1
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Rafidi H, Estevez A, Ferl GZ, Mandikian D, Stainton S, Sermeño L, Williams SP, Kamath AV, Koerber JT, Boswell CA. Imaging Reveals Importance of Shape and Flexibility for Glomerular Filtration of Biologics. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2008-2015. [PMID: 34315765 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in antibody engineering have enabled the construction of novel molecular formats in diverse shapes and sizes, providing new opportunities for cancer immunotherapeutic drug discovery while also revealing limitations in knowledge of structure-activity relationships. The current understanding of renal filtration originates largely from data reported for dextrans, IgG, albumin, and selected globular proteins. For a one-armed IgG-based T-cell imaging agent, we observed higher renal signal than typically observed for bivalent IgGs, prompting us to explore the factors governing renal filtration of biologics. We constructed a small representative library of IgG-like formats with varied shapes and hinge flexibilities falling broadly into two categories: branched molecules including bivalent IgG and (scFv)2Fc, and nonbranched molecules including one-armed IgG, one-armed IgG with stacked Fab, and one-armed IgG with a rigid IgA2 hinge. Transmission electron microscopy revealed Y-shaped structures for the branched molecules and pseudo-linear structures for the nonbranched molecules. Single-photon emission CT imaging, autoradiography, and tissue harvest studies demonstrated higher renal uptake and catabolism for nonbranched molecules relative to branched molecules. Among the nonbranched molecules, the one-armed IgG with rigid IgA2 hinge molecule demonstrated higher kidney uptake and decreased systemic exposure relative to molecules with a more flexible hinge. Our results show that differences in shape and hinge flexibility drive the increased glomerular filtration of one-armed relative to bivalent antibodies and highlight the practical advantages of using imaging to assess renal filtration properties. These findings are particularly relevant for T-cell-dependent bispecific molecules, many of which have nonstandard antibody structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanine Rafidi
- Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Alberto Estevez
- Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Gregory Z Ferl
- Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
- Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Danielle Mandikian
- Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Shannon Stainton
- Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Lauren Sermeño
- Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Simon P Williams
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Amrita V Kamath
- Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - James T Koerber
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
- Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- Departments of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
- Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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2
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Ramos MK, Mandikian D, Sermeño LN, King A, Dent AT, Ho J, Ulufatu S, Lombana TN, Spiess C, Go MAT, Yu SF, Kamath AV, Ferl GZ, Boswell CA. Valency of HER2 targeting antibodies influences tumor cell internalization and penetration. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1956-1965. [PMID: 34253591 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T cell Dependent Bispecific antibodies (TDBs) have been a major advancement in the the treatment of cancer that allow for improved targeting and efficacy for large molecule therapeutics. TDBs are comprised of one arm targeting a surface antigen on a cancer cell and another targeting an engaging surface antigen on a cytotoxic T cell. In order to impart this function, the antibody must be in a bispecific format as opposed to the more conventional bivalent format. Through in vitro and in vivo studies, we sought to determine the impact of changing antibody valency on solid tumor distribution and catabolism. A bivalent anti-HER2 antibody exhibited higher catabolism than its full-length monovalent binding counterpart in vivo by both invasive tissue harvesting and non-invasive SPECT-CT imaging despite similar systemic exposures for the two molecules. In order to determine what molecular factors drove in vivo distribution and uptake, we developed a mechanistic model for binding and catabolism of monovalent and bivalent HER2 antibodies in KPL4 cells. This model suggests that observed differences in cellular uptake of monovalent and bivalent antibodies are caused by the change in apparent affinity conferred by avidity as well as differences in internalization and degradation rates of receptor bound antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the first study to directly compare the targeting abilities of monovalent and bivalent full-length antibodies. These findings may inform diverse antibody therapeutic modalities including T cell redirecting therapies and drug delivery strategies relying upon receptor internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna King
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc
| | - Alecia T Dent
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gregory Z Ferl
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc
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3
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Lo AA, Johnston J, Li J, Mandikian D, Hristopoulos M, Clark R, Nickles D, Liang WC, Hötzel K, Dunlap D, Pham T, Cai H, Ovacik M, Bravo-Perez D, Mai E, Slaga D, Ellerman D, Ziai J, Totpal K, Lee G, Boswell CA, Payandeh J, Wu Y, Junttila TT. Anti-LYPD1/CD3 T-Cell-Dependent Bispecific Antibody for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:716-725. [PMID: 33536191 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a diverse class of tumors with very few effective treatment options and suboptimal response rates in early clinical studies using immunotherapies. Here we describe LY6/PLAUR domain containing 1 (LYPD1) as a novel target for therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of ovarian cancer. LYPD1 is broadly expressed in both primary and metastatic ovarian cancer with ∼70% prevalence in the serous cancer subset. Bispecific antibodies targeting CD3 on T cells and a tumor antigen on cancer cells have demonstrated significant clinical activity in hematologic cancers. We have developed an anti-LYPD1/CD3 T-cell-dependent bispecific antibody (TDB) to redirect T-cell responses to LYPD1 expressing ovarian cancer. Here we characterize the nonclinical pharmacology of anti-LYPD1/CD3 TDB and show induction of a robust polyclonal T-cell activation and target dependent killing of LYPD1 expressing ovarian cancer cells resulting in efficient in vivo antitumor responses in PBMC reconstituted immune-deficient mice and human CD3 transgenic mouse models. Anti-LYPD1/CD3 TDB is generally well tolerated at high-dose levels in mice, a pharmacologically relevant species, and showed no evidence of toxicity or damage to LYPD1 expressing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Lo
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Ji Li
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Robyn Clark
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Thinh Pham
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Hao Cai
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Elaine Mai
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - James Ziai
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Genee Lee
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Yan Wu
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
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4
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Dela Cruz Chuh J, Go M, Chen Y, Guo J, Rafidi H, Mandikian D, Sun Y, Lin Z, Schneider K, Zhang P, Vij R, Sharpnack D, Chan P, de la Cruz C, Sadowsky J, Seshasayee D, Koerber JT, Pillow TH, Phillips GD, Rowntree RK, Boswell CA, Kozak KR, Polson AG, Polakis P, Yu SF, Dragovich PS, Agard NJ. Preclinical optimization of Ly6E-targeted ADCs for increased durability and efficacy of anti-tumor response. MAbs 2021; 13:1862452. [PMID: 33382956 PMCID: PMC7784788 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1862452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early success with brentuximab vedotin in treating classical Hodgkin lymphoma spurred an influx of at least 20 monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) into clinical trials. While three MMAE-ADCs have been approved, most of these conjugates are no longer being investigated in clinical trials. Some auristatin conjugates show limited or no efficacy at tolerated doses, but even for drugs driving initial remissions, tumor regrowth and metastasis often rapidly occur. Here we describe the development of second-generation therapeutic ADCs targeting Lymphocyte antigen 6E (Ly6E) where the tubulin polymerization inhibitor MMAE (Compound 1) is replaced with DNA-damaging agents intended to drive increased durability of response. Comparison of a seco-cyclopropyl benzoindol-4-one (CBI)-dimer (compound 2) to MMAE showed increased potency, activity across more cell lines, and resistance to efflux by P-glycoprotein, a drug transporter commonly upregulated in tumors. Both anti-Ly6E-CBI and -MMAE conjugates drove single-dose efficacy in xenograft and patient-derived xenograft models, but seco-CBI-dimer conjugates showed reduced tumor outgrowth following multiple weeks of treatment, suggesting that they are less susceptible to developing resistance. In parallel, we explored approaches to optimize the targeting antibody. In contrast to immunization with recombinant Ly6E or Ly6E DNA, immunization with virus-like particles generated a high-affinity anti-Ly6E antibody. Conjugates to this antibody improve efficacy versus a previous clinical candidate both in vitro and in vivo with multiple cytotoxics. Conjugation of compound 2 to the second-generation antibody results in a substantially improved ADC with promising preclinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Dela Cruz Chuh
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - MaryAnn Go
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Chen
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanine Rafidi
- Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Mandikian
- Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yonglian Sun
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhonghua Lin
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kellen Schneider
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Zhang
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rajesh Vij
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Sharpnack
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Chan
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jack Sadowsky
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dhaya Seshasayee
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James T. Koerber
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - C. Andrew Boswell
- Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul Polakis
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Nazarova L, Rafidi H, Mandikian D, Ferl GZ, Koerber JT, Davies CW, Ulufatu S, Ho J, Lau J, Yu SF, Ernst J, Sadowsky JD, Boswell CA. Effect of Modulating FcRn Binding on Direct and Pretargeted Tumor Uptake of Full-length Antibodies. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1052-1058. [PMID: 32024685 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Full-length antibodies lack ideal pharmacokinetic properties for rapid targeted imaging, prompting the pursuit of smaller peptides and fragments. Nevertheless, studying the disposition properties of antibody-based imaging agents can provide critical insight into the pharmacology of their therapeutic counterparts, particularly for those coupled with potent payloads. Here, we evaluate modulation of binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) as a protein engineering-based pharmacologic strategy to minimize the overall blood pool background with directly labeled antibodies and undesirable systemic click reaction of radiolabeled tetrazine with circulating pretargeted trans-cyclooctene (TCO)-modified antibodies. Noninvasive SPECT imaging of mice bearing HER2-expressing xenografts was performed both directly (111In-labeled antibody) and indirectly (pretargeted TCO-modified antibody followed by 111In-labeled tetrazine). Pharmacokinetic modulation of antibodies was achieved by two distinct methods: Fc engineering to reduce binding affinity to FcRn, and delayed administration of an antibody that competes with binding to FcRn. Tumor imaging with directly labeled antibodies was feasible in the absence of FcRn binding, rapidly attaining high tumor-to-blood ratios, but accompanied by moderate liver and spleen uptake. Pretargeted imaging of tumors with non-FcRn-binding antibody was also feasible, but systemic click reaction still occurred, albeit at lower levels than with parental antibody. Our findings demonstrate that FcRn binding impairment of full-length IgG antibodies moderately lowers tumor accumulation of radioactivity, and shifts background activity from blood pool to liver and spleen. Furthermore, reduction of FcRn binding did not eliminate systemic click reaction, but yielded greater improvements in tumor-to-blood ratio when imaging with directly labeled antibodies than with pretargeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Nazarova
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California
| | - Hanine Rafidi
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California
| | - Danielle Mandikian
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California
| | - Gregory Z Ferl
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California.,Biomedical Imaging, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California
| | - James T Koerber
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California
| | - Christopher W Davies
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California
| | - Sheila Ulufatu
- In Vivo Studies, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jason Ho
- In Vivo Studies, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey Lau
- Translational Oncology, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Translational Oncology, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California
| | - James Ernst
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jack D Sadowsky
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California.
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6
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Famili A, Crowell SR, Loyet KM, Mandikian D, Boswell CA, Cain D, Chan J, Comps-Agrar L, Kamath A, Rajagopal K. Hyaluronic Acid-Antibody Fragment Bioconjugates for Extended Ocular Pharmacokinetics. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2782-2789. [PMID: 31553572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of ocular diseases associated with neovascularization currently requires frequent intravitreal injections of antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies. Reducing the required frequency of anti-VEGF injections and associated clinical visits may improve patient adherence to the prescribed treatment regimen and improve outcomes. Herein, we explore conjugation of rabbit and fragment antibodies (Fab) to the biopolymer hyaluronic acid (HA) as a half-life modifying strategy, and assess the impact on Fab biophysical properties and vitreal pharmacokinetics. HA-Fab conjugates of three distinct molecular weights and hydrodynamic radii (RH) were assessed for in vivo pharmacokinetic performance relative to unconjugated Fab after intravitreal injection in rabbits. Covalent conjugation to HA did not significantly alter the thermal stability or secondary or tertiary structure, or diminish the potency of the Fab, thereby preserving its pharmacological properties. Conjugation to HA did significantly slow the in vivo clearance of Fab from the rabbit vitreous in an RH-dependent manner. Compared to free Fab (observed vitreal half-life of 2.8 days), HA-Fab conjugates cleared with observed half-lives of 7.6, 10.2, and 18.3 days for 40 kDa, 200 kDa, and 600 kDa HA conjugates, respectively. This work elucidates a possible strategy for long-acting delivery of proteins intended for the treatment of chronic posterior ocular diseases.
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7
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Foote KM, Lyman KA, Han Y, Michailidis IE, Heuermann RJ, Mandikian D, Trimmer JS, Swanson GT, Chetkovich DM. Phosphorylation of the HCN channel auxiliary subunit TRIP8b is altered in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy and modulates channel function. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15743-15758. [PMID: 31492750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a prevalent neurological disorder with many patients experiencing poor seizure control with existing anti-epileptic drugs. Thus, novel insights into the mechanisms of epileptogenesis and identification of new drug targets can be transformative. Changes in ion channel function have been shown to play a role in generating the aberrant neuronal activity observed in TLE. Previous work demonstrates that hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels regulate neuronal excitability and are mislocalized within CA1 pyramidal cells in a rodent model of TLE. The subcellular distribution of HCN channels is regulated by an auxiliary subunit, tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b-interacting protein (TRIP8b), and disruption of this interaction correlates with channel mislocalization. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for HCN channel dysregulation in TLE are unclear. Here we investigated whether changes in TRIP8b phosphorylation are sufficient to alter HCN channel function. We identified a phosphorylation site at residue Ser237 of TRIP8b that enhances binding to HCN channels and influences channel gating by altering the affinity of TRIP8b for the HCN cytoplasmic domain. Using a phosphospecific antibody, we demonstrate that TRIP8b phosphorylated at Ser237 is enriched in CA1 distal dendrites and that phosphorylation is reduced in the kainic acid model of TLE. Overall, our findings indicate that the TRIP8b-HCN interaction can be modulated by changes in phosphorylation and suggest that loss of TRIP8b phosphorylation may affect HCN channel properties during epileptogenesis. These results highlight the potential of drugs targeting posttranslational modifications to restore TRIP8b phosphorylation to reduce excitability in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall M Foote
- Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611.,Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611.,Vanderbilt University Medical Center Department of Neurology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Kyle A Lyman
- Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611.,Vanderbilt University Medical Center Department of Neurology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305
| | - Ye Han
- Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611.,Vanderbilt University Medical Center Department of Neurology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Ioannis E Michailidis
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center Department of Neurology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Robert J Heuermann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Danielle Mandikian
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - James S Trimmer
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California 95616.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611.,Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Dane M Chetkovich
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center Department of Neurology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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8
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Lombana TN, Rajan S, Zorn JA, Mandikian D, Chen EC, Estevez A, Yip V, Bravo DD, Phung W, Farahi F, Viajar S, Lee S, Gill A, Sandoval W, Wang J, Ciferri C, Boswell CA, Matsumoto ML, Spiess C. Production, characterization, and in vivo half-life extension of polymeric IgA molecules in mice. MAbs 2019; 11:1122-1138. [PMID: 31122132 PMCID: PMC6748581 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1622940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA antibodies have broad potential as a novel therapeutic platform based on their superior receptor-mediated cytotoxic activity, potent neutralization of pathogens, and ability to transcytose across mucosal barriers via polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR)-mediated transport, compared to traditional IgG-based drugs. However, the transition of IgA into clinical development has been challenged by complex expression and characterization, as well as rapid serum clearance that is thought to be mediated by glycan receptor scavenging of recombinantly produced IgA monomer bearing incompletely sialylated N-linked glycans. Here, we present a comprehensive biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization of recombinantly produced monomeric, dimeric and polymeric human IgA. We further explore two strategies to overcome the rapid serum clearance of polymeric IgA: removal of all N-linked glycosylation sites creating an aglycosylated polymeric IgA and engineering in FcRn binding with the generation of a polymeric IgG-IgA Fc fusion. While previous reports and the results presented in this study indicate that glycan-mediated clearance plays a major role for monomeric IgA, systemic clearance of polymeric IgA in mice is predominantly controlled by mechanisms other than glycan receptor clearance, such as pIgR-mediated transcytosis. The developed IgA platform now provides the potential to specifically target pIgR expressing tissues, while maintaining low systemic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Noelle Lombana
- a Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Sharmila Rajan
- b Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Julie A Zorn
- c Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Danielle Mandikian
- b Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Eugene C Chen
- d Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Alberto Estevez
- c Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Victor Yip
- b Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Daniel D Bravo
- e Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Wilson Phung
- f Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Farzam Farahi
- a Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Sharon Viajar
- a Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Sophia Lee
- a Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Avinash Gill
- a Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- f Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jianyong Wang
- e Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Claudio Ciferri
- c Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- b Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Marissa L Matsumoto
- c Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Christoph Spiess
- a Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco , CA , USA
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9
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Rajan S, Lombaba NT, Mandikian D, Boswell A, Yip V, Bravo-Perez D, Chen E, Wang J, Phung W, Lee S, Farahi F, Estevez A, Gill A, Sandoval W, Viajar S, Ciferri C, Matsumoto M, Spiess C. Optimizing the pharmacokinetic properties of polymeric IgA in mice. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.131.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IgA antibodies have broad potential as a novel therapeutic platform based on their superior receptor-mediated cytotoxic activity, potent neutralization of pathogens, and ability to transcytose across mucosal barriers via polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR)-mediated transport, compared to traditional IgG-based drugs. However, the transition of IgA into clinical development has been challenged by complex expression and characterization, as well as rapid serum clearance. Here, we present the biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization of recombinantly produced monomeric, dimeric and polymeric human IgA. We further explore two strategies to overcome the rapid serum clearance of polymeric IgA, which may enable the IgA platform the potential to specifically target pIgR expressing tissues, while maintaining low systemic exposure. This strategy may thus allow for targeting antigens previously untenable with conventional IgG1, while allowing for lower drug exposure in non-targeted regions.
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10
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Mandikian D, Figueroa I, Oldendorp A, Rafidi H, Ulufatu S, Schweiger MG, Couch JA, Dybdal N, Joseph SB, Prabhu S, Ferl GZ, Boswell CA. Tissue Physiology of Cynomolgus Monkeys: Cross-Species Comparison and Implications for Translational Pharmacology. AAPS J 2018; 20:107. [PMID: 30298434 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously performed a comparative assessment of tissue-level vascular physiological parameters in mice and rats, two of the most commonly utilized species in translational drug development. The present work extends this effort to non-human primates by measuring tissue- and organ-level vascular volumes (Vv), interstitial volumes (Vi), and blood flow rates (Q) in cynomolgus monkeys. These measurements were accomplished by red blood cell labeling, extracellular marker infusion, and rubidium chloride bolus distribution, respectively, the same methods used in previous rodent measurements. In addition, whole-body blood volumes (BV) were determined across species. The results demonstrate that Vv, Vi, and Q, measured using our methods scale approximately by body weight across mouse, rat, and monkey in the tissues considered here, where allometric analysis allowed extrapolation to human parameters. Significant differences were observed between the values determined in this study and those reported in the literature, including Vv in muscle, brain, and skin and Q in muscle, adipose, heart, thymus, and spleen. The impact of these differences for selected tissues was evaluated via sensitivity analysis using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. The blood-brain barrier in monkeys was shown to be more impervious to an infused radioactive tracer, indium-111-pentetate, than in mice or rats. The body weight-normalized total BV measured in monkey agreed well with previously measured value in rats but was lower than that in mice. These findings have important implications for the common practice of scaling physiological parameters from rodents to primates in translational pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Mandikian
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Isabel Figueroa
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Amy Oldendorp
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Hanine Rafidi
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Sheila Ulufatu
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Michelle G Schweiger
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jessica A Couch
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Noel Dybdal
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Sean B Joseph
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Saileta Prabhu
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Gregory Z Ferl
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA. .,Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way MS 463a, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA. .,Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way MS 463a, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
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11
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Mandikian D, Rafidi H, Adhikari P, Venkatraman P, Nazarova L, Fung G, Figueroa I, Ferl GZ, Ulufatu S, Ho J, McCaughey C, Lau J, Yu SF, Prabhu S, Sadowsky J, Boswell CA. Site-specific conjugation allows modulation of click reaction stoichiometry for pretargeted SPECT imaging. MAbs 2018; 10:1269-1280. [PMID: 30199303 PMCID: PMC6284555 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1521132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody pretargeting is a promising strategy for improving molecular imaging, wherein the separation in time of antibody targeting and radiolabeling can lead to rapid attainment of high contrast, potentially increased sensitivity, and reduced patient radiation exposure. The inverse electron demand Diels-Alder ‘click’ reaction between trans-cyclooctene (TCO) conjugated antibodies and radiolabeled tetrazines presents an ideal platform for pretargeted imaging due to rapid reaction kinetics, bioorthogonality, and potential for optimization of both slow and fast clearing components. Herein, we evaluated a series of anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) pretargeting antibodies containing distinct molar ratios of site-specifically incorporated TCO. The effect of stoichiometry on tissue distribution was assessed for pretargeting TCO-modified antibodies (monitored by 125I) and subsequent accumulation of an 111In-labeled tetrazine in a therapeutically relevant HER2+tumor-bearing mouse model. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging was also employed to assess tumor imaging at various TCO-to-monoclonal antibody (mAb) ratios. Increasing TCO-to-mAb molar ratios correlated with increased in vivo click reaction efficiency evident by increased tumor distribution and systemic exposure of 111In-labeled tetrazines. The pharmacokinetics of TCO-modified antibodies did not vary with stoichiometry. Pretargeted SPECT imaging of HER2-expressing tumors using 111In-labeled tetrazine demonstrated robust click reaction with circulating antibody at ~2 hours and good tumor delineation for both the 2 and 6 TCO-to-mAb ratio variants at 24 hours, consistent with a limited cell-surface pool of pretargeted antibody and benefit from further distribution and internalization. To our knowledge, this represents the first reported systematic analysis of how pretargeted imaging is affected solely by variation in click reaction stoichiometry through site-specific conjugation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Mandikian
- a Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Hanine Rafidi
- a Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Pragya Adhikari
- b Protein Chemistry , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Priya Venkatraman
- a Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Lidia Nazarova
- a Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Gabriel Fung
- a Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Isabel Figueroa
- a Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Gregory Z Ferl
- a Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Sheila Ulufatu
- c In Vivo Studies , Genentech Research and Early Development , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jason Ho
- c In Vivo Studies , Genentech Research and Early Development , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Cynthia McCaughey
- c In Vivo Studies , Genentech Research and Early Development , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jeffrey Lau
- d Translational Oncology , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- d Translational Oncology , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Saileta Prabhu
- a Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jack Sadowsky
- b Protein Chemistry , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- a Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
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12
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Bishop HI, Cobb MM, Kirmiz M, Parajuli LK, Mandikian D, Philp AM, Melnik M, Kuja-Panula J, Rauvala H, Shigemoto R, Murray KD, Trimmer JS. Kv2 Ion Channels Determine the Expression and Localization of the Associated AMIGO-1 Cell Adhesion Molecule in Adult Brain Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:1. [PMID: 29403353 PMCID: PMC5780429 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels play important roles in regulating neuronal excitability. Kv channels comprise four principal α subunits, and transmembrane and/or cytoplasmic auxiliary subunits that modify diverse aspects of channel function. AMIGO-1, which mediates homophilic cell adhesion underlying neurite outgrowth and fasciculation during development, has recently been shown to be an auxiliary subunit of adult brain Kv2.1-containing Kv channels. We show that AMIGO-1 is extensively colocalized with both Kv2.1 and its paralog Kv2.2 in brain neurons across diverse mammals, and that in adult brain, there is no apparent population of AMIGO-1 outside of that colocalized with these Kv2 α subunits. AMIGO-1 is coclustered with Kv2 α subunits at specific plasma membrane (PM) sites associated with hypolemmal subsurface cisternae at neuronal ER:PM junctions. This distinct PM clustering of AMIGO-1 is not observed in brain neurons of mice lacking Kv2 α subunit expression. Moreover, in heterologous cells, coexpression of either Kv2.1 or Kv2.2 is sufficient to drive clustering of the otherwise uniformly expressed AMIGO-1. Kv2 α subunit coexpression also increases biosynthetic intracellular trafficking and PM expression of AMIGO-1 in heterologous cells, and analyses of Kv2.1 and Kv2.2 knockout mice show selective loss of AMIGO-1 expression and localization in neurons lacking the respective Kv2 α subunit. Together, these data suggest that in mammalian brain neurons, AMIGO-1 is exclusively associated with Kv2 α subunits, and that Kv2 α subunits are obligatory in determining the correct pattern of AMIGO-1 expression, PM trafficking and clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah I Bishop
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Melanie M Cobb
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Michael Kirmiz
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Laxmi K Parajuli
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Division of Cerebral Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Danielle Mandikian
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ashleigh M Philp
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mikhail Melnik
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Heikki Rauvala
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ryuichi Shigemoto
- Division of Cerebral Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Karl D Murray
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - James S Trimmer
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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13
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Mandikian D, Takahashi N, Lo AA, Li J, Eastham-Anderson J, Slaga D, Ho J, Hristopoulos M, Clark R, Totpal K, Lin K, Joseph SB, Dennis MS, Prabhu S, Junttila TT, Boswell CA. Relative Target Affinities of T-Cell-Dependent Bispecific Antibodies Determine Biodistribution in a Solid Tumor Mouse Model. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:776-785. [PMID: 29339550 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-HER2/CD3, a T-cell-dependent bispecific antibody (TDB) construct, induces T-cell-mediated cell death in cancer cells expressing HER2 by cross-linking tumor HER2 with CD3 on cytotoxic T cells, thereby creating a functional cytolytic synapse. TDB design is a very challenging process that requires consideration of multiple parameters. Although therapeutic antibody design strategy is commonly driven by striving for the highest attainable antigen-binding affinity, little is known about how the affinity of each TDB arm can affect the targeting ability of the other arm and the consequent distribution and efficacy. To our knowledge, no distribution studies have been published using preclinical models wherein the T-cell-targeting arm of the TDB is actively bound to T cells. We used a combined approach involving radiochemistry, invasive biodistribution, and noninvasive single-photon emission tomographic (SPECT) imaging to measure TDB distribution and catabolism in transgenic mice with human CD3ε expression on T cells. Using CD3 affinity variants, we assessed the impact of CD3 affinity on short-term pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and cellular uptake. Our experimental approach determined the relative effects of (i) CD3 targeting to normal tissues, (ii) HER2 targeting to HER2-expressing tumors, and (iii) relative HER2/CD3 affinity, all as critical drivers for TDB distribution. We observed a strong correlation between CD3 affinity and distribution to T-cell-rich tissues, with higher CD3 affinity reducing systemic exposure and shifting TDB distribution away from tumor to T-cell-containing tissues. These observations have important implications for clinical translation of bispecific antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(4); 776-85. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy A Lo
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ji Li
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Jason Ho
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Robyn Clark
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Klara Totpal
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Kedan Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, NGM Biopharmaceuticals Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Sean B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology, Calibr, La Jolla, California
| | - Mark S Dennis
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California
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14
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Rajan S, Mandikian D, Baruch A, Gelzleichter TR, Stevens D, Sonoda J, Cowan K, Boswell CA, Stefanich E. Preclinical pharmacokinetic characterization of an adipose tissue-targeting monoclonal antibody in obese and non-obese animals. MAbs 2017; 9:1379-1388. [PMID: 28895785 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1373923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Target receptor levels can influence pharmacokinetics (PK) or pharmacodynamics (PD) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and can affect drug development of this class of molecules. We generated an effector-less humanized bispecific antibody that selectively activates fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)1 and βKlotho receptor, a FGF21 receptor complex highly expressed in both white and brown adipocytes. The molecule shows cross-species binding with comparable equilibrium binding affinity (Kd) for human, cynomolgus monkey, and mouse FGFR1/βKlotho. To understand the PK/PD relationship in non-obese and obese animals, we evaluated the adipose tissue distribution of the antibody, serum exposures, and an associated PD marker (high-molecular-weight adiponectin), in both non-obese and obese mice and monkeys. Antibody uptake into fat tissue was found to be higher on a per gram basis in non-obese animals compared to obese animals. Since obesity has been reported to be associated with reduced expression of FGFR1 and βKlotho receptor in white adipose tissues in mice, our results suggest that the distribution in adipose tissues was influenced by target expression levels. Even so, the overall dose-normalized serum exposures were comparable between non-obese and obese mice and monkeys, suggesting that adipose tissue uptake plays a limited role in overall systemic PK determination. It remains to be determined if and how obesity and receptor expression in humans influence the PK and PD profile of this novel therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Rajan
- a Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Danielle Mandikian
- a Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Amos Baruch
- b Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Development , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | | | - Dale Stevens
- c Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Junichiro Sonoda
- d Molecular Biology , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Kyra Cowan
- e Bioanalytical Sciences , Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- a Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Eric Stefanich
- a Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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15
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Mandikian D, Bocksteins E, Parajuli LK, Bishop HI, Cerda O, Shigemoto R, Trimmer JS. Cell type-specific spatial and functional coupling between mammalian brain Kv2.1 K+ channels and ryanodine receptors. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3555-74. [PMID: 24962901 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Kv2.1 voltage-gated K+ channel is widely expressed throughout mammalian brain, where it contributes to dynamic activity-dependent regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability. Here we show that somatic plasma membrane Kv2.1 clusters are juxtaposed to clusters of intracellular ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ -release channels in mouse brain neurons, most prominently in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum. Electron microscopy-immunogold labeling shows that in MSNs, plasma membrane Kv2.1 clusters are adjacent to subsurface cisternae, placing Kv2.1 in close proximity to sites of RyR-mediated Ca2+ release. Immunofluorescence labeling in transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein in specific MSN populations reveals the most prominent juxtaposed Kv2.1:RyR clusters in indirect pathway MSNs. Kv2.1 in both direct and indirect pathway MSNs exhibits markedly lower levels of labeling with phosphospecific antibodies directed against the S453, S563, and S603 phosphorylation site compared with levels observed in neocortical neurons, although labeling for Kv2.1 phosphorylation at S563 was significantly lower in indirect pathway MSNs compared with those in the direct pathway. Finally, acute stimulation of RyRs in heterologous cells causes a rapid hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of activation of Kv2.1, typical of Ca2+ /calcineurin-dependent Kv2.1 dephosphorylation. Together, these studies reveal that striatal MSNs are distinct in their expression of clustered Kv2.1 at plasma membrane sites juxtaposed to intracellular RyRs, as well as in Kv2.1 phosphorylation state. Differences in Kv2.1 expression and phosphorylation between MSNs in direct and indirect pathways provide a cell- and circuit-specific mechanism for coupling intracellular Ca2+ release to phosphorylation-dependent regulation of Kv2.1 to dynamically impact intrinsic excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Mandikian
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616
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16
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Speca DJ, Ogata G, Mandikian D, Bishop HI, Wiler SW, Eum K, Wenzel HJ, Doisy ET, Matt L, Campi KL, Golub MS, Nerbonne JM, Hell JW, Trainor BC, Sack JT, Schwartzkroin PA, Trimmer JS. Deletion of the Kv2.1 delayed rectifier potassium channel leads to neuronal and behavioral hyperexcitability. Genes Brain Behav 2014; 13:394-408. [PMID: 24494598 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Kv2.1 delayed rectifier potassium channel exhibits high-level expression in both principal and inhibitory neurons throughout the central nervous system, including prominent expression in hippocampal neurons. Studies of in vitro preparations suggest that Kv2.1 is a key yet conditional regulator of intrinsic neuronal excitability, mediated by changes in Kv2.1 expression, localization and function via activity-dependent regulation of Kv2.1 phosphorylation. Here we identify neurological and behavioral deficits in mutant (Kv2.1(-/-) ) mice lacking this channel. Kv2.1(-/-) mice have grossly normal characteristics. No impairment in vision or motor coordination was apparent, although Kv2.1(-/-) mice exhibit reduced body weight. The anatomic structure and expression of related Kv channels in the brains of Kv2.1(-/-) mice appear unchanged. Delayed rectifier potassium current is diminished in hippocampal neurons cultured from Kv2.1(-/-) animals. Field recordings from hippocampal slices of Kv2.1(-/-) mice reveal hyperexcitability in response to the convulsant bicuculline, and epileptiform activity in response to stimulation. In Kv2.1(-/-) mice, long-term potentiation at the Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse is decreased. Kv2.1(-/-) mice are strikingly hyperactive, and exhibit defects in spatial learning, failing to improve performance in a Morris Water Maze task. Kv2.1(-/-) mice are hypersensitive to the effects of the convulsants flurothyl and pilocarpine, consistent with a role for Kv2.1 as a conditional suppressor of neuronal activity. Although not prone to spontaneous seizures, Kv2.1(-/-) mice exhibit accelerated seizure progression. Together, these findings suggest homeostatic suppression of elevated neuronal activity by Kv2.1 plays a central role in regulating neuronal network function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Speca
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Mandikian
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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