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Goel V, Kaizer AM, Jain S, Darrow D, Shankar H. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring and spinal cord stimulator implantation. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024; 49:192-199. [PMID: 37407277 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2023-104325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most dreaded complications after spinal cord stimulation (SCS) implantation surgery. As a result, intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) has been proposed to avoid accidental damage to nervous structures under anesthesia and confirm positioning for optimal stimulation. Our study uses a large administrative claims database to determine the 30-day risk of SCI after SCS implantation. METHODS This retrospective cohort study used the IBM MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental Databases from 2016 to 2019. Adult patients undergoing SCS surgical procedures with at least 90 days of follow-up, IONM use, the type of sedation used during the procedure, and subsequent SCI were identified using administrative codes. In addition, logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between various risk factors and subsequent SCI. RESULTS A total of 9676 patients underwent SCS surgery (64.7% percutaneous implants) during the study period. Nine hundred and forty-four (9.75%) patients underwent SCS implantation with IONM. Conscious sedation, Monitored Anesthesia Care anesthesia, and general anesthesia were used in patients with 0.9%, 60.2%, and 28.6%, respectively. Eighty-one (0.8%) patients developed SCI within 30 days after SCS implant surgery. The SCI rate was higher in the group that underwent IONM (2% vs 0.7%, p value <0.001) during the implantation procedure, reflecting the underlying risk. After adjustment for other factors, the OR of SCI is 2.39 (95% CI: 1.33 to 4.14, p value=0.002) times higher for those with IONM than those without IONM. CONCLUSIONS Increased SCI risk among patients with IONM likely reflects higher baseline risk, and further research is needed for risk mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Goel
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexander M Kaizer
- Department of Biostatistics and Infomatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sejal Jain
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - David Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hariharan Shankar
- Anesthesiology, Clement Zablocki VA Medical Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Malik RN, Samejima S, Shackleton C, Miller T, Pedrocchi ALG, Rabchevsky AG, Moritz CT, Darrow D, Field-Fote EC, Guanziroli E, Ambrosini E, Molteni F, Gad P, Mushahwar VK, Sachdeva R, Krassioukov AV. REPORT-SCS: minimum reporting standards for spinal cord stimulation studies in spinal cord injury. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:016019. [PMID: 38271712 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Electrical spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has emerged as a promising therapy for recovery of motor and autonomic dysfunctions following spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite the rise in studies using SCS for SCI complications, there are no standard guidelines for reporting SCS parameters in research publications, making it challenging to compare, interpret or reproduce reported effects across experimental studies.Approach.To develop guidelines for minimum reporting standards for SCS parameters in pre-clinical and clinical SCI research, we gathered an international panel of expert clinicians and scientists. Using a Delphi approach, we developed guideline items and surveyed the panel on their level of agreement for each item.Main results.There was strong agreement on 26 of the 29 items identified for establishing minimum reporting standards for SCS studies. The guidelines encompass three major SCS categories: hardware, configuration and current parameters, and the intervention.Significance.Standardized reporting of stimulation parameters will ensure that SCS studies can be easily analyzed, replicated, and interpreted by the scientific community, thereby expanding the SCS knowledge base and fostering transparency in reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raza N Malik
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Soshi Samejima
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Claire Shackleton
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tiev Miller
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alessandra Laura Giulia Pedrocchi
- Nearlab, Department di Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, and We-Cobot Laboratory, Polo Territoriale di Lecco, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander G Rabchevsky
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Chet T Moritz
- Departments of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rehabilitation Medicine, and Physiology & Biophysics, and the Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - David Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Edelle C Field-Fote
- Shepherd Center, Crawford Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Program in Applied Physiology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eleonora Guanziroli
- Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Valduce Hospital, Costa Masnaga, Lecco, Italy
| | - Emilia Ambrosini
- Nearlab, Department di Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, and We-Cobot Laboratory, Polo Territoriale di Lecco, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Molteni
- Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Valduce Hospital, Costa Masnaga, Lecco, Italy
| | - Parag Gad
- SpineX Inc., Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Vivian K Mushahwar
- Department of Medicine and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rahul Sachdeva
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrei V Krassioukov
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Spinal Cord Research Program, G.F. Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Sanger ZT, Henry TR, Park MC, Darrow D, McGovern RA, Netoff TI. Neural signal data collection and analysis of Percept™ PC BrainSense recordings for thalamic stimulation in epilepsy. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:012001. [PMID: 38211344 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad1dc3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) using Medtronic's Percept™ PC implantable pulse generator is FDA-approved for treating Parkinson's disease (PD), essential tremor, dystonia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and epilepsy. Percept™ PC enables simultaneous recording of neural signals from the same lead used for stimulation. Many Percept™ PC sensing features were built with PD patients in mind, but these features are potentially useful to refine therapies for many different disease processes. When starting our ongoing epilepsy research study, we found it difficult to find detailed descriptions about these features and have compiled information from multiple sources to understand it as a tool, particularly for use in patients other than those with PD. Here we provide a tutorial for scientists and physicians interested in using Percept™ PC's features and provide examples of how neural time series data is often represented and saved. We address characteristics of the recorded signals and discuss Percept™ PC hardware and software capabilities in data pre-processing, signal filtering, and DBS lead performance. We explain the power spectrum of the data and how it is shaped by the filter response of Percept™ PC as well as the aliasing of the stimulation due to digitally sampling the data. We present Percept™ PC's ability to extract biomarkers that may be used to optimize stimulation therapy. We show how differences in lead type affects noise characteristics of the implanted leads from seven epilepsy patients enrolled in our clinical trial. Percept™ PC has sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, sampling capabilities, and stimulus artifact rejection for neural activity recording. Limitations in sampling rate, potential artifacts during stimulation, and shortening of battery life when monitoring neural activity at home were observed. Despite these limitations, Percept™ PC demonstrates potential as a useful tool for recording neural activity in order to optimize stimulation therapies to personalize treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Sanger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Thomas R Henry
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Michael C Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - David Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Robert A McGovern
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Theoden I Netoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
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Zapata Amaya V, Aman JE, Johnson LA, Wang J, Patriat R, Hill ME, MacKinnon CD, Cooper SE, Darrow D, McGovern R, Harel N, Molnar GF, Park MC, Vitek JL, Escobar Sanabria D. Low-frequency deep brain stimulation reveals resonant beta-band evoked oscillations in the pallidum of Parkinson's Disease patients. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1178527. [PMID: 37810764 PMCID: PMC10556241 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1178527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Evidence suggests that spontaneous beta band (11-35 Hz) oscillations in the basal ganglia thalamocortical (BGTC) circuit are linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology. Previous studies on neural responses in the motor cortex evoked by electrical stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus have suggested that circuit resonance may underlie the generation of spontaneous and stimulation-evoked beta oscillations in PD. Whether these stimulation-evoked, resonant oscillations are present across PD patients in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), a primary output nucleus in the BGTC circuit, is yet to be determined. Methods We characterized spontaneous and stimulation-evoked local field potentials (LFPs) in the GPi of four PD patients (five hemispheres) using deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads externalized after DBS implantation surgery. Results Our analyses show that low-frequency (2-4 Hz) stimulation in the GPi evoked long-latency (>50 ms) beta-band neural responses in the GPi in 4/5 hemispheres. We demonstrated that neural sources generating both stimulation-evoked and spontaneous beta oscillations were correlated in their frequency content and spatial localization. Discussion Our results support the hypothesis that the same neuronal population and resonance phenomenon in the BGTC circuit generates both spontaneous and evoked pallidal beta oscillations. These data also support the development of closed-loop control systems that modulate the GPi spontaneous oscillations across PD patients using beta band stimulation-evoked responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua E Aman
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Luke A Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Remi Patriat
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Meghan E Hill
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Colum D MacKinnon
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Scott E Cooper
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - David Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Robert McGovern
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Noam Harel
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Gregory F Molnar
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Michael C Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jerrold L Vitek
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Law M, Sachdeva R, Darrow D, Krassioukov A. Cardiovascular Effects of Spinal Cord Stimulation: The Highs, the Lows, and the Don't Knows. Neuromodulation 2023:S1094-7159(23)00714-6. [PMID: 37665302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There are many potential etiologies of impaired cardiovascular control, from chronic stress to neurodegenerative conditions or central nervous system lesions. Since 1959, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been reported to modulate blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and HR variability (HRV), yet the specific stimulation sites and parameters to induce a targeted cardiovascular (CV) change for mitigating abnormal hemodynamics remain unclear. To investigate the ability and parameters of SCS to modulate the CV, we reviewed clinical studies using SCS with reported HR, BP, or HRV findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS A keyword-based electronic search was conducted through MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed data bases, last searched on February 3, 2023. Inclusion criteria were studies with human participants receiving SCS with comparison with SCS turned off, with reporting of either HR, HRV, or BP findings. Non-English studies, conference abstracts, and studies not reporting standalone effects of SCS when comparing SCS with non-SCS interventions were excluded. Results were plotted for visual analysis. When available, participant-specific stimulation parameters and effects were extracted and quantitatively analyzed using ordinary least squares regression. RESULTS A total of 59 studies were included in this review; 51 studies delivered SCS invasively through implanted/percutaneous leads. Eight studies used noninvasive, transcutaneous electrodes. We found numerous reports of cervical, high thoracic, and mid-to-low thoracolumbar SCS increasing resting BP, and cervical/mid-to-low thoracolumbar SCS decreasing BP. The effect of SCS location on HR and HRV was equivocal. We were unable to analyze stimulation parameters owing to inadequate parameter reporting in many publications. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest CV neuromodulation, particularly BP modulation, with SCS to be a promising frontier. Further research with larger randomized controlled trials and detailed reporting of SCS parameters will be necessary for appropriate evaluation of SCS as a CV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Law
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rahul Sachdeva
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - David Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Division of Neurosurgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrei Krassioukov
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; G.F. Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Shackleton C, Samejima S, Miller T, Sachdeva R, Parr A, Samadani U, Netoff T, Hocaloski S, Elliott S, Walter M, Darrow D, Krassioukov A. Effect of epidural spinal cord stimulation on female sexual function after spinal cord injury. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1155796. [PMID: 37179555 PMCID: PMC10167769 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1155796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual dysfunction is a common consequence for women with spinal cord injury (SCI); however, current treatments are ineffective, especially in the under-prioritized population of women with SCI. This case-series, a secondary analysis of the Epidural Stimulation After Neurologic Damage (E-STAND) clinical trial aimed to investigate the effect of epidural spinal cord stimulation (ESCS) on sexual function and distress in women with SCI. Three females, with chronic, thoracic, sensorimotor complete SCI received daily (24 h/day) tonic ESCS for 13 months. Questionnaires, including the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS) were collected monthly. There was a 3.2-point (13.2%) mean increase in total FSFI from baseline (24.5 ± 4.1) to post-intervention (27.8 ± 6.6), with a 4.8-50% improvement in the sub-domains of desire, arousal, orgasm and satisfaction. Sexual distress was reduced by 55%, with a mean decrease of 12 points (55.4%) from baseline (21.7 ± 17.2) to post-intervention (9.7 ± 10.8). There was a clinically meaningful change of 14 points in the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury total sensory score from baseline (102 ± 10.5) to post-intervention (116 ± 17.4), without aggravating dyspareunia. ESCS is a promising treatment for sexual dysfunction and distress in women with severe SCI. Developing therapeutic interventions for sexual function is one of the most meaningful recovery targets for people with SCI. Additional large-scale investigations are needed to understand the long-term safety and feasibility of ESCS as a viable therapy for sexual dysfunction. Clinical Trial Registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03026816, NCT03026816.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Shackleton
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Soshi Samejima
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tiev Miller
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rahul Sachdeva
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ann Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Uzma Samadani
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Theoden Netoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Shea Hocaloski
- GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stacy Elliott
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthias Walter
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Andrei Krassioukov
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Mendelson MJ, Azabou M, Jacob S, Grissom N, Darrow D, Ebitz B, Herman A, Dyer EL. Learning signatures of decision making from many individuals playing the same game. Int IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng 2023; 2023:10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123846. [PMID: 37808228 PMCID: PMC10559224 DOI: 10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Human behavior is incredibly complex and the factors that drive decision making-from instinct, to strategy, to biases between individuals-often vary over multiple timescales. In this paper, we design a predictive framework that learns representations to encode an individual's 'behavioral style', i.e. long-term behavioral trends, while simultaneously predicting future actions and choices. The model explicitly separates representations into three latent spaces: the recent past space, the short-term space, and the long-term space where we hope to capture individual differences. To simultaneously extract both global and local variables from complex human behavior, our method combines a multi-scale temporal convolutional network with latent prediction tasks, where we encourage embeddings across the entire sequence, as well as subsets of the sequence, to be mapped to similar points in the latent space. We develop and apply our method to a large-scale behavioral dataset from 1,000 humans playing a 3-armed bandit task, and analyze what our model's resulting embeddings reveal about the human decision making process. In addition to predicting future choices, we show that our model can learn rich representations of human behavior over multiple timescales and provide signatures of differences in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Azabou
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suma Jacob
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Herman
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eva L Dyer
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Dharnipragada R, Mulford K, Woolums M, Nixdorf DR, Haines S, Grande A, Darrow D. Impact of Percutaneous Radiofrequency Rhizotomy Temperature on Trigeminal Neuralgia Relief. World Neurosurg 2023:S1878-8750(23)00392-3. [PMID: 36940809 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Dharnipragada
- University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota Twin-Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kellen Mulford
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Madelyn Woolums
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Donald R Nixdorf
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen Haines
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew Grande
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Mendelson MJ, Azabou M, Jacob S, Grissom N, Darrow D, Ebitz B, Herman A, Dyer EL. Learning signatures of decision making from many individuals playing the same game. ArXiv 2023:arXiv:2302.11023v1. [PMID: 36866229 PMCID: PMC9980186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Human behavior is incredibly complex and the factors that drive decision making--from instinct, to strategy, to biases between individuals--often vary over multiple timescales. In this paper, we design a predictive framework that learns representations to encode an individual's 'behavioral style', i.e. long-term behavioral trends, while simultaneously predicting future actions and choices. The model explicitly separates representations into three latent spaces: the recent past space, the short-term space, and the long-term space where we hope to capture individual differences. To simultaneously extract both global and local variables from complex human behavior, our method combines a multi-scale temporal convolutional network with latent prediction tasks, where we encourage embeddings across the entire sequence, as well as subsets of the sequence, to be mapped to similar points in the latent space. We develop and apply our method to a large-scale behavioral dataset from 1,000 humans playing a 3-armed bandit task, and analyze what our model's resulting embeddings reveal about the human decision making process. In addition to predicting future choices, we show that our model can learn rich representations of human behavior over multiple timescales and provide signatures of differences in individuals.
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10
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Sahoo A, He H, Darrow D, Chen CC, Ebbini ES. Image-Guided Measurement of Radiation Force Induced by Focused Ultrasound Beams. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2023; 70:138-146. [PMID: 36350863 PMCID: PMC10079628 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2022.3221049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The radiation force balance (RFB) is a widely used method for measuring acoustic power output of ultrasonic transducers. The reflecting cone target is attractive due to its simplicity and long-term stability, at a reasonable cost. However, accurate measurements using this method depend on the alignment between the ultrasound beam and cone axes, especially for highly focused beams utilized in therapeutic applications. With the advent of dual-mode ultrasound arrays (DMUAs) for imaging and therapy, image-guided measurements of acoustic output using the RFB method can be used to improve measurement accuracy. In this article, we describe an image-guided RFB measurement of focused DMUA beams using a widely used commercial instrument. DMUA imaging is used to optimize the alignment between the acoustic beam and reflecting cone axes. In addition to image-guided alignment, DMUA echo data is used to track the displacement of the cone, which provides an auxiliary measurement of acoustic power. Experimental results using a DMUA prototype with [Formula: see text] shows that 1-2 mm of misalignment can result in 5%-14% error in the measured acoustic power. In addition to the use of B-mode image guidance for improving measurement accuracy, we present preliminary results demonstrating the benefit of displacement tracking using real-time DMUA imaging during the application of (sub)therapeutic focused beams. Displacement tracking provides a direct measurement of the radiation force with high sensitivity and follows the expected dependence on changes in amplitude and duty cycle (DC) of the focused ultrasound (FUS) beam. This could lead to simpler, more reliable methods for measuring acoustic power based on the radiation force principle. Combined with appropriate computational modeling, the direct measurement of acoustic radiation force could lead to reliable dosimetry in situ in emerging applications such as transcranial FUS (tFUS) therapies.
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Mansour NM, Peña Pino I, Freeman D, Carrabre K, Venkatesh S, Darrow D, Samadani U, Parr AM. Advances in Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation to Restore Function after Spinal Cord Injury: History and Systematic Review. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:1015-1029. [PMID: 35403432 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidural spinal cord stimulation (eSCS) has been recently recognized as a potential therapy for chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). eSCS has been shown to uncover residual pathways within the damaged spinal cord. The purpose of this review is to summarize the key findings to date regarding the use of eSCS in SCI. Searches were carried out using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science database and reference lists of the included articles. A combination of medical subject heading terms and keywords was used to find studies investigating the use of eSCS in SCI patients to facilitate volitional movement and to restore autonomic function. The risk of bias was assessed using Risk Of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions tool for nonrandomized studies. We were able to include 40 articles that met our eligibility criteria. The studies included a total of 184 patient experiences with incomplete or complete SCI. The majority of the studies used the Medtronic 16 paddle lead. Around half of the studies reported lead placement between T11- L1. We included studies that assessed motor (n = 28), autonomic (n = 13), and other outcomes (n = 10). The majority of the studies reported improvement in outcomes assessed. The wide range of included outcomes demonstrates the effectiveness of eSCS in treating a diverse SCI population. However, the current studies cannot definitively conclude which patients benefit the most from this intervention. Further study in this area is needed to allow improvement of the eSCS technology and allow it to be more widely available for chronic SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M Mansour
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Isabela Peña Pino
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David Freeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kailey Carrabre
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shivani Venkatesh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Uzma Samadani
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Neurosurgery, VA Healthcare System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ann M Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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12
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Sanabria DE, Aman JE, Amaya VZ, Johnson LA, Farooqi H, Wang J, Hill M, Patriat R, Sovell-Brown K, Molnar GF, Darrow D, McGovern R, Cooper SE, Harel N, MacKinnon CD, Park MC, Vitek JL. Controlling pallidal oscillations in real-time in Parkinson's disease using evoked interference deep brain stimulation (eiDBS): Proof of concept in the human. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:1111-1119. [PMID: 35921960 PMCID: PMC9798539 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Approaches to control basal ganglia neural activity in real-time are needed to clarify the causal role of 13-35 Hz ("beta band") oscillatory dynamics in the manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD) motor signs. Here, we show that resonant beta oscillations evoked by electrical pulses with precise amplitude and timing can be used to predictably suppress or amplify spontaneous beta band activity in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) in the human. Using this approach, referred to as closed-loop evoked interference deep brain stimulation (eiDBS), we could suppress or amplify frequency-specific (16-22 Hz) neural activity in a PD patient. Our results highlight the utility of eiDBS to characterize the role of oscillatory dynamics in PD and other brain conditions, and to develop personalized neuromodulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Escobar Sanabria
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA,Corresponding author: (D. Escobar Sanabria)
| | - Joshua E. Aman
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | - Luke A. Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hafsa Farooqi
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Meghan Hill
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Remi Patriat
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kelly Sovell-Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Gregory F. Molnar
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - David Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Robert McGovern
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Scott E. Cooper
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Noam Harel
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Colum D. MacKinnon
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael C. Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jerrold L. Vitek
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA,Corresponding author: (J.L. Vitek)
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Goel V, Kumar V, Patwardhan AM, Ibrahim M, Sivanesan E, Darrow D, Shankar H. Procedure-Related Outcomes Including Readmission Following Spinal Cord Stimulator Implant Procedures: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Anesth Analg 2021; 134:843-852. [PMID: 34914642 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown to reduce opioid consumption, reduce pain, improve quality of life compared to conventional therapy, and be more effective than spine reoperation in carefully selected patients. In this study, we evaluate readmissions after SCS implantation procedures, costs, predictors, and etiologies for readmission following implantation procedures. METHODS The study was a retrospective cohort using the National Readmissions Database from 2013 to 2017. Administrative billing codes were used to identify patients undergoing SCS implantation procedures. The primary outcome of our study was 30-day readmission following the SCS implantation procedure. Continuous outcomes were compared between groups using the Student t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. In addition, multivariable predictors of 30-day readmission were assessed by hierarchical logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 3737 (26.7% open surgical SCS implants [OS-SCS]) individuals admitted to the hospital for SCS implantation were included in the final cohort analysis. The cohort consisted of predominantly female patients (58.71%) and in the 50- to 64-year age group (35.46%). Patients who underwent open surgical SCS implantation had a longer length of stay during the initial admission and a higher 30-day readmission rate (9.4% vs 7% P = .01). OS-SCS, older age, lower socioeconomic status, patients with specific comorbidities (ie, hypertension or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]), and home discharge are associated with readmission. CONCLUSIONS Readmission rates after SCS implantation are around 7.7% in the United States. Infection and postoperative complications remain the top etiologies for readmission. Open surgical SCS implantation is associated with more extended initial hospitalization and a higher rate of readmission when compared to percutaneous SCS implantation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Goel
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Varun Kumar
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Amol M Patwardhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Mohab Ibrahim
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Eellan Sivanesan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hariharan Shankar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clement Zablocki VA Medical Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Alekseichuk I, Saiote C, Koenig S, Wischnewski M, Berger T, McGovern R, Park M, Herman A, Darrow D, Opitz A. Dissociating theta and beta TACS effects on local field potentials and working memory in epilepsy patients. Brain Stimul 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.10.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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15
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Zhao Z, Ahmadi A, Hoover C, Grado L, Peterson N, Wang X, Freeman D, Murray T, Lamperski A, Darrow D, Netoff TI. Optimization of Spinal Cord Stimulation Using Bayesian Preference Learning and Its Validation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:1987-1997. [PMID: 34543198 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3113636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epidural spinal cord stimulation has been reported to partially restore volitional movement and autonomic functions after motor and sensory-complete spinal cord injury (SCI). Modern spinal cord stimulation platforms offer significant flexibility in spatial and temporal parameters of stimulation delivered. Heterogeneity in SCI and injury-related symptoms necessitate stimulation personalization to maximally restore functions. However, the large multi-dimensional stimulation space makes exhaustive tests impossible. In this paper, we present a Bayesian optimization strategy for identifying personalized optimal stimulation patterns based on the participant's expressed preference for stimulation settings. We present companion validation protocols for investigating the credibility of learned preference models. The results obtained for five participants in the E-STAND spinal cord stimulation clinical trial are reported. Personalized preference models produced by the proposed learning and optimization algorithm show that there is more similarity in optimal frequency than in pulse width across participants. Across five participants, the average model prediction accuracy is 71.5% in internal cross-validation and 65.6% in prospective validation. Statistical tests of both validation studies show that the ability of the preference models to correctly predict unseen preference data is significantly greater than chance. The personalized preference models are also shown to be significantly correlated with motor task performance across participants. We show that several aspects in participants' quality of life has been improved over the course of the trial. Overall, the results indicate that the Bayesian preference optimization algorithm could assist clinicians in the systematic programming of individualized therapeutic stimulation settings and improve the therapeutic outcomes.
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16
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Peña Pino I, Hoover C, Venkatesh S, Ahmadi A, Sturtevant D, Patrick N, Freeman D, Parr A, Samadani U, Balser D, Krassioukov A, Phillips A, Netoff TI, Darrow D. Long-Term Spinal Cord Stimulation After Chronic Complete Spinal Cord Injury Enables Volitional Movement in the Absence of Stimulation. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:35. [PMID: 32714156 PMCID: PMC7340010 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) portends a low probability of recovery, especially in the most severe subset of motor-complete injuries. Active spinal cord stimulation with or without intensive locomotor training has been reported to restore movement after traumatic SCI. Only three cases have been reported where participants developed restored volitional movement with active stimulation turned off after a period of chronic stimulation and only after intensive rehabilitation with locomotor training. It is unknown whether restoration of movement without stimulation is possible after stimulation alone. Objective: We describe the development of spontaneous volitional movement (SVM) without active stimulation in a subset of participants in the Epidural Stimulation After Neurologic Damage (ESTAND) trial, in which locomotor training is not prescribed as part of the study protocol, and subject’s rehabilitation therapies are not modified. Methods: Volitional movement was evaluated with the Brain Motor Control Assessment using sEMG recordings and visual examination at baseline and at follow-up visits with and without stimulation. Additional functional assessment with a motor-assisted bicycle exercise at follow-up with and without stimulation identified generated work with and without effort. Results: The first seven participants had ASIA Impairment Scale (AIS) A or B thoracic SCI, a mean age of 42 years, and 7.7 years post-injury on average. Four patients developed evidence of sustained volitional movement, even in the absence of active stimulation after undergoing chronic epidural spinal cord stimulation (eSCS). Significant increases in volitional power were found between those observed to spontaneously move without stimulation and those unable (p < 0.0005). The likelihood of recovery of spontaneous volitional control was correlated with spasticity scores prior to the start of eSCS therapy (p = 0.048). Volitional power progressively improved over time (p = 0.016). Additionally, cycling was possible without stimulation (p < 0.005). Conclusion: While some SVM after eSCS has been reported in the literature, this study demonstrates sustained restoration without active stimulation after long-term eSCS stimulation in chronic and complete SCI in a subset of participants. This finding supports previous studies suggesting that “complete” SCI is likely not as common as previously believed, if it exists at all in the absence of transection and that preserved pathways are substrates for eSCS-mediated recovery in clinically motor-complete SCI. Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03026816.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Peña Pino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Caleb Hoover
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Shivani Venkatesh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Aliya Ahmadi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Dylan Sturtevant
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Nick Patrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - David Freeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ann Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Uzma Samadani
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Division of Neurosurgery, VA Healthcare System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - David Balser
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrei Krassioukov
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aaron Phillips
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Theoden I Netoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - David Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Division of Neurosurgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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17
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Niederer J, Patriat R, Rosenberg O, Palnitkar T, Darrow D, Park MC, Schrock L, Eberly LE, Harel N. Factors Influencing Electrode Position and Bending of the Proximal Lead in Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2020; 98:300-312. [PMID: 32485728 DOI: 10.1159/000507029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of intracranial air (ICA) during deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery is thought to have a negative influence on targeting and clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE To investigate ICA volumes following surgery and other patient-specific factors as potential variables influencing translocation of the DBS electrode and proximal lead bowing. METHODS High-resolution postoperative computed tomography scans (≤1.0 mm resolution in all directions) within 24 h following DBS surgery and 4-6 weeks of follow-up were acquired. A total of 50 DBS leads in 33 patients were available for analysis. DBS leads included Abbott/St. Jude Medical InfinityTM, Boston Scientific VerciseTM, and Medtronic 3389TM. RESULTS Both ICA volume and anatomical target were significantly associated with measures of DBS electrode translocation. ICA volume and DBS lead model were found to be significant predictors of proximal lead bowing. Measures of proximal lead bowing and translocation along the electrode trajectory for the Medtronic 3389TM DBS lead were significantly larger than measures for the Abbott/St. Jude Medical InfinityTM and Boston Scientific VerciseTM DBS leads. CONCLUSION The association between ICA volume and translocation of the DBS electrode is small in magnitude and not clinically relevant for DBS cases within a normal range of postoperative subdural air volumes. Differences in proximal lead bowing observed between DBS leads may reflect hardware engineering subtleties in the construction of DBS lead models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Niederer
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rémi Patriat
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Oren Rosenberg
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tara Palnitkar
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael C Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lauren Schrock
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lynn E Eberly
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Noam Harel
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, .,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,
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18
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Soriano JE, Saleem S, Netoff TI, Squair JW, Samadani U, Krassioukov AV, Darrow D, Phillips AA. Epidural electrical stimulation and hemodynamic control after spinal cord injury. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Darrow D, Balser D, Netoff TI, Krassioukov A, Phillips A, Parr A, Samadani U. Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation Facilitates Immediate Restoration of Dormant Motor and Autonomic Supraspinal Pathways after Chronic Neurologically Complete Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2325-2336. [PMID: 30667299 PMCID: PMC6648195 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation (eSCS) in combination with extensive rehabilitation has been reported to restore volitional movement in a select group of subjects after motor-complete spinal cord injury (SCI). Numerous questions about the generalizability of these findings to patients with longer term SCI have arisen, especially regarding the possibility of restoring autonomic function. To better understand the effect of eSCS on volitional movement and autonomic function, two female participants five and 10 years after injury at ages 48 and 52, respectively, with minimal spinal cord preservation on magnetic resonance imaging were implanted with an eSCS system at the vertebral T12 level. We demonstrated that eSCS can restore volitional movement immediately in two female participants in their fifth and sixth decade of life with motor and sensory-complete SCI, five and 10 years after sustaining severe radiographic injuries, and without prescribed or significant pre-habilitation. Both patients experienced significant improvements in surface electromyography power during a volitional control task with eSCS on. Cardiovascular function was also restored with eSCS in one participant with cardiovascular dysautonomia using specific eSCS settings during tilt challenge while not affecting function in a participant with normal cardiovascular function. Orgasm was achieved for the first time since injury in one participant with and immediately after eSCS. Bowel-bladder synergy improved in both participants while restoring volitional urination in one with eSCS. While numerous questions remain, the ability to restore some supraspinal control over motor function below the level of injury, cardiovascular function, sexual function, and bowel and bladder function should promote intense efforts to investigate and develop optimization strategies to maximize recovery in all participants with chronic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Darrow
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David Balser
- 2Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Theoden I Netoff
- 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andrei Krassioukov
- 4International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries; Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aaron Phillips
- 5Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ann Parr
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Uzma Samadani
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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20
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Hubbard ME, Zahid AB, Meyer G, Vonderhaar K, Balser DY, Darrow D, Kleeberger A, Burri D, Dammavalam V, Venkatesh S, Tupper D, Rockswold SB, Bergman TA, Rockswold GL, Samadani U. 306 GCS Does Not Predict Cognitive Outcome 30 Years After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosurgery 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx417.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Ladd BM, Tackla RD, Gupte A, Darrow D, Sorenson J, Zuccarello M, Grande AW. Feasibility of Telementoring for Microneurosurgical Procedures Using a Microscope: A Proof-of-Concept Study. World Neurosurg 2017; 99:680-686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Melzer JM, Morgan A, Darrow D. Congenital choristoma (hairy polyp) of the eustachian tube: Surgical management of a rare clinical entity. Ear Nose Throat J 2017; 95:E43-5. [PMID: 26829696 DOI: 10.1177/014556131609500106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Melzer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, VA, USA
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23
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Buchanan RJ, Gjini K, Darrow D, Varga G, Robinson JL, Nadasdy Z. Glutamate and GABA concentration changes in the globus pallidus internus of Parkinson’s patients during performance of implicit and declarative memory tasks: A report of two subjects. Neurosci Lett 2015; 589:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Murari A, Angelone M, Bonheure G, Cecil E, Craciunescu T, Darrow D, Edlington T, Ericsson G, Gatu-Johnson M, Gorini G, Hellesen C, Kiptily V, Mlynar J, Perez von Thun C, Pillon M, Popovichev S, Syme B, Tardocchi M, Zoita VL. New developments in the diagnostics for the fusion products on JET in preparation for ITER (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10E136. [PMID: 21061488 DOI: 10.1063/1.3502038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the advances of the past decades, significant developments are still needed to satisfactorily diagnose “burning plasmas.” D–T plasmas indeed require a series of additional measurements for the optimization and control of the configuration: the 14 MeV neutrons, the isotopic composition of the main plasma, the helium ash, and the redistribution and losses of the alpha particles. Moreover a burning plasma environment is in general much more hostile for diagnostics than purely deuterium plasmas. Therefore, in addition to the development and refinement of new measuring techniques, technological advances are also indispensable for the proper characterization of the next generation of devices. On JET an integrated program of diagnostic developments, for JET future and in preparation for ITER, has been pursued and many new results are now available. In the field of neutron detection, the neutron spectra are now routinely measured in the energy range of 1–18 MeV by a time of flight spectrometer and they have allowed studying the effects of rf heating on the fast ions. A new analysis method for the interpretation of the neutron cameras measurements has been refined and applied to the data of the last trace tritium campaign (TTE). With regard to technological upgrades, chemical vapor deposition diamond detectors have been qualified both as neutron counters and as neutron spectrometers, with a potential energy resolution of about one percent. The in situ calibration of the neutron diagnostics, in preparation for the operation with the ITER-like wall, is also promoting important technological developments. With regard to the fast particles, for the first time the temperature of the fast particle tails has been obtained with a new high purity Germanium detector measuring the gamma emission spectrum from the plasma. The effects of toroidal Alfven eigenmodes modes and various MHD instabilities on the confinement of the fast particles have been determined with a combination of gamma ray cameras, neutral particle analyzers, scintillator probe, and Faraday cups. From a more technological perspective, various neutron filters have been tested to allow measurement of the gamma ray emission also at high level of neutron yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Murari
- JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, OX14 3DB, Abingdon, United Kingdom
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25
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Cecil FE, Kiptily V, Salmi A, Horton A, Fullard K, Murari A, Darrow D, Hill K. The anomalous currents in the front foils of the JET lost alpha diagnostic KA-2. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10D326. [PMID: 21058456 DOI: 10.1063/1.3502040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the observed currents in the front foils of the JET Faraday cup lost alpha particle diagnostic KA-2. In particular, we have sought to understand the currents during Ohmic plasmas for which the ion flux at the detectors was initially assumed to be negligible. We have considered two sources of this current: plasma ions (both deuterium and impurity) in the vicinity of the detector (including charge exchange neutrals) and photoemission from scattered UV radiation. Based upon modeling and empirical observation, the latter source appears most likely and, moreover, seems to be applicable to the currents in the front foil during ELMy H-mode plasmas. A very thin gold or nickel foil attached to the present detector aperture is proposed as a solution to this problem, and realistic calculations of expected fluxes of lost energetic neutral beam ions during TF ripple experiments are presented as justification of this proposed solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Cecil
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
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Johnson K, Pineda M, Darrow D, Proud V, Derkay C. Neonatal Upper Airway Obstruction in Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Series of Three Cases and Review of the Literature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2008; 117:27-31. [DOI: 10.1177/000348940811700107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder characterized by variable degrees of dysfunction in type I collagen formation. We sought to explore an association between OI and upper airway obstruction (UAO) in light of our recent experience. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart audit and a review of the literature. Results: Three consecutive cases of OI at our institution required otolaryngological evaluation for UAO. The first patient had the mildest mutation type and did well until he developed severe reflux-triggered laryngospasm that improved with Nissen fundoplication and gastrostomy tube placement. He had mild hypotonia on endoscopy. The second patient had severe OI and the greatest acute fracture burden at birth. He required tracheotomy after early respiratory failure, and some mild bronchomalacia was noted. The third patient had severe OI and underwent cesarean section delivery. She developed respiratory failure after 1 month, requiring tracheotomy; mild tracheomalacia and glottic narrowing were noted on endoscopy. Conclusions: The UAO consisted of mild hypotonia or malacia in 3 consecutive cases of OI, and may have contributed to pulmonary and mechanical causes of tracheotomy requirement. The greatest predictors of tracheotomy requirement appear to be the severity of the OI mutation and the fracture burden. Elective cesarean section should be considered in severe cases of OI.
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Murari A, Edlington T, Brzozowski J, de La Luna E, Andrew P, Arnoux G, Cecil F, Cupido L, Darrow D, Kiptily V, Fessey J, Gauthier E, Hacquin S, Hill K, Huber A, Loarer T, McCormick K, Reich M. JET new diagnostic capability on the route to ITER. Fusion Engineering and Design 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2007.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Caspary H, Welch JC, Lawson L, Darrow D, Buescher S, Shahab S, Derkay CS. Impact of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (Prevnar) on Middle Ear Fluid in Children Undergoing Tympanostomy Tube Insertion. Laryngoscope 2004; 114:975-80. [PMID: 15179198 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200406000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to describe the bacteriology of middle ear effusions in children who have received the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Prevnar) compared with unvaccinated children. METHODS A prospective review of medical records from July 2001 to July 2002 was conducted on children with middle ear effusion at time of tympanostomy tube insertion. Middle ear fluid was plated onto culture media immediately after acquisition, and antimicrobial resistance of cultured organisms along with serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae was examined. Vaccination status, demographics, and risk factors were determined from patients' medical records, parent interviews, or contact with their primary care physicians. RESULTS After adjusting for age and number of previous infections, children vaccinated with Prevnar are two times less likely to have non-S. pneumoniae pathogenic bacteria isolated than children not vaccinated. Of those with growth, vaccinated children were almost three times more likely than nonvaccinated children to have the presence of H. influenzae. Vaccinated children with H. influenzae were 7.5 times less likely to have beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae than nonvaccinated children with H. influenzae. CONCLUSION Because the incidence of S. pneumoniae was low, no inference could be made whether Prevnar decreased otitis media with effusion or recurrent acute otitis caused by the S. pneumoniae serotypes covered by the vaccine. However, vaccinated children did appear to have the unexpected benefit of having a certain level of protection to growth of typical acute otitis media pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Caspary
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
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Fredrickson ED, Gorelenkov N, Cheng CZ, Bell R, Darrow D, Johnson D, Kaye S, LeBlanc B, Menard J, Kubota S, Peebles W. Observation of compressional Alfvén modes during neutral-beam heating on the national spherical torus experiment. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:145001. [PMID: 11580654 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.145001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Neutral-beam-driven compressional Alfvén eigenmodes at frequencies below the ion cyclotron frequency have been observed and identified for the first time in the National Spherical Torus Experiment. The modes are observed as a broad spectrum of nearly equally spaced peaks in the frequency range from approximately 0.2omega(ci) to approximately 1.2omega(ci). The frequency has a scaling with toroidal field and plasma density consistent with Alfvén waves. The modes have been observed with high bandwidth magnetic pickup coils and with a reflectometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Fredrickson
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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Darrow D. From commune to household: statistics and the social construction of Chaianov's theory of peasant economy. Comp Stud Soc Hist 2001; 43:788-818. [PMID: 18257168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Abstract
We performed a retrospective chart review of 10 children in whom endobronchial tumors were diagnosed in a tertiary-care children's medical center from 1988 to 1998. Of the 10 patients, 6 were male and 4 were female (8 white, 1 Hispanic, 1 African American). The mean age at presentation was 5.2 years. Eight tumors were benign, and 2 were malignant; 4 were on the right side, 3 were on the left side, and 3 were bilateral. Histologic findings included 3 bronchial papillomas, 3 inflammatory masses, 1 endobronchial hemangioma, 1 leiomyoma, 1 mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and 1 bronchial carcinoid. Endobronchial tumors in children are a rare disorder. The diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion in children with atypical or chronic respiratory complaints. Newer adjuvant medical therapies and surgical innovations offer improved disease control in these patients, and a multidisciplinary approach is often warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Scott
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Virginia, USA
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Chang Z, Budny RV, Chen L, Darrow D, Fredrickson ED, Janos A, Mansfield D, Mazzucato E, McGuire KM, Nazikian R, Rewoldt G, Strachan JD, Tang WM, Taylor G, White RB, Zweben S. First observation of alpha particle loss induced by kinetic ballooning modes in TFTR deuterium-tritium experiments. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 76:1071-1074. [PMID: 10061626 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Wilson JR, Bush CE, Darrow D, Hosea JC, Jaeger EF, Majeski R, Murakami M, Phillips CK, Rogers JH, Schilling G, Stevens JE, Synakowski E, Taylor G. Ion cyclotron range of frequency heating of a deuterium-tritium plasma via the second-harmonic tritium cyclotron resonance. Phys Rev Lett 1995; 75:842-845. [PMID: 10060132 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Hough JL, Baird MB, Sfeir GT, Pacini CS, Darrow D, Wheelock C. Benzo(a)pyrene enhances atherosclerosis in White Carneau and Show Racer pigeons. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13:1721-7. [PMID: 8241091 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.13.12.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a major environmental pollutant and component of cigarette smoke, is both carcinogenic and atherogenic in experimental models. We investigated the effect of long-term administration of BaP on atherogenesis in both atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau (WC) and atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer (SR) pigeons. The number and size of arterial lesions in the brachiocephalic arteries in WC and SR females but not males were significantly enhanced after long-term dosing with BaP. Metabolic activation appears to be required for BaP atherogenicity, since benzo(e)pyrene (BeP), a noncarcinogenic analogue of BaP, did not enhance lesion development. Studies with 3H-BaP revealed no significant differences between male and female or between WC and SR pigeons in the arterial distribution of BaP and/or its metabolites. There were no consistent differences in blood pressure or plasma cholesterol levels between breeds or sexes. However, chronic administration of BaP did result in complete infertility in female birds, concomitant with grossly visible changes in ovarian appearance. These results clearly show that long-term dosing with BaP alters ovarian structure and function in treated birds, at the same time aggravating the development of arterial lesions. Thus, BaP-induced atherogenicity in female pigeons may be a consequence of an alteration in estrogen production or of antiestrogenic properties of BaP at the level of the arterial wall and may serve as a highly useful animal model to examine the well-known rapid development of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Hough
- Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY 13501-1787
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Taylor G, Bell MG, Biglari H, Bitter M, Bretz NL, Budny R, Chen L, Darrow D, Efthimion PC, Ernst D, Fredrickson E, Fu GY, Grek B, Grisham L, Hammett G, Hosea JC, Janos A, Jassby D, Jobes FC, Johnson DW, Johnson LC, Majeski R, Mansfield DK, Mazzucato E, Medley SS, Mueller D, Nazikian R, Owens DK, Paul S, Park H, Phillips CK, Rogers JH, Schilling G, Schivell J, Schmidt GL, Stevens JE, Stratton BC, Strachan JD, Synakowski E, Wilson JR, Wong KL, Zweben SJ, Baylor L, Bush CE, Goldfinger RC, Hoffman DJ, Murakami M, Qualls AL, Rasmussen D, Machuzak J, Rimini F, Chang Z. Ion cyclotron range of frequency heating on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.860728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Phillips CK, Hosea J, Marmar E, Phillips MW, Snipes J, Stevens J, Terry J, Wilson JR, Bell M, Bitter M, Boivin R, Bush C, Cheng CZ, Darrow D, Fredrickson E, Goldfinger R, Hammett GW, Hill K, Hoffman D, Houlberg W, Hsuan H, Hughes M, Jassby D, McCune D, McGuire K, Nagayama Y, Owens DK, Park H, Ramsey A, Schilling G, Schivell J, Smithe DN, Stratton B, Synakowski E, Taylor G, Towner H, White R, Zweben S. Ion cyclotron range of frequencies stabilization of sawteeth on Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.860484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Pratt DS, Marvel LH, Darrow D, Stallones L, May JJ, Jenkins P. The dangers of dairy farming: the injury experience of 600 workers followed for two years. Am J Ind Med 1992; 21:637-50. [PMID: 1609811 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700210504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to better understand the work-related injuries sustained on central New York dairy farms, we undertook a two-year population-based study of 600 farmers and farm workers on 201 dairy farms. During the observation period, 1984-1986, 151 persons had 200 injuries, giving an injury rate of 16.6%/year (166 injuries/1,000 workers/year). Men were injured more often than women (p less than or equal to 0.01). Injured workers were older (p less than or equal to 0.01), worked more hours (p less than or equal to 0.001), and had heavier workloads than noninjured workers (p less than or equal to 0.001). The growing and harvest seasons had the most injuries; winter the fewest. More than 2/3 of the injuries occurred in the afternoon. Owners/operators, often the most experienced, knowledgeable people on the farms, were most often hurt. Those working more than 60 hours/week, with greater than 30 acres under tillage/worker, had a relative risk of 2.76 compared with all other workers. The attributable risk for this group was 51%. There were two fatalities, both involved owner/operators. Our findings suggest that previous studies may have underestimated the risks faced by farmers. Dairy farming in central New York is very dangerous work. Those who own and operate these dairy farms are most often hurt and killed. Analysis of events on individual farms will be reported separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Pratt
- New York Center for Agricultural Medicine and Health, Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital, Cooperstown 13326
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Vohr BR, Karp D, O'Dea C, Darrow D, Coll CG, Lester BM, Brown L, Oh W, Cashore W. Behavioral changes correlated with brain-stem auditory evoked responses in term infants with moderate hyperbilirubinemia. J Pediatr 1990; 117:288-91. [PMID: 2380830 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that newborn infants with moderate serum bilirubin concentrations have depressed Brazelton scores and increased brain-stem conduction time and that serum bilirubin levels correlate with Brazelton behavior scores and brain-stem auditory evoked response changes. Fifty term infants who were enrolled into either a low serum bilirubin group (less than 8 mg/dl) or a moderate serum bilirubin group (10 to 20 mg/dl) were tested with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale and a brain-stem auditory evoked response test. Partial correlation analysis controlling for phototherapy revealed that increased bilirubin concentration correlated negatively with the Brazelton orientation and with state range clusters and individual Brazelton test items that involve auditory processing. Increased bilirubin concentration correlated with an increased latency of brain-stem auditory evoked response wave 4, 5. An increased interpeak 1-5 (brain-stem conduction time) correlated with the decreased animate visual and auditory item. We conclude that moderate hyperbilirubinemia in term infants affects both infant behavior, as measured by specific components of the Brazelton test, and brain-stem conduction time, as measured by the brain-stem auditory evoked response test.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Vohr
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Brown University Program in Medicine, Providence 02905
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Taylor RJ, Brown ML, Fried BD, Grote H, Liberati JR, Morales GJ, Pribyl P, Darrow D, Ono M. H-mode behavior induced by cross-field currents in a tokamak. Phys Rev Lett 1989; 63:2365-2368. [PMID: 10040870 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.63.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Ono M, Greene GJ, Darrow D, Forest C, Park H, Stix TH. Steady-state tokamak discharge via dc helicity injection. Phys Rev Lett 1987; 59:2165-2168. [PMID: 10035441 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.59.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Darrow D, Linzer M. Eosinophilic granuloma: I need this like a hole in the head. N C Med J 1987; 48:15-7. [PMID: 3469529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
An acute febrile illness associated with unloading silos occurs more frequently than any other farm associated respiratory illness in mid state New York. This report describes 29 cases of organic dust toxic syndrome (also known as pulmonary mycotoxicosis) occurring in 24 men and one woman with a mean age of 29 years. In 16 instances more than one worker was exposed to the dust, and in 12 of these shared exposures more than one worker became ill. Patients presented 5.3 (SD 3.3) hours after inhalation of organic dust and mould with fever (79%), myalgia (76%), chest tightness (72%), cough (66%), and headache (59%). The mean temperature was 38.7 degrees C and the mean white blood cell count 13.2 X 10(9)/l. In contrast to patients with allergic alveolitis, nearly all these patients had normal breath sounds, chest radiographs, and arterial oxygen saturation. Tests for precipitating antibodies to farmer's lung disease antigens gave negative results in all 26 episodes in which they were done; of these, 10 had no evidence of precipitating antibodies to an aqueous extract of the silage associated with their own illness. Organic dust toxic syndrome appears to be a common and substantial respiratory hazard to young farm workers. Despite being frequently mis-diagnosed as farmer's lung, organic dust toxic syndrome is clearly a distinctly different disease process.
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Brugge JS, Darrow D. Analysis of the catalytic domain of phosphotransferase activity of two avian sarcoma virus-transforming proteins. J Biol Chem 1984; 259:4550-7. [PMID: 6323478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic digestion of the transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus (pp60src) with trypsin, chymotrypsin, or thermolysin generated a 29,000-dalton fragment representing the carboxyl half of this molecule. This proteolytic fragment was able to phosphorylate pp60src-specific immunoglobulin as well as exogenous substrates such as angiotensin, casein, and tubulin. When quantitated on a molar basis, the protease-resistant fragment of pp60src had a greater specific activity than the intact enzyme. Digestion of pp90yes, the transforming protein of Y73 sarcoma virus with these proteases yielded a peptide of similar molecular weight which was capable of autophosphorylation as well as the phosphorylation of exogenous substrates. The proteolytic fragments of both pp60src and pp90yes displayed the same strict specificity for phosphorylation of tyrosine as the intact enzymes. These results indicate that the 29,000-dalton carboxyl end of pp60src and pp90yes can function independently as phosphotransferases and indicate that the catalytic domains of these molecules have a conformation which confers protection against limited conditions of proteolysis.
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Brugge JS, Darrow D. Analysis of the catalytic domain of phosphotransferase activity of two avian sarcoma virus-transforming proteins. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Brugge J, Yonemoto W, Darrow D. Interaction between the Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein and two cellular phosphoproteins: analysis of the turnover and distribution of this complex. Mol Cell Biol 1983; 3:9-19. [PMID: 6298609 PMCID: PMC368498 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.3.1.9-19.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), pp60src, was previously shown to associate with two cellular proteins of Mr 90,000 and 50,000 in RSV-transformed chicken cells. In this report, we demonstrate that this interaction is specific for a discrete population of pp60src molecules. Newly synthesized pp60src was found to preferentially associate with pp90 and pp50 to form a short-lived complex. The half-life of this complex varied from 9 to 15 min in cells transformed by nondefective strains of RSV. This interaction between pp60src, pp50, and pp90 took place in a soluble fraction of the cell, and the complex-bound pp60src molecules were not phosphorylated on tyrosine. These results suggest that pp90 and pp50 may be involved in the processing of pp60src molecules before the association of pp60src with the plasma membrane. The kinetics of dissociation of this complex were shown to be altered in cells infected with viruses containing a temperature-sensitive defect in the src gene. When cells infected with these viruses were grown at the nonpermissive temperature, more than 90% of the pp60src molecules were associated with pp90 and pp50, and little or no dissociation was observed in a 3-h chase period. These results suggest that mutations in the src gene which affect the transforming activity of pp60src also affect the stability of the interaction of pp60src with pp90 and pp50.
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