1
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Murray GE, Norton DJ. Reduced visual context effects in global motion processing in depression. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291513. [PMID: 37703305 PMCID: PMC10499266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Research supports abnormal inhibitory visual motion processing in adults with remitted and current depression, but all studies to date have used paradigms with simple grating stimuli. Global motion processing, where multiple motion signals must be integrated, has not been explored in depression, nor have inhibitory processes within that domain. Depressed participants (n = 46) and healthy controls (n = 28) completed a direction discrimination task featuring a random dot pattern stimulus. Various signal (rightward or leftward dots) to noise (dots with randomly assigned directions) ratios modulated task difficulty. Metrics of global center surround suppression and facilitation were calculated. Accuracy in the baseline condition (i.e., no surrounding annulus) was not significantly different between depressed and healthy participants. Global center surround suppression and facilitation were not significantly different between healthy and depressed participants overall. When limiting the sample to unmedicated individuals, depressed participants (n = 27) showed a reduced global center surround suppression effect compared to controls, and there was no difference in global center surround facilitation. While global motion processing is intact in depression, abnormal center surround suppression effects in depression do extend to global motion stimuli. These alterations may be mitigated by the psychotropic medications taken by some subjects in our depressed sample. Future studies should explore the mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Murray
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States of America
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Norton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States of America
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Gordon College, Wenham, MA, United States of America
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2
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Norton DJ, McBain RK, Murray GE, Khang J, Zong Z, Bollacke HR, Maher S, Levy DL, Ongur D, Chen Y. Normal Face Detection Over a Range of Luminance Contrasts in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychol 2021; 12:667359. [PMID: 34335378 PMCID: PMC8322772 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.667359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Face recognition is impaired in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but the reason for this remains unclear. One possibility is that impairments in the ability to visually detect faces might be a factor. As a preliminary study in this vein, we measured face detection ability as a function of visual contrast level in 13 individuals with ASD, aged 13–18, and 18 neurotypical controls (NCs) in the same age range. We also measured contrast sensitivity, using sinusoidal grating stimuli, as a control task. Individuals with ASD did not differ from controls in face detection (p > 0.9) or contrast detection (p > 0.2) ability. Performance on contrast and face detection was significantly correlated in ASD but not in NC. Results suggest that the ability to visually detect faces is not altered in ASD overall, but that alterations in basic visual processing may affect face detection ability in some individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Norton
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States.,Gordon College, Wenham, MA, United States
| | - Ryan K McBain
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,RAND Corporation, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Grace E Murray
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States
| | - Juna Khang
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States
| | - Ziqing Zong
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States
| | | | - Stephen Maher
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Deborah L Levy
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Yue Chen
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
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3
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Rutter LA, Norton DJ, Brown TA. Visual attention toward emotional stimuli: Anxiety symptoms correspond to distinct gaze patterns. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250176. [PMID: 33983969 PMCID: PMC8118267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have established a link between emotional disorders and attentional biases for emotional stimuli, but the relationship between symptom severity and visual attention is still not fully understood. Depression has been associated with increased attention towards dysphoric stimuli and decreased attention on positive stimuli (“negativity bias”), and some studies have also shown this trend in anxiety disorders. We examined eye fixation variables in 47 participants with emotional disorders completing an emotion recognition task. Results showed that depression severity was not associated with increased fixations on dysphoric stimuli, however, higher levels of generalized anxiety predicted increased fixations in the mouth region of sad and happy faces. Higher levels of social interaction anxiety predicted reduced fixations in the eye region of happy faces. While we did not replicate the negativity bias that has been shown in prior studies, our sample was highly comorbid, indicating the need to consider comorbidity, disorder severity, and the task itself when conducting research on visual attention in clinical samples. Additionally, more attention should be paid to the mouth region of emotional faces, as it may provide more specific information regarding the visual processing of emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Rutter
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel J. Norton
- Department of Psychology, Gordon College, Wenham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy A. Brown
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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4
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Norton DJ, Parra MA, Sperling RA, Baena A, Guzman-Velez E, Jin DS, Andrea N, Khang J, Schultz A, Rentz DM, Pardilla-Delgado E, Fuller J, Johnson K, Reiman EM, Lopera F, Quiroz YT. Visual short-term memory relates to tau and amyloid burdens in preclinical autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:99. [PMID: 32825838 PMCID: PMC7442980 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00660-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Over the past decade, visual short-term memory (VSTM) binding tests have been shown to be one of the most sensitive behavioral indicators of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), especially when they require the binding of multiple features (e.g., color and shape). Recently, it has become possible to directly measure amyloid and tau levels in vivo via positron emission tomography (PET). To this point, these behavioral and neurochemical markers have not been compared in humans with AD or at risk for it. Methods In a cross-sectional study, we compared VSTM performance to tau and amyloid concentrations, measured by PET, in individuals certain to develop AD by virtue of their inheritance of the presenilin-1 E280A mutation. These included 21 clinically unimpaired subjects and 7 subjects with early mild cognitive impairment (MCI), as well as 30 family members who were not carriers of the mutation. Results We found that VSTM performance correlated strongly with tau in entorhinal cortex and inferior temporal lobe, and also with amyloid when examining asymptomatic carriers only. The condition requiring binding was not preferentially linked to tau—in fact, the non-binding “shape only” condition showed a stronger relationship. Conclusions The results confirm VSTM’s status as an early marker of AD pathology and raise interesting questions as to the course of binding-specific versus non-binding aspects of VSTM in early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Rm 10.014, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Gordon College, Wenham, MA, USA
| | - Mario A Parra
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Autonomous University of the Caribbean, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Rm 10.014, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana Baena
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Edmarie Guzman-Velez
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Rm 10.014, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - David S Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Rm 10.014, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Nicholas Andrea
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Rm 10.014, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | | | - Aaron Schultz
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Rm 10.014, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Dorene M Rentz
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Rm 10.014, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Enmanuelle Pardilla-Delgado
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Rm 10.014, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Joshua Fuller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Rm 10.014, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Keith Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Rm 10.014, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Rm 10.014, Boston, MA, 02129, USA. .,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA. .,Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia. .,Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Rm 10.014, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
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5
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Fuller JT, Cronin-Golomb A, Gatchel JR, Norton DJ, Guzmán-Vélez E, Jacobs HIL, Hanseeuw B, Pardilla-Delgado E, Artola A, Baena A, Bocanegra Y, Kosik KS, Chen K, Tariot PN, Johnson K, Sperling RA, Reiman EM, Lopera F, Quiroz YT. Biological and Cognitive Markers of Presenilin1 E280A Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Review of the Colombian Kindred. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2020; 6:112-120. [PMID: 30756118 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2019.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The study of individuals with autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease affords one of the best opportunities to characterize the biological and cognitive changes of Alzheimer's disease that occur over the course of the preclinical and symptomatic stages. Unifying the knowledge gained from the past three decades of research in the world's largest single-mutation autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease kindred - a family in Antioquia, Colombia with the E280A mutation in the Presenilin1 gene - will provide new directions for Alzheimer's research and a framework for generalizing the findings from this cohort to the more common sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease. As this specific mutation is virtually 100% penetrant for the development of the disease by midlife, we use a previously defined median age of onset for mild cognitive impairment for this cohort to examine the trajectory of the biological and cognitive markers of the disease as a function of the carriers' estimated years to clinical onset. Studies from this cohort suggest that structural and functional brain abnormalities - such as cortical thinning and hyperactivation in memory networks - as well as differences in biofluid and in vivo measurements of Alzheimer's-related pathological proteins distinguish Presenilin1 E280A mutation carriers from non-carriers as early as childhood, or approximately three decades before the median age of onset of clinical symptoms. We conclude our review with discussion on future directions for Alzheimer's disease research, with specific emphasis on ways to design studies that compare the generalizability of research in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease to the larger sporadic Alzheimer's disease population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Fuller
- Yakeel T. Quiroz, PhD Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 1st Avenue, Building 39, Suite 101, Charlestown, MA 02129, Phone (617) 643-5944; Fax: (617) 726-5760, E-mail:
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6
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Gatchel JR, Lopera F, Norton DJ, Baena A, Guzman-Velez E, Sanchez JS, d'Oleire Uquillas F, Schultz A, Vannini P, Artola A, Amariglio RE, Rentz DM, Tariot PN, Reiman EM, Johnson KA, Sperling RA, Marshall GA, Quiroz YT. Association of subjective cognitive decline with markers of brain pathology in preclinical autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:330-332. [PMID: 31874859 PMCID: PMC7397724 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-321205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Gatchel
- Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Geriatric Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Daniel J Norton
- Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Baena
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Justin S Sanchez
- Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Aaron Schultz
- Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrizia Vannini
- Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arabiye Artola
- Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca E Amariglio
- Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorene M Rentz
- Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pierre N Tariot
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Eric M Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States.,Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States.,Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Keith A Johnson
- Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gad A Marshall
- Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA .,Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Arboleda-Velasquez JF, Lopera F, O'Hare M, Delgado-Tirado S, Marino C, Chmielewska N, Saez-Torres KL, Amarnani D, Schultz AP, Sperling RA, Leyton-Cifuentes D, Chen K, Baena A, Aguillon D, Rios-Romenets S, Giraldo M, Guzmán-Vélez E, Norton DJ, Pardilla-Delgado E, Artola A, Sanchez JS, Acosta-Uribe J, Lalli M, Kosik KS, Huentelman MJ, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Reiman RA, Luo J, Chen Y, Thiyyagura P, Su Y, Jun GR, Naymik M, Gai X, Bootwalla M, Ji J, Shen L, Miller JB, Kim LA, Tariot PN, Johnson KA, Reiman EM, Quiroz YT. Resistance to autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease in an APOE3 Christchurch homozygote: a case report. Nat Med 2019; 25:1680-1683. [PMID: 31686034 PMCID: PMC6898984 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We identified a PSEN1 mutation carrier from the world’s largest autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease kindred who did not develop mild cognitive impairment until her seventies, three decades after the expected age of clinical onset. She had two copies of the APOE3 Christchurch (R136S) mutation, unusually high brain amyloid, and limited tau/tangle and neurodegenerative measurements. Our findings have implications for APOE’s role in the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Arboleda-Velasquez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Michael O'Hare
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Santiago Delgado-Tirado
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudia Marino
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalia Chmielewska
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston College, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kahira L Saez-Torres
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dhanesh Amarnani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron P Schultz
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Leyton-Cifuentes
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Universidad Escuela de Ingenieria de Antioquia-EIA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Kewei Chen
- The Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ana Baena
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - David Aguillon
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Silvia Rios-Romenets
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Margarita Giraldo
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Edmarie Guzmán-Vélez
- Massachusetts General Hospital and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Norton
- Massachusetts General Hospital and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Gordon College, Wenham, MA, USA
| | | | - Arabiye Artola
- Massachusetts General Hospital and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin S Sanchez
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliana Acosta-Uribe
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Lalli
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rebecca A Reiman
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ji Luo
- The Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- The Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Yi Su
- The Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Gyungah R Jun
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcus Naymik
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiaowu Gai
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Moiz Bootwalla
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jianling Ji
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lishuang Shen
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John B Miller
- Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leo A Kim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pierre N Tariot
- The Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Keith A Johnson
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric M Reiman
- The Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA. .,University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. .,Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. .,Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Massachusetts General Hospital and the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Quiroz YT, Sperling RA, Norton DJ, Baena A, Arboleda-Velasquez JF, Cosio D, Schultz A, Lapoint M, Guzman-Velez E, Miller JB, Kim LA, Chen K, Tariot PN, Lopera F, Reiman EM, Johnson KA. Association Between Amyloid and Tau Accumulation in Young Adults With Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:548-556. [PMID: 29435558 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Importance It is critically important to improve our ability to diagnose and track Alzheimer disease (AD) as early as possible. Individuals with autosomal dominant forms of AD can provide clues as to which and when biological changes are reliably present prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. Objective To characterize the associations between amyloid and tau deposits in the brains of cognitively unimpaired and impaired carriers of presenilin 1 (PSEN1) E280A mutation. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cross-sectional imaging study, we leveraged data from a homogeneous autosomal dominant AD kindred, which allowed us to examine measurable tau deposition as a function of individuals' proximity to the expected onset of dementia. Cross-sectional measures of carbon 11-labeled Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography (PET) and flortaucipir F 18 (previously known as AV 1451, T807) PET imaging were assessed in 24 PSEN1 E280A kindred members (age range, 28-55 years), including 12 carriers, 9 of whom were cognitively unimpaired and 3 of whom had mild cognitive impairment, and 12 cognitively unimpaired noncarriers. Main Outcomes and Measures We compared carbon 11-labeled Pittsburgh Compound B PET cerebral with cerebellar distribution volume ratios as well as flortaucipir F 18 PET cerebral with cerebellar standardized uptake value ratios in mutation carriers and noncarriers. Spearman correlations characterized the associations between age and mean cortical Pittsburgh Compound B distribution volume ratio levels or regional flortaucipir standardized uptake value ratio levels in both groups. Results Of the 24 individuals, the mean (SD) age was 38.0 (7.4) years, or approximately 6 years younger than the expected onset of clinical symptoms in carriers. Compared with noncarriers, cognitively unimpaired mutation carriers had elevated mean cortical Pittsburgh Compound B distribution volume ratio levels in their late 20s, and 7 of 9 carriers older than 30 years reached the threshold for amyloidosis (distribution volume ratio level > 1.2). Elevated levels of tau deposition were seen within medial temporal lobe regions in amyloid-positive mutation carriers 6 years before clinical onset of AD in this kindred. Substantial tau deposition in the neocortex was only observed in 1 unimpaired carrier and in those with mild cognitive impairment. β-Amyloid uptake levels were diffusely elevated in unimpaired carriers approximately 15 years prior to expected onset of mild cognitive impairment. In carriers, higher levels of tau deposition were associated with worse performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination (entorhinal cortex: r = -0.60; P = .04; inferior temporal lobe: r = -0.54; P = .06) and the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer Disease Word List Delayed Recall (entorhinal cortex: r = -0.86; P < .001; inferior temporal lobe: r = -0.70; P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance The present findings add to the growing evidence that molecular markers can characterize biological changes associated with AD in individuals who are still cognitively unimpaired. The findings also suggest that tau PET imaging may be useful as a biomarker to distinguish individuals at high risk to develop the clinical symptoms of AD and to track disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakeel T Quiroz
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel J Norton
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Ana Baena
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | | | - Danielle Cosio
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Aaron Schultz
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Molly Lapoint
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | | | - John B Miller
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Leo A Kim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | | | - Keith A Johnson
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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9
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Rutter LA, Norton DJ, Brown TA. The Impact of Self-Reported Depression Severity and Age on Facial Emotion Recognition in Outpatients with Anxiety and Mood Disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-019-09755-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Guzmán-Vélez E, Jaimes S, Aguirre-Acevedo DC, Norton DJ, Papp KV, Amariglio R, Rentz D, Baena A, Henao E, Tirado V, Muñoz C, Giraldo M, Sperling RA, Lopera F, Quiroz YT. A Three-Factor Structure of Cognitive Functioning Among Unimpaired Carriers and Non-Carriers of Autosomal-Dominant Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:107-115. [PMID: 30040714 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need to find cognitive markers that can help identify individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and that can be used to reliably measure cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE We tested whether a theoretically driven three-factor structure would characterize cognitive functioning in individuals who are genetically-determined to develop AD due to a mutation in Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) gene. We also examined whether these factors could distinguish cognitively unimpaired PSEN1 mutation carriers from age-matched non-carrier family members. METHODS 1,395 cognitively unimpaired members of a Colombian kindred with the PSEN1 E280A mutation were included in the study. A confirmatory factor analysis examined the fit of the three-factor model comprising episodic memory (MMSE memory recall, CERAD-COL Word list recall, and Constructional praxis recall), executive function (Phonemic fluency and WCST perseverative errors), and psychomotor processing speed (TMT-A and WAIS-III Digit Symbol). RESULTS The three-factor model provided an excellent fit for all participants (p = 0.24; RMSEA = 0.01). Further, the episodic memory (p = 0.0004, d = 0.25) and executive functioning (p = 0.001, d = 0.18) factors distinguished cognitively unimpaired carriers from non-carriers. The episodic memory factor provided the earliest indication of preclinical cognitive decline at 35 years of age, nine years before individuals' estimated age of clinical onset. CONCLUSIONS The three theoretically derived cognitive factors provide a reliable measure of cognition and may be useful for the early detection of AD, as well as for measuring disease progression. However, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm that these factors can be used to track the progression of cognitive decline in preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmarie Guzmán-Vélez
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sehily Jaimes
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel C Aguirre-Acevedo
- Grupo Académico de Epidemiología Clínica, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Daniel J Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn V Papp
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Amariglio
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dorene Rentz
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana Baena
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Eliana Henao
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Victoria Tirado
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Claudia Muñoz
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Margarita Giraldo
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Maher S, Ekstrom T, Ongur D, Levy DL, Norton DJ, Nickerson LD, Chen Y. Functional disconnection between the visual cortex and right fusiform face area in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 209:72-79. [PMID: 31126803 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia show impairment in processing faces, including facial affect and face detection, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterize resting state functional connectivity between an independent component analysis (ICA)-defined early visual cortical network (corresponding to regions in V1, V2, V3) and a priori defined face-processing regions (fusiform face area [FFA], occipital face area [OFA], superior temporal sulcus [STS] and amygdala) using dual regression in 20 schizophrenia patients and 26 healthy controls. We also investigated the association between resting functional connectivity and neural responses (fMRI) elicited by a face detection paradigm in a partially overlapping sample (Maher et al., 2016) that used stimuli equated for lower-level perceptual abilities. Group differences in functional connectivity were found in right FFA only; controls showed significantly stronger functional connectivity to an early visual cortical network. Functional connectivity in right FFA was associated with (a) neural responses during face detection in controls only, and (b) perceptual detection thresholds for faces in patients only. The finding of impaired functional connectivity for right FFA (but not other queried domain-specific regions) converges with findings investigating face detection in an overlapping sample in which dysfunction was found exclusively for right FFA in schizophrenia during face detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maher
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America.
| | - T Ekstrom
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - D Ongur
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - D L Levy
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - D J Norton
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - L D Nickerson
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - Y Chen
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
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12
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Rutter LA, Norton DJ, Brown BS, Brown TA. A Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Study of Intranasal Oxytocin's Effect on Emotion Recognition and Visual Attention in Outpatients with Emotional Disorders. Cognit Ther Res 2018; 43:523-534. [PMID: 31130760 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-018-9974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current study used double-blind, placebo-controlled design to examine the effect of intranasal oxytocin (OT) on emotion recognition (ER) and visual attention in 60 outpatients presenting for assessment and treatment of emotional disorders. Our primary hypothesis was that OT would improve recognition of happy faces in depressed participants. The main effect of OT on ER accuracy, speed, and proportion of fixations in the eye region was not significant. Diagnostic group (i.e., presence/absence of a depressive disorder) moderated the effect of OT on ER, but not as expected: OT significantly slowed ER speed for all emotions in participants with anxiety disorders, but did not affect performance in participants with depressive disorders. Depressed participants fixated significantly less in the eye region of sad faces than anxious participants. Before OT can be used to target ER biases, additional research is needed to explicate the differential impact of OT on ER speed in patients with anxiety versus mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Rutter
- Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 6 Floor, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Bonnie S Brown
- Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 6 Floor, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Timothy A Brown
- Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 6 Floor, Boston, MA 02215
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13
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Quiroz YT, Aguero C, Lopera F, Norton DJ, Aguirre-Acevedo DC, Chen K, Baena A, Gatchel JR, Guzman-Velez E, Pardilla-Delgado E, Artola A, Alvarez S, Sperling RA, Reiman EM, Johnson KA. P3‐399: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CORTICAL THINNING AND TAU PATHOLOGY IN PRECLINICAL AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yakeel T. Quiroz
- Grupo de NeurocienciasUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellinColombia
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Cinthya Aguero
- Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Baena
- Grupo de NeurocienciasUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellinColombia
| | | | | | | | - Arabiye Artola
- Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Reisa A. Sperling
- Center for Alzheimer Research and TreatmentBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMAUSA
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14
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Norton DJ, Amariglio R, Protas H, Chen K, Aguirre-Acevedo DC, Pulsifer B, Castrillon G, Tirado V, Munoz C, Tariot P, Langbaum JB, Reiman EM, Lopera F, Sperling RA, Quiroz YT. Subjective memory complaints in preclinical autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2017; 89:1464-1470. [PMID: 28878053 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To cross-sectionally study subjective memory complaints (SMC) in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD). METHODS We examined self-reported and study partner-based SMC in 52 young, cognitively unimpaired individuals from a Colombian kindred with early-onset ADAD. Twenty-six carried the PSEN-1 E280A mutation, averaging 7 years of age younger than the kindred's expected clinical onset. Twenty-six were age-matched noncarriers. Participants also underwent structural MRI and cognitive testing. RESULTS Self-reported SMC were greater in carriers than noncarriers (p = 0.02). Study partner-based SMC did not differ between groups (p = 0.21), but in carriers increased with age (r = 0.66, p < 0.001) and decreased with hippocampal volume (r = -0.35, p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Cognitively unimpaired PSEN-1 carriers have elevated SMC. Self-reported SMC may be a relatively early indicator of preclinical AD, while partner- reported SMC increases later in preclinical AD, closer to clinical onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Norton
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA
| | - Rebecca Amariglio
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA
| | - Hillary Protas
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA
| | - Kewei Chen
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA
| | - Daniel C Aguirre-Acevedo
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA
| | - Brendan Pulsifer
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA
| | - Gabriel Castrillon
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA
| | - Victoria Tirado
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA
| | - Claudia Munoz
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA
| | - Pierre Tariot
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA
| | - Jessica B Langbaum
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA
| | - Eric M Reiman
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA
| | - Francisco Lopera
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (D.J.N., R.A., B.P., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Harvard Medical School (D.J.N., R.A., R.A.S., Y.T.Q.); Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A., R.A.S.), Boston, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (H.P., K.C., P.T., J.B.L., E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Grupo de Neurociencias (D.C.A.-A., V.T., C.M., F.L., Y.T.Q.), Universidad de Antioquia; Instituto de Alta Tecnologia Medica (G.C.), Medellin, Colombia; and Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (Y.T.Q.), Boston, MA.
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Norton DJ, Cates C. Eyelash Loss Secondary to Escitalopram But Not to Sertraline: A Case Report. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2016; 18:15l01887. [PMID: 27722027 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.15l01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Norton
- West Suffolk Hospital, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Cates
- Eye Treatment Centre, West Suffolk Hospital, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, United Kingdom
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Quiroz YT, Sperling RA, Baena A, Arboleda-Velasquez J, Schultz AP, Cosio DM, LaPoint MR, Judge K, Jaimes SY, Norton DJ, Reiman EM, Lopera F, Johnson K. IC‐P‐198: TAU and Amyloid PET Imaging in a Colombian Kindred with Autosomal‐Dominant Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yakeel T. Quiroz
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellinColombia
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA USA
| | - Reisa A. Sperling
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA USA
- Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA USA
| | - Ana Baena
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellinColombia
| | | | - Aaron P. Schultz
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA USA
| | | | | | - Kelly Judge
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA USA
| | - Sehily Y. Jaimes
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA USA
| | - Daniel J. Norton
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA USA
| | - Eric M. Reiman
- University of ArizonaTucsonAZ USA
- Banner Alzheimer's InstitutePhoenixAZ USA
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellinColombia
| | - Keith Johnson
- Department of Radiology Division of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA USA
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Norton DJ, McBain RK, Pizzagalli DA, Cronin-Golomb A, Chen Y. Dysregulation of visual motion inhibition in major depression. Psychiatry Res 2016; 240:214-221. [PMID: 27111216 PMCID: PMC4886228 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with depression show depleted concentrations of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in occipital (visual) cortex, predicting weakened inhibition within their visual systems. Yet, visual inhibition in depression remains largely unexplored. To fill this gap, we examined the inhibitory process of center-surround suppression (CSS) of visual motion in depressed individuals. Perceptual performance in discriminating the direction of motion was measured as a function of stimulus presentation time and contrast in depressed individuals (n=27) and controls (n=22). CSS was operationalized as the accuracy difference between conditions using large (7.5°) and small (1.5°) grating stimuli. Both depressed and control participants displayed the expected advantage in accuracy for small stimuli at high contrast. A significant interaction emerged between subject group, contrast level and presentation time, indicating that alterations of CSS in depression were modulated by stimulus conditions. At high contrast, depressed individuals showed significantly greater CSS than controls at the 66ms presentation time (where the effect peaked in both groups). The results' specificity and dependence on stimulus features such as contrast, size and presentation time suggest that they arise from changes in early visual processing, and are not the results of a generalized deficit or cognitive bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Norton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; McLean Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA.
| | - Ryan K McBain
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- McLean Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Alice Cronin-Golomb
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- McLean Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
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18
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Norton DJ, Nguyen VA, Lewis MF, Reynolds GO, Somers DC, Cronin-Golomb A. Visuospatial Attention to Single and Multiple Objects Is Independently Impaired in Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150013. [PMID: 26963388 PMCID: PMC4786138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with deficits in visuospatial attention. It is as yet unknown whether these attentional deficits begin at a perceptual level or instead reflect disruptions in oculomotor or higher-order processes. In the present study, non-demented individuals with PD and matched normal control adults (NC) participated in two tasks requiring sustained visuospatial attention, both based on a multiple object tracking paradigm. Eye tracking was used to ensure central fixation. In Experiment 1 (26 PD, 21 NC), a pair of identical red dots (one target, one distractor) rotated randomly for three seconds at varied speeds. The task was to maintain the identity of the sole target, which was labeled prior to each trial. PD were less accurate than NC overall (p = .049). When considering only trials where fixation was maintained, however, there was no significant group difference, suggesting that the deficit’s origin is closely related to oculomotor processing. To determine whether PD had additional impairment in multifocal attention, in Experiment 2 (25 PD, 15 NC), two targets were presented along with distractors at a moderate speed, along with a control condition in which dots remained stationary. PD were less accurate than NC for moving (p = 0.02) but not stationary targets. This group difference remained significant when considering only trials where fixation was maintained, suggesting the source of the PD deficit was independent from oculomotor processing. Taken together, the results implicate separate mechanisms for single vs. multiple object tracking deficits in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Victoria A. Nguyen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michaela F. Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Gretchen O. Reynolds
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David C. Somers
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alice Cronin-Golomb
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Díaz-Santos M, Cao B, Yazdanbakhsh A, Norton DJ, Neargarder S, Cronin-Golomb A. Perceptual, cognitive, and personality rigidity in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2015; 69:183-93. [PMID: 25640973 PMCID: PMC4344854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with motor and non-motor rigidity symptoms (e.g., cognitive and personality). The question is raised as to whether rigidity in PD also extends to perception, and if so, whether perceptual, cognitive, and personality rigidities are correlated. Bistable stimuli were presented to 28 non-demented individuals with PD and 26 normal control adults (NC). Necker cube perception and binocular rivalry were examined during passive viewing, and the Necker cube was additionally used for two volitional-control conditions: Hold one percept in front, and Switch between the two percepts. Relative to passive viewing, PD were significantly less able than NC to reduce dominance durations in the Switch condition, indicating perceptual rigidity. Tests of cognitive flexibility and a personality questionnaire were administered to explore the association with perceptual rigidity. Cognitive flexibility was not correlated with perceptual rigidity for either group. Personality (novelty seeking) correlated with dominance durations on Necker passive viewing for PD but not NC. The results indicate the presence in mild-moderate PD of perceptual rigidity and suggest shared neural substrates with novelty seeking, but functional divergence from those supporting cognitive flexibility. The possibility is raised that perceptual rigidity may be a harbinger of cognitive inflexibility later in the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Díaz-Santos
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 2nd floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Bo Cao
- Center for Computational Neuroscience and Neural Technology, Boston University, 677 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Arash Yazdanbakhsh
- Center for Computational Neuroscience and Neural Technology, Boston University, 677 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Daniel J Norton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 2nd floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Sandy Neargarder
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 2nd floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Psychology, Hart Hall, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA.
| | - Alice Cronin-Golomb
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 2nd floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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20
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Norton DJ, Jaywant A, Gallart-Palau X, Cronin-Golomb A. Normal discrimination of spatial frequency and contrast across visual hemifields in left-onset Parkinson's disease: evidence against perceptual hemifield biases. Vision Res 2014; 107:94-100. [PMID: 25498374 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) with symptom onset on the left side of the body (LPD) show a mild type of left-sided visuospatial neglect, whereas those with right-onset (RPD) generally do not. The functional mechanisms underlying these observations are unknown. Two hypotheses are that the representation of left-space in LPD is either compressed or reduced in salience. We tested these hypotheses psychophysically. Participants were 31 non-demented adults with PD (15 LPD, 16 RPD) and 17 normal control adults (NC). The spatial compression hypothesis was tested by showing two sinusoidal gratings, side by side. One grating's spatial frequency (SF) was varied across trials, following a staircase procedure, whereas the comparison grating was held at a constant SF. While fixating on a central target, participants estimated the point at which they perceived the two gratings to be equal in SF. The reduced salience hypothesis was tested in a similar way, but by manipulating the contrast of the test grating rather than its SF. There were no significant differences between groups in the degree of bias across hemifields for SF discrimination or for contrast discrimination. Results did not support either the spatial compression hypothesis or the reduced salience hypothesis. Instead, they suggest that at this perceptual level, LPD do not have a systematically biased way of representing space in the left hemifield that differs from healthy individuals, nor do they perceive stimuli on the left as less salient than stimuli on the right. Neglect-like syndrome in LPD instead presumably arises from dysfunction of higher-order attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Norton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, USA
| | - Abhishek Jaywant
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, USA
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21
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Putcha D, Ross RS, Rosen ML, Norton DJ, Cronin-Golomb A, Somers DC, Stern CE. Functional correlates of optic flow motion processing in Parkinson's disease. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:57. [PMID: 25071484 PMCID: PMC4086480 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual input created by the relative motion between an individual and the environment, also called optic flow, influences the sense of self-motion, postural orientation, veering of gait, and visuospatial cognition. An optic flow network comprising visual motion areas V6, V3A, and MT+, as well as visuo-vestibular areas including posterior insula vestibular cortex (PIVC) and cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv), has been described as uniquely selective for parsing egomotion depth cues in humans. Individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have known behavioral deficits in optic flow perception and visuospatial cognition compared to age- and education-matched control adults (MC). The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate neural correlates related to impaired optic flow perception in PD. We conducted fMRI on 40 non-demented participants (23 PD and 17 MC) during passive viewing of simulated optic flow motion and random motion. We hypothesized that compared to the MC group, PD participants would show abnormal neural activity in regions comprising this optic flow network. MC participants showed robust activation across all regions in the optic flow network, consistent with studies in young adults, suggesting intact optic flow perception at the neural level in healthy aging. PD participants showed diminished activity compared to MC particularly within visual motion area MT+ and the visuo-vestibular region CSv. Further, activation in visuo-vestibular region CSv was associated with disease severity. These findings suggest that behavioral reports of impaired optic flow perception and visuospatial performance may be a result of impaired neural processing within visual motion and visuo-vestibular regions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Putcha
- Department of Psychology, Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University Boston, MA, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert S Ross
- Department of Psychology, Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University Boston, MA, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire Durham, NH, USA
| | - Maya L Rosen
- Department of Psychology, Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University Boston, MA, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Norton
- Department of Psychology, Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice Cronin-Golomb
- Department of Psychology, Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C Somers
- Department of Psychology, Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University Boston, MA, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chantal E Stern
- Department of Psychology, Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University Boston, MA, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
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Hodges BH, Meagher BR, Norton DJ, McBain R, Sroubek A. Speaking from ignorance: not agreeing with others we believe are correct. J Pers Soc Psychol 2014; 106:218-34. [PMID: 24467421 DOI: 10.1037/a0034662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Values-pragmatics theory (Hodges & Geyer, 2006) predicts that people will sometimes disagree with others they believe are correct, for reasons similar to those explaining agreement with incorrect answers in an Asch (1956) situation. In 3 experiments, we found evidence that people in a position of ignorance sometimes do not agree with the correct answers of others in positions of knowledge. Experiments 1a and 1b found this speaking-from-ignorance (SFI) effect occurred 27% of the time. Experiment 2 introduced experimental controls and self-report data indicating that the SFI effect (30%) was generated by realizing values (e.g., truth, social solidarity) and pragmatic constraints to act cooperatively, rather than by a wide array of alternatives (e.g., normative pressure, reactance). Experiment 3 experimentally manipulated concern for truthfulness, yielding 49% nonagreeing answers, even though there were monetary incentives to give correct, agreeing answers. The overall pattern suggests that people are not so much conformists or independents as they are cooperative truth tellers under social and moral constraints. Results, while surprising for social influence theories, illustrate the dynamics of divergence and convergence that appear across studies in cultural anthropology and developmental psychology, as well as in social psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ariane Sroubek
- Ferkauf School of Graduate Psychology, Yeshiva University
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23
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Chen Y, Norton DJ, McBain R, Gold J, Frazier JA, Coyle JT. Enhanced local processing of dynamic visual information in autism: evidence from speed discrimination. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:733-9. [PMID: 22261399 PMCID: PMC4094132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An important issue for understanding visual perception in autism concerns whether individuals with this neurodevelopmental disorder possess an advantage in processing local visual information, and if so, what is the nature of this advantage. Perception of movement speed is a visual process that relies on computation of local spatiotemporal signals but requires the comparison of information from more than a single spatial location or temporal point. This study examined speed discrimination in adolescents (ages 13-18 years old) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Compared to healthy controls (n=17), individuals with ASD (n=19) showed similarly precise speed discrimination when two comparison motion stimuli (random dot patterns) were presented closely in time (0.5s). With a longer temporal interval (3s) between the motion stimuli, individuals with ASD outperformed healthy controls on speed discrimination. On a second task--global motion perception--in which individuals were asked to detect coherent motion, individuals with ASD exhibited slightly degraded performance levels. The observed temporally selective enhancement in speed discrimination indicates that a local processing advantage in autism develops over a longer temporal range and is not limited to the spatial domain. These results suggest a dynamic perceptual mechanism for understanding, and therapeutically addressing, atypical visual processing in this neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, United States.
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Chen Y, Cataldo A, Norton DJ, Ongur D. Distinct facial processing in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. Schizophr Res 2012; 134:95-100. [PMID: 21868199 PMCID: PMC3235263 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders have both similar and differing clinical features, it is not well understood whether similar or differing pathophysiological processes mediate patients' cognitive functions. Using psychophysical methods, this study compared the performances of schizophrenia (SZ) patients, patients with schizoaffective disorder (SA), and a healthy control group in two face-related cognitive tasks: emotion discrimination, which tested perception of facial affect, and identity discrimination, which tested perception of non-affective facial features. Compared to healthy controls, SZ patients, but not SA patients, exhibited deficient performance in both fear and happiness discrimination, as well as identity discrimination. SZ patients, but not SA patients, also showed impaired performance in a theory-of-mind task for which emotional expressions are identified based upon the eye regions of face images. This pattern of results suggests distinct processing of face information in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
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25
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McBain R, Norton DJ, Morris J, Yasamy MT, Betancourt TS. The role of health systems factors in facilitating access to psychotropic medicines: a cross-sectional analysis of the WHO-AIMS in 63 low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Med 2012; 9:e1001166. [PMID: 22303288 PMCID: PMC3269418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric conditions comprise 14% of the global burden of disease and 30% of all noncommunicable disease. Despite the existence of cost-effective interventions, including administration of psychotropic medicines, the number of persons who remain untreated is as high as 85% in low- and middle-income countries (LAMICs). While access to psychotropic medicines varies substantially across countries, no studies to date have empirically investigated potential health systems factors underlying this issue. METHODS AND FINDINGS This study uses a cross-sectional sample of 63 LAMICs and country regions to identify key health systems components associated with access to psychotropic medicines. Data from countries that completed the World Health Organization Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS) were included in multiple regression analyses to investigate the role of five major mental health systems domains in shaping medicine availability and affordability. These domains are: mental health legislation, human rights implementations, mental health care financing, human resources, and the role of advocacy groups. Availability of psychotropic medicines was associated with features of all five mental health systems domains. Most notably, within the domain of mental health legislation, a comprehensive national mental health plan was associated with 15% greater availability; and in terms of advocacy groups, the participation of family-based organizations in the development of mental health legislation was associated with 17% greater availability. Only three measures were related with affordability of medicines to consumers: level of human resources, percentage of countries' health budget dedicated to mental health, and availability of mental health care in prisons. Controlling for country development, as measured by the Human Development Index, health systems features were associated with medicine availability but not affordability. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that strengthening particular facets of mental health systems might improve availability of psychotropic medicines and that overall country development is associated with affordability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McBain
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Norton DJ, McBain RK, Ongür D, Chen Y. Perceptual training strongly improves visual motion perception in schizophrenia. Brain Cogn 2011; 77:248-56. [PMID: 21872380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients exhibit perceptual and cognitive deficits, including in visual motion processing. Given that cognitive systems depend upon perceptual inputs, improving patients' perceptual abilities may be an effective means of cognitive intervention. In healthy people, motion perception can be enhanced through perceptual learning, but it is unknown whether this perceptual plasticity remains in schizophrenia patients. The present study examined the degree to which patients' performance on visual motion discrimination can be improved, using a perceptual learning procedure. While both schizophrenia patients and healthy controls showed decreased direction discrimination thresholds (improved performance) with training, the magnitude of the improvement was greater in patients (47% improvement) than in controls (21% improvement). Both groups also improved moderately but non-significantly on an untrained task-speed discrimination. The large perceptual training effect in patients on the trained task suggests that perceptual plasticity is robust in schizophrenia and can be applied to develop bottom-up behavioral interventions.
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Abstract
The declaration of death by neurological criteria has become more commonly accepted and used within the medical community, especially within the past 10 years. There remains, however, a great deal of misunderstanding and lack of awareness among health care professionals as to the criteria used to determine brain death and the importance of adhering to brain death determination protocols. Youngner et al, in their 1989 survey, found more than one-third of surveyed physicians involved in the decision-making process for brain death were still unable to correctly identify and apply the whole brain criteria needed to determine brain death. To some degree, this unfamiliarity can perhaps be explained by the infrequency with which brain death occurs. Physicians and nurses are usually not involved in brain death pronouncements more than a few times each year. Because of this, hospitals need to develop and maintain brain death protocols which are in keeping with the most current scientific literature and accepted medical practice.
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Norton DJ, Sukraw J. Helping patients give the gift of life. RN 1990; 53:30-4. [PMID: 2267521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Norton DJ, Nathan HM, Hamilton BT, Cooney CA, Travitzky V, Harleman DL, McLaughlin NR, Kochik R. Current practices of determining brain death in potential organ donors. Transplant Proc 1990; 22:308-10. [PMID: 2326894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Norton
- Delaware Valley Transplant Program, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
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