against autolysis enhanced by exogenous wild-type autolysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Allcock
- Department of Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
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Abstract
A proteinaceous substance with antibiotic-like activity, resembling that of a bacteriocin, was isolated from an industrial-scale acetone-butanol fermentation of Clostridium acetobutylicum. The substance, purified by acetone precipitation, diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was characterized as a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 28,000. The glycoprotein was partially inactivated by certain protease enzymes. It had no effect on deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, or protein synthesis, and it did not result in the loss of intracellular adenosine triphosphate. The glycoprotein lysed sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated cells and cell wall preparations, and therefore it is referred to as an autolysin. The autolysin gene appeared to be chromosomal since plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid was not detected in the C. acetobutylicum strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Webster
- Department of Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Woods
- Department of Endocrinology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN
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Patel S, Woods DR, Macleod NJ, Brown A, Patel KR, Montgomery HE, Peacock AJ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype and the ventilatory responseto exertional hypoxia. Eur Respir J 2003; 22:755-60. [PMID: 14621081 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00086402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The "insertion" (I) rather than "deletion" (D) variant of the human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with both lower tissue ACE activity and elite performance at high altitude. Three genotypes, II, ID and DD, are thus represented in the population. The authors examined whether an improved ventilatory response to hypoxic exercise may contribute to this effect. Subjects (n=60; 37 male, mean+/-SEM age 23.6+/-0.6 yrs, 14 II, 30 ID, 16 DD) underwent incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing to establish maximal oxygen uptake and ventilatory threshold (VT). Four hours later, subjects exercised for 6 mins at 50% of the workload at VT. The protocol was repeated 15 mins later while breathing 12.5+/-0.5% oxygen in nitrogen. All subject characteristics were independent of genotype, as were data during normoxic exercise. However, the hypoxia-induced rise in minute ventilation was significantly greater among those of II genotype (39.6+/-4.1% versus 27.9+/-2.0% versus 28.4+/-2.2% for II versus ID versus DD, respectively). These data are supported by a significantly greater decrease in end tidal carbon dioxide (consistent with an increase in alveolar ventilation) among those homozygous for the I allele (II -18.7+/-1.3%, ID -15.7+/-0.4%, DD -15.1%+/-1.1). The ventilatory response to hypoxic exercise is influenced by angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype. Potential implications concern high altitude performance and the pathogenesis and management of hypoxic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patel
- Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Western Infirmary, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow, UK
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Woods DR, World M, Rayson MP, Williams AG, Jubb M, Jamshidi Y, Hayward M, Mary DASG, Humphries SE, Montgomery HE. Endurance enhancement related to the human angiotensin I-converting enzyme I-D polymorphism is not due to differences in the cardiorespiratory response to training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2002; 86:240-4. [PMID: 11990733 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-001-0545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human physical performance is strongly influenced by genetic factors. We have previously reported that the I variant of the human angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with greater endurance performance in mountaineers and Olympic runners and improved performance in army recruits. In this study we examined whether this effect is mediated by improvements in cardiovascular fitness with training in 58 army recruits homozygous for the insertion (I, ACE genotype II) or deletion (D, ACE genotype DD) allele. A submaximal and maximal exercise protocol was used to calculate both the heart rate/oxygen uptake (VO2) relationship and changes in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), respectively. There was no significant intergroup difference in VO2max at baseline (P=0.19) or after training (P=0.22). There was no difference between genotypes with training in the heart rate/VO2 elevation (P = 0.79 for the mean difference in mean adjusted heart rates). However, VO2 at all exercise intensities in the submaximal test was lower for all subjects after training and at 80 W the reduction in VO2 was greater for the II subjects compared to DD subjects [mean(SEM)] [1.6 (0.27) and 0.68 (0.27) ml kg(-1) min(-1), respectively; P = 0.02 for mean difference]. The I/D polymorphism may play a role in enhanced endurance performance but this is not mediated by differences in VO2max or the heart rate/VO2 relationship in response to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Woods
- Dept Medicine, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Nazarov IB, Woods DR, Montgomery HE, Shneider OV, Kazakov VI, Tomilin NV, Rogozkin VA. The angiotensin converting enzyme I/D polymorphism in Russian athletes. Eur J Hum Genet 2001; 9:797-801. [PMID: 11781693 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2001] [Revised: 06/28/2001] [Accepted: 07/05/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The deletion (D) allele of the human ACE gene is associated with higher ACE activity than the insertion (I) allele. There is controversy as to whether the ACE genotype may be associated with elite athletic status; recent studies have identified no significant associations amongst those drawn from mixed sporting disciplines. However, such lack of association may reflect the mixed nature of such cohorts, given that an excess frequency of the I allele has been reported amongst elite endurance athletes, and an excess of the D allele amongst those engaged in more power-orientated sports. We examined this hypothesis by determining ACE I/D allele frequency amongst 217 Russian athletes (swimmers, skiers, triathletes and track-and-field participants) prospectively stratified by performance ('outstanding' or 'average'), and the duration of their event (SDA (<1 min), MDA (1 to 20 min), and LDA (>20 min): short, middle and long distance athletes respectively). ACE genotype and allele frequencies were compared to 449 controls. ACE genotype frequency amongst the whole cohort, or the outstanding athletes alone, was no different to that amongst sedentary controls. However, there was an excess of the D allele (frequency 0.72, P=0.001) amongst the outstanding SDA group, and an excess of the I allele (frequency 0.63, P=0.032) amongst the outstanding MDA group. These findings were replicated in the outstanding swimmers, with track and field SDA similarly demonstrating an excess of the D allele (P=0.01). There was no association found between the outstanding LDA and ACE genotype (P=0.27). These data not only confirm an excess of the D allele in elite SDA, and I allele in elite MDA, but also offer an explanation as to why any such association may be hard to detect amongst a heterogeneous cohort of mixed athletic ability and discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Nazarov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikchoretski Ave. 4, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
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Abstract
As part of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a key role in circulatory homeostasis. ACE degrades vasodilator kinins and generates angiotensin II. A polymorphism in intron 16 of the human ACE gene has been identified in which the presence (insertion, I allele) rather than the absence (deletion, D allele) of a 287 bp fragment is associated with lower serum and tissue ACE activity. The I allele has been associated with some aspects of endurance performance, being found with excess frequency in elite distance runners, rowers, and other elite athletes. Mountaineers also demonstrate an allele skew with a significant excess of the I allele and II genotype in elite, male, British mountaineers who have ascended beyond 7000 m without the use of supplemental oxygen. This review evaluates the evidence for and against an association of the I allele with human endurance, and performance at high altitude. We conclude that the I allele does confer an advantage, most likely mediated via improved muscle efficiency with secondary benefits in terms of conservation of non-fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Woods
- UCL Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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Woods DR, Brull D, Montgomery HE. Endurance and the ACE I/D polymorphism. Sci Prog 2001; 83:317-36. [PMID: 11233367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
A variant of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene, which we all carry, is known as the insertion, or I allele, due to the presence of a 287 base pair DNA fragment. This variant, or polymorphism, is associated with reduced levels of serum and tissue ACE. This intriguing polymorphism has been associated with various physiological and pathological states from diabetic renal disease to coronary heart disease. There have been conflicting reports regarding its association with some aspects of enhanced endurance performance in elite athletes. This review aims to examine the evidence for and against an association of the I allele with endurance and highlight some of the possible mechanism that might be involved. It is concluded that an association seems likely and that it is probably due to a local muscle effect rather than a central cardiorespiratory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Woods
- Department Cardiovascular Genetics, University College London, 3rd floor, Rayne Institute, 5, University Street, London WC1E 6JJ.
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Woods DR, Brull D, Montgomery H. Increased QT dispersion with the D-allele of the ACE polymorphism. Eur Heart J 2001; 22:618-21. [PMID: 11286516 DOI: 10.1053/euhj.2000.2492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
The D allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism is associated with elevated levels of serum and tissue ACE, increased production of the vasopressor angiotensin II and a reduction in the half-life of the vasodilator bradykinin. Several cardiac and renal conditions appear to have a worse prognosis in subjects homozygous for the D allele, whereas the I allele has been associated with enhanced endurance performance in elite distance runners, rowers and mountaineers. The nature of the gene-environment interaction between ACE I/D polymorphisms and physical training, an overview of recent findings and a discussion of possible underlying mechanisms is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Woods
- UCL Cardiovascular Genetics, 3rd floor Rayne Institute, 5 University Street, London, UK WC1E.
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Abratt VR, Mbewe M, Woods DR. Cloning of an EF-P homologue from Bacteroides fragilis that increases B. fragilis glutamine synthetase activity in Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet 1998; 258:363-72. [PMID: 9648740 DOI: 10.1007/s004380050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of possible regulators of Bacteroides fragilis glutamine synthetase (GS) activity were done in Escherichia coli using a compatible dual-plasmid system. The B. fragilis glnA gene, together with upstream and downstream flanking regions, was cloned onto the low copy number plasmid pACYC184 and expressed in the E. coli glnA ntrB ntrC deletion strain, YMC11. GS activity was monitored following co-transformation with a B. fragilis genomic library carried on the compatible plasmid pEcoR251. A gene was cloned that caused a twofold increase in B. fragilis GS activity but did not affect the activity of the E. coli GS enzyme or the B. fragilis sucrase (ScrL). Deletion of the B. fragilis glnA downstream region decreased basal levels of GS activity, but did not affect the ability of the cloned gene to increase the B. fragilis GS activity. Reporter gene analysis, using the B. fragilis glnA promoter region fused to the promoterless Clostridium acetobutylicum endoglucanase gene, showed no increase in reporter gene activity. This demonstrated that the increase in GS activity was not regulated at the transcriptional level, and that the cloned gene product was not affecting the copy number of the plasmid in trans. Sequence data indicated that the cloned gene had good amino acid identity to a range of elongation factor P (EF-P) proteins, the highest being to that of a Synechocystis sp (48%), and the least to Mycobacterium genitalium (27%). Amino acid identity to the E. coli EF-P was intermediate (37%). A possible role for EF-P in enhancing translation of the B. fragilis glnA mRNA is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Abratt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.
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41
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Mitchell MJ, Wilcox SA, Watson JM, Lerner JL, Woods DR, Scheffler J, Hearn JP, Bishop CE, Graves JA. The origin and loss of the ubiquitin activating enzyme gene on the mammalian Y chromosome. Hum Mol Genet 1998; 7:429-34. [PMID: 9467000 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/7.3.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian sex chromosomes are thought to be descended from a homologous pair of autosomes: a testis-determining allele which defined the Y chromosome arose, recombination between the nascent X and Y chromosomes became restricted and the Y chromosome gradually lost its non-essential genetic functions. This model was originally inferred from the occurrence of few Y-linked genetic traits, pairing of the X and Y chromosomes during male meiosis and, more recently, the existence of X-Y homologous genes. The comparative analysis of such genes is a means by which the validity of this model can be evaluated. One well-studied example of an X-Y homologous gene is the ubiquitin activating enzyme gene ( UBE1 ), which is X-linked with a distinct Y-linked gene in many eutherian ('placental') and metatherian (marsupial) mammals. Nonetheless, no UBE1 homologue has yet been detected on the human Y chromosome. Here we describe a more extensive study of UBE1 homologues in primates and a prototherian mammal, the platypus. Our findings indicate that UBE1 lies within the X-Y pairing segment of the platypus but is absent from the human Y chromosome, having been lost from the Y chromosome during evolution of the primate lineage. Thus UBE1 illustrates the key steps of 'autosomal to X-specific' evolution of genes on the sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Mitchell
- INSERM U406, Facult-e de M-edecine La Timone, 13385 Marseille, France.
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Collett HJ, Woods DR, Reid SJ. Characterisation of a Transposon-induced Pleiotropic Mutant ofClostridium acetobutylicumP262. Anaerobe 1997; 3:411-21. [PMID: 16887617 DOI: 10.1006/anae.1997.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/1997] [Accepted: 08/29/1997] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transposon-induced metronidazole resistance was used as a selection system for the isolation of Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 mutants with altered electron transport pathways. The metronidazole resistant transconjugant of interest, mutant 3R, displayed resistance to DNA damaging agents, UV and bleomycin, and harboured a single transposon insertion within a structural gene, designated sum(susceptibility to metronidazole). The sum gene encoded a 334 amino-acid protein, with 36% identity and 57-58% similarity at the amino acid level to two archaebacterial protein sequences which appear to represent a class of uncharacterised reductase enzymes. Physiological studies of mutant 3R revealed a number of pleiotropic characteristics which included enhanced autolysin activity, increased motility, impaired clostridial cell formation, and resistance to the toxic tripeptide analogue, bialaphos. The introduction of the sum gene in multiple copies on a plasmid vector into the related strain Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052, resulted in inhibition of cell division, motility and autolysin activity. The sum gene appears to be a member of a new subgroup of activases with reducing activity, which may control a regulon affecting different stationary phase processes such as clostridial differentiation and sporulation in C. acetobutylicum P262. The metronidazole resistant phenotype of the sum mutant can be attributed to an increased capacity for DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Collett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
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Davison SP, Santangelo JD, Reid SJ, Woods DR. Authors' reply. Microbiology (Reading) 1995. [DOI: 10.1099/13500872-141-10-2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
The successful genetic manipulation of Clostridium acetobutylicum for the increased production of solvents will depend on an understanding of gene structure and regulation in the bacterium. The glutamine synthetase (glnA) gene is regulated by antisense RNA, transcribed from a downstream promoter, in the opposite direction to the glnA gene. An open reading frame (ORF) was detected downstream of the glnA gene, which has sequence homology to response regulators with anti-termination activity and may be involved in sensing nitrogen conditions. The expression of the linked beta-hbd, adh1 and fixB genes was investigated throughout the bacterial growth cycle by RNA hybridisation techniques. The adh1 gene was independently expressed as a 2.4-kb transcript which peaked at 12 h, immediately prior to the solventogenic phase. The beta-hbd and fixB genes were transcribed throughout the acidogenic and solventogenic phases. A regulator gene, regA, which complements a Bacillus subtilis ccpA mutant, has been identified and sequenced from C. acetobutylicum P262. The regA gene repressed the degradation of starch by an uncharacterised C. acetobutylicum gene, and may therefore play a role in the utilisation of carbohydrate substrates in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Woods
- Department of Microbiology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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45
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Abstract
Although the production of acetone and butanol by Clostridium strains was a thriving industrial fermentation process, it is no longer competitive with the chemical synthesis of solvents and has been discontinued. However, studies on the molecular biology of Clostridium strains suggest that genetic engineering for improved solvent production is feasible, and could result in the revival of the industrial fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Woods
- Microbiology Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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Dachs GU, Abratt VR, Woods DR. Mode of action of metronidazole and a Bacteroides fragilis metA resistance gene in Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 35:483-96. [PMID: 7628983 DOI: 10.1093/jac/35.4.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The in-vivo mode of action of metronidazole and the MetA protein which confers resistance to metronidazole, was investigated in Escherichia coli wild type and DNA repair-deficient strains. All the E. coli strains were moderately susceptible to metronidazole under aerobic conditions but were more susceptible under anaerobic conditions, and the amount of DNA breakage was less under anaerobic than aerobic conditions. E. coli excision (uvr) and recombination (rec) mutants were more susceptible than DNA repair wild type strains. Metronidazole did not induce cell lysis in E. coli but caused single strand DNA breaks in wild type and repair-deficient E. coli strains. The MetA protein reduced DNA breakage caused by metronidazole in E. coli wild type and DNA repair-deficient strains grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and inhibited the suppressor effect of the RecE protein in E. coli recBC strains. The MetA protein did not inactivate metronidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- G U Dachs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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47
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Davison SP, Santangelo JD, Reid SJ, Woods DR. A Clostridium acetobutylicum regulator gene (regA) affecting amylase production in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology (Reading) 1995; 141 ( Pt 4):989-96. [PMID: 7539689 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-141-4-989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasmid pMET7C containing a 6.05 kb DNA insert from Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 made Escherichia coli F19 cells sensitive to metronidazole. The nucleotide sequence of the C. acetobutylicum DNA controlling metronidazole sensitivity in E. coli F19 revealed an ORF of 972 bp which encoded a protein of 324 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 35,000. The amino acid sequence encoded by the ORF contained a helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain and was homologous to the catabolite control protein, CcpA, from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium, a tRNA repressor of E. coli encoded by the shl gene, and the GalR, Lacl and PurR repressors of E. coli. The C. acetobutylicum ORF, which was termed regA, complemented a B. subtilis ccpA mutant and an E. coli shl mutant, but was unable to complement E. coli galR, lacl or purR mutants. To determine whether the regA gene product was involved in the regulation of amylase gene expression in C. acetobutylicum, a starch-degrading enzyme gene (staA) from C. acetobutylicum NCIMB 8052 was cloned. The RegA protein inhibited the degradation of starch by the C. acetobutylicum staA gene product in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Davison
- Department of Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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48
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Youngleson JS, Lin FP, Reid SJ, Woods DR. Structure and transcription of genes within the beta-hbd-adh1 region of Clostridium acetobutylicum P262. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995; 125:185-91. [PMID: 7875566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1.2-kb DNA fragment upstream of the linked beta-hbd (3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase) and adh1 (NADPH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase) genes from Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 was sequenced. The upstream region contained an open reading frame (ORFB) which was found to have 44% amino acid identity to the fixB gene products of Rhizobium and Azorhizobium. The beta-hbd and ORFB genes were expressed during the acidogenic and solventogenic phases. The beta-hbd gene was transcribed on a single mRNA species of 2.0 kb, whereas the ORFB gene was transcribed on two species of mRNA of 2.0 and 3.5 kb, respectively. The adh1 gene was induced or derepressed at the pH breakpoint before the onset of solventogenesis and was transcribed on a single species of mRNA of 2.4 kb.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Youngleson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Santangelo JD, Dürre P, Woods DR. Characterization and expression of the hydrogenase-encoding gene from Clostridium acetobutylicum P262. Microbiology (Reading) 1995; 141 ( Pt 1):171-80. [PMID: 7894709 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-141-1-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogenase enzyme of Clostridium acetobutylicum plays a pivotal role in controlling electron flow, and hence carbon flow, during the complex biphasic fermentation of carbohydrates to the neutral solvents acetone and butanol. We report here the cloning and molecular characterization of the hydrogenase-encoding gene (hydA) from C. acetobutylicum P262. This gene was isolated by colony hybridization, using the Clostridium pasteurianum hydrogenase-1 gene as a probe. The DNA sequence encoding the hydA gene from C. acetobutylicum was determined, and revealed an ORF (1722 bp) encoding a 574 amino-acid protein. This C. acetobutylicum hydrogenase protein product has 82% similarity and 67% identity with the C. pasteurianum hydrogenase-1 protein. Northern blot analysis of RNA isolated from C. acetobutylicum indicates that the C. acetobutylicum hydrogenase protein product is translated from a monocistronic operon. RNA was isolated from the different morphological and physiological stages of a batch C. acetobutylicum fermentation, and further Northern blot analyses revealed no differences in the expression of the gene during acidogenesis as opposed to solventogenesis. Primer extension experiments confirmed these results and identified the 5' start of the mRNA transcript. These results correlated well with the physiological need for this organism to dispose of excess reducing equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Santangelo
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
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Agulnik AI, Mitchell MJ, Lerner JL, Woods DR, Bishop CE. A mouse Y chromosome gene encoded by a region essential for spermatogenesis and expression of male-specific minor histocompatibility antigens. Hum Mol Genet 1994; 3:873-8. [PMID: 7524912 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/3.6.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A new mouse Y chromosome gene, Smcy, has been isolated from the region encoding Spy, a spermatogenesis gene and Hya and Sdma, the genes that, respectively, control the expression of the male specific minor histocompatibility antigen H-Y, as measured by specific T-cell assays and the serologically detected male antigen SDMA. Smcy is well conserved on the Y in mouse, man and even marsupials. It is expressed in all adult male tissues tested and can also be detected during mouse development from as early as two cells. In addition, its human Y homologue, SMCY, is expressed in multiple tissues and maps to the same Yq deletion interval as the human H-Y antigen controlling locus, HY.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Agulnik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38103
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