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Chen X, Kohan S, Bhargav D, Choi J, Perera S, Dean C, Chopra N, Sial A, Sandhu HS, Apos E, Appleyard R, Diwan AD. Phase 1 evaluation of an elastomeric nucleus pulposus device as an option to augment disc at microdiscectomy: Experimental results from biomechanical and biocompatibility testing and first in human. JOR Spine 2023; 6:e1250. [PMID: 37361335 PMCID: PMC10285756 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Whilst microdiscectomy is an excellent reliever of pain for recalcitrant lumbar disc herniation (LDH), it has a high failure rate over time due to the ensuing reduction in mechanical stabilization and support of the spine. One option is to clear the disc and replace it with a nonhygroscopic elastomer. Here, we present the evaluation of biomechanical and biological behavior of a novel elastomeric nucleus device (Kunovus disc device [KDD]), consisting of a silicone jacket and a two-part in situ curing silicone polymer filler. Materials and Methods ISO 10993 and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards were used to evaluate the biocompatibility and mechanics of KDD. Sensitization, intracutaneous reactivity, acute systemic toxicity, genotoxicity, muscle implantation study, direct contact matrix toxicity assay, and cell growth inhibition assay were performed. Fatigue test, static compression creep testing, expulsion testing, swell testing, shock testing, and aged fatigue testing were conducted to characterize the mechanical and wear behavior of the device. Cadaveric studies to develop a surgical manual and evaluate feasibility were conducted. Finally, a first-in-human implantation was conducted to complete the proof of principle. Results The KDD demonstrated exceptional biocompatibility and biodurability. Mechanical tests showed no Barium-containing particles in fatigue test, no fracture of nucleus in static compression creep testing, no extrusion and swelling, and no material failure in shock and aged fatigue testing. Cadaver training sessions showed that KDD was deemed implantable during microdiscectomy procedures in a minimally invasive manner. Following IRB approval, the first implantation in a human showed no intraoperative vascular and neurological complications and demonstrated feasibility. This successfully completed Phase 1 development of the device. Conclusion The elastomeric nucleus device may mimic native disc behavior in mechanical tests, offering an effective way for treating LDH by way of Phase 2 and subsequent clinical trials or postmarket surveillance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Chen
- Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Kunovus TechnologiesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Saeed Kohan
- St. George Hospital, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | | | | | - Cameron Dean
- Kunovus TechnologiesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Neha Chopra
- Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySt. George Hospital CampusSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Alisha Sial
- Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySt. George Hospital CampusSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Harvinder S. Sandhu
- Spinal Surgical Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Esther Apos
- Kunovus TechnologiesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Cmsscidoc Pty LtdMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Richard Appleyard
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ashish D. Diwan
- Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySt. George Hospital CampusSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Bax DV, Yin Y, Kondyurin A, Diwan AD, Bhargav D, Weiss AS, Bilek MMM, McKenzie DR. Plasma processing of PDMS based spinal implants for covalent protein immobilization, cell attachment and spreading. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2018; 29:178. [PMID: 30506173 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PDMS is widely used for prosthetic device manufacture. Conventional ion implantation is not a suitable treatment to enhance the biocompatibility of poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) due to its propensity to generate a brittle silicon oxide surface layer which cracks and delaminates. To overcome this limitation, we have developed new plasma based processes to balance the etching of carbon with implantation of carbon from the plasma source. When this carbon was implanted from the plasma phase it resulted in a surface that was structurally similar and intermixed with the underlying PDMS material and not susceptible to delamination. The enrichment in surface carbon allowed the formation of carbon based radicals that are not present in conventional plasma ion immersion implantation (PIII) treated PDMS. This imparts the PDMS surfaces with covalent protein binding capacity that is not observed on PIII treated PDMS. The change in surface energy preserved the function of bound biomolecules and enhanced the attachment of MG63 osteosarcoma cells compared to the native surface. The attached cells, an osteoblast interaction model, showed increased spreading on the treated over untreated surfaces. The carbon-dependency for these beneficial covalent protein and cell linkage properties was tested by incorporating carbon from a different source. To this end, a second surface was produced where carbon etching was balanced against implantation from a thin carbon-based polymer coating. This had similar protein and cell-binding properties to the surfaces generated with carbon inclusion in the plasma phase, thus highlighting the importance of balancing carbon etching and deposition. Additionally, the two effects of protein linkage and bioactivity could be combined where the cell response was further enhanced by covalently tethering a biomolecule coating, as exemplified here with the cell adhesive protein tropoelastin. Providing a balanced carbon source in the plasma phase is applicable to prosthetic device fabrication as illustrated using a 3-dimensional PDMS balloon prosthesis for spinal implant applications. Consequently, this study lays the groundwork for effective treatments of PDMS to selectively recruit cells to implantable PDMS fabricated biodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Bax
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Yongbai Yin
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Alexey Kondyurin
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ashish D Diwan
- Spine Service, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Divya Bhargav
- Spine Service, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Anthony S Weiss
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Marcela M M Bilek
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David R McKenzie
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Wei A, Shen B, Williams LA, Bhargav D, Yan F, Chong BH, Diwan AD. Expression and functional roles of estrogen receptor GPR30 in human intervertebral disc. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 158:46-55. [PMID: 26815911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen withdrawal, a characteristic of female aging, is associated with age-related intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. The function of estrogen is mediated by two classic nuclear receptors, estrogen receptor (ER)-α and -β, and a membrane bound G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30). To date, the expression and function of GPR30 in human spine is poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate GPR30 expression in IVD, and its role in estrogen-related regulation of proliferation and apoptosis of disc nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. GPR30 expression was examined in 30 human adult NP and 9 fetal IVD. Results showed that GPR30 was expressed in NP cells at both mRNA and protein levels. In human fetal IVD, GPR30 protein was expressed in the NP at 12-14 weeks gestation, but was undetectable at 8-11 weeks. The effect of 17β-estradiol (E2) on GPR30-mediated proliferation and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced apoptosis of NP cells was investigated. Cultured NP cells were treated with or without E2, GPR30 antagonist G36, and ER antagonist ICI 182,780. NP cell viability was tested by MTS assay. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry using fluorescence labeled annexin-V, TUNEL assay and immumnocytochemical staining of activated caspase-3. E2 enhanced cell proliferation and prevented IL-1β-induced cell death, but the effect was partially blocked by G36 and completely abrogated by a combination of ICI 182,780 and G36. This study demonstrates that GPR30 is expressed in human IVD to transmit signals triggering E2-induced NP cell proliferation and protecting against IL-1β-induced apoptosis. The effects of E2 on NP cells require both GPR30 and classic estrogen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqun Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bojiang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lisa A Williams
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Divya Bhargav
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Hematology, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Beng H Chong
- Department of Hematology, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashish D Diwan
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Wei A, Shen B, Williams LA, Bhargav D, Gulati T, Fang Z, Pathmanandavel S, Diwan AD. Expression of growth differentiation factor 6 in the human developing fetal spine retreats from vertebral ossifying regions and is restricted to cartilaginous tissues. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:279-89. [PMID: 26184900 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis vertebral segmentation is initiated by sclerotomal cell migration and condensation around the notochord, forming anlagen of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. The factors that govern the segmentation are not clear. Previous research demonstrated that mutations in growth differentiation factor 6 resulted in congenital vertebral fusion, suggesting this factor plays a role in development of vertebral column. In this study, we detected expression and localization of growth differentiation factor 6 in human fetal spinal column, especially in the period of early ossification of vertebrae and the developing intervertebral discs. The extracellular matrix proteins were also examined. Results showed that high levels of growth differentiation factor 6 were expressed in the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs and the hypertrophic chondrocytes adjacent to the ossification centre in vertebral bodies, where strong expression of proteoglycan and collagens was also detected. As fetal age increased, the expression of growth differentiation factor 6 was decreased correspondingly with the progress of ossification in vertebral bodies and restricted to cartilaginous regions. This expression pattern and the genetic link to vertebral fusion suggest that growth differentiation factor 6 may play an important role in suppression of ossification to ensure proper vertebral segmentation during spinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqun Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bojiang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lisa A Williams
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Divya Bhargav
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Twishi Gulati
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zhimin Fang
- Human Molecular Genetics, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarennya Pathmanandavel
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashish D Diwan
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Orthopedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass, bone fragility and increased susceptibility to fracture. Fracture healing in osteoporosis is delayed and rates of implant failure are high with few biological treatment options available. This study aimed to determine whether a single dose of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) in a collagen/carboxy-methyl cellulose (CMC) composite enhanced fracture healing in an osteoporotic rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS An open femoral midshaft osteotomy was performed in female rats 3 months post-ovarectomy. Rats were randomized to receive either BMP-7 composite (n = 30) or composite alone (n = 30) at the fracture site during surgery. Thereafter calluses were collected on days 12, 20 and 31. Callus cross-sectional area, bone mineral density, biomechanical stiffness and maximum torque, radiographic bony union and histological callus maturity were evaluated at each time point. RESULTS There were statistically significant increases in bone mineral density and callus cross-section area at all time points in the BMP-7 group as compared to controls and biomechanical readings showed stronger bones at day 31 in the BMP-7 group. Histological and radiographic evaluation indicated significant acceleration of bony union in the BMP-7 group as compared to controls. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that BMP-7 accelerates fracture healing in an oestrogen-deficient environment in a rat femoral fracture healing model to scientific relevance level I. The use of BMP-7 composite could offer orthopedic surgeons an advantage over oestrogen therapy, enhancing osteoporotic fracture healing with a single, locally applied dose at the time of surgery, potentially overcoming delays in healing caused by the osteoporotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish D Diwan
- Orthopaedic Research Institute; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia,Address for correspondence: Dr. Ashish D. Diwan, Orthopaedic Research Institute and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George Hospital Sydney, Kogarah, New South Wales 2217, Australia. E-mail: a.diwan@spine service.org
| | - Anthony Leong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Appleyard
- Orthopaedic Research Institute; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Divya Bhargav
- Orthopaedic Research Institute; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zhi Ming Fang
- Orthopaedic Research Institute; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aiqun Wei
- Orthopaedic Research Institute; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
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Wei A, Leong A, Williams L, Chung S, Shen B, Bhargav D, Diwan AD. BMP-7 in Combination with Estrogen Enhances Bone Formation in a Fracture Callus Explant Culture. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2010; 221:61-8. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.221.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiqun Wei
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Campus, University of New South Wales
| | - Anthony Leong
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Campus, University of New South Wales
| | - Lisa Williams
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Campus, University of New South Wales
| | - Sylvia Chung
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Campus, University of New South Wales
| | - Bojiang Shen
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Campus, University of New South Wales
| | - Divya Bhargav
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Campus, University of New South Wales
| | - Ashish D. Diwan
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Campus, University of New South Wales
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Wei A, Williams LA, Bhargav D, Shen B, Kishen T, Duffy N, Diwan AD. BMP13 prevents the effects of annular injury in an ovine model. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:388-96. [PMID: 19521550 PMCID: PMC2695250 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic back pain is a global health problem affecting millions of people worldwide and carries significant economic and social morbidities. Intervertebral disc damage and degeneration is a major cause of back pain, characterised by histological and biochemical changes that have been well documented in animal models. Recently there has been intense interest in early intervention in disc degeneration using growth factors or stem cell transplantation, to replenish the diseased tissues. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) have been approved for clinical use in augmenting spinal fusions, and may represent candidate molecules for intervertebral disc regeneration. BMP13 has an important role in embryonic development and recent genetic evidence shows a role in the development of the human spine. This study explores the effect of BMP13 on a damaged intervertebral disc in an ovine model of discal degeneration. We found that, when injected at the time of injury, BMP13 reversed or arrested histological changes that occurred in the control discs such as loss of extracellular matrix proteins. In addition, BMP13 injected discs retained greater hydration after 4months, and possessed more cells in the NP. Taken together, BMP13 may be a potent clinical therapeutic agent when used early in the degeneration cascade to promote healthy disc tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqun Wei
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Shen B, Bhargav D, Wei A, Williams LA, Tao H, Ma DDF, Diwan AD. BMP-13 emerges as a potential inhibitor of bone formation. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:192-200. [PMID: 19240811 PMCID: PMC2646266 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-13 (BMP-13) plays an important role in skeletal development. In the light of a recent report that mutations in the BMP-13 gene are associated with spine vertebral fusion in Klippel-Feil syndrome, we hypothesized that BMP-13 signaling is crucial for regulating embryonic endochondral ossification. In this study, we found that BMP-13 inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (BM MSCs) in vitro. The endogenous BMP-13 gene expression in MSCs was examined under expansion conditions. The MSCs were then induced to differentiate into osteoblasts in osteo-inductive medium containing exogenous BMP-13. Gene expression was analysed by real-time PCR. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and activity, proteoglycan (PG) synthesis and matrix mineralization were assessed by cytological staining or ALP assay. Results showed that endogenous BMP-13 mRNA expression was higher than BMP-2 or -7 during MSC growth. BMP-13 supplementation strongly inhibited matrix mineralization and ALP activity of osteogenic differentiated MSCs, yet increased PG synthesis under the same conditions. In conclusion, BMP-13 inhibited osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, implying that functional mutations or deficiency of BMP-13 may allow excess bone formation. Our finding provides an insight into the molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic potential of BMP-13 in restricting pathological bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojiang Shen
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Williams LA, Bhargav D, Diwan AD. Unveiling the bmp13 enigma: redundant morphogen or crucial regulator? Int J Biol Sci 2008; 4:318-29. [PMID: 18797508 PMCID: PMC2536705 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins are a diverse group of morphogens with influences not only on bone tissue, as the nomenclature suggests, but on multiple tissues in the body and often at crucial and influential periods in development. The purpose of this review is to identify and discuss current knowledge of one vertebrate BMP, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 13 (BMP13), from a variety of research fields, in order to clarify BMP13's functional contribution to developing and maintaining healthy tissues, and to identify potential future research directions for this intriguing morphogen. BMP13 is highly evolutionarily conserved (active domain >95%) across diverse species from Zebrafish to humans, suggesting a crucial function. In addition, mutations in BMP13 have recently been associated with Klippel-Feil Syndrome, causative of numerous skeletal and developmental defects including spinal disc fusion. The specific nature of BMP13's crucial function is, however, not yet known. The literature for BMP13 is focused largely on its activity in the healing of tendon-like tissues, or in comparisons with other BMP family molecules for whom a clear function in embryo development or osteogenic differentiation has been identified. There is a paucity of detailed information regarding BMP13 protein activity, structure or protein processing. Whilst some activity in the stimulation of osteogenic or cartilaginous gene expression has been reported, and BMP13 expression is found in post natal cartilage and tendon tissues, there appears to be a redundancy of function in the BMP family, with several members capable of stimulating similar tissue responses. This review aims to summarise the known or potential role(s) for BMP13 in a variety of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Williams
- Spine Service, St George Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Bhargav D, Murrell GA. Shoulder stiffness: diagnosis. Aust Fam Physician 2004; 33:143-7. [PMID: 15054980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain and stiffness of the shoulder is a common complaint, particularly in the 40-80 years age group. There are several causes of painful, stiff shoulders, but the most common cause in the fifth decade of life is idiopathic capsulitis ('frozen shoulder'). OBJECTIVE This article summarises the functional anatomy of the shoulder joint, the pathology of the conditions that lead to shoulder stiffness, and methods to differentiate them. DISCUSSION Clinical history and examination is effective in differentiating rotator cuff tears, impingement and frozen shoulder. Restriction of glenohumeral joint motion, particularly in external rotation, with no abnormality on X-ray is strongly suggestive of the diagnosis of frozen shoulder. Plain true anteroposterior X-rays are important to identify glenohumeral joint arthritis. Ultrasound is often helpful for confirming or denying rotator cuff tears when there is doubt on the clinical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bhargav
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Orthopaedic Research Institute, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital Campus, Sydney, New South Wales
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Bhargav D, Murrell GA. Shoulder stiffness: management. Aust Fam Physician 2004; 33:149-52. [PMID: 15054981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several causes of painful, stiff shoulders--each with a different method of treatment. OBJECTIVE This article summarises the methods available to treat the various causes of stiff shoulders. DISCUSSION Impingement and partial thickness rotator cuff tears can be treated by the general practitioner with a subacromial steroid injection. Calcific tendinitis can be aspirated under ultrasound guidance when the deposit is immature. Acute full thickness tears are best managed surgically. We recommend arthroscopic capsular release with appropriate postoperative rehabilitation program for frozen shoulder. With a well functioning rotator cuff, good results can be expected with shoulder replacement in advanced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bhargav
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Orthopaedic Research Institute, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital Campus, Sydney, New South Wales
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