Production of rice bran oil (Oryza sativa L.) microparticles by spray drying taking advantage of the technological properties of cereal co-products

AIM

To evaluate the effects of the use of rice co-products (flour and protein) on the encapsulation process and on the stability of rice bran oil.

METHODS

The stability of the emulsions was evaluated by dynamic turbidimetry, zeta potential, and creaming index. Efficiency parameters, particle size, and densities were investigated in the particles. The study of oxidative stability was carried out by the determination of peroxides and volatiles (60 °C for 8 weeks).

RESULTS

Rice bran oil presented 1.75% ɣ-oryzanol. AG/RP (10% of rice protein): no phase separation after 24 h, higher zeta potential (- 29.09 mV ±0.67), encapsulation efficiency (73.90% ± 0.22) and real density (1.27 g/cm^-3), and smaller particle size (8.27 µm ± 0.13). Lower peroxide (AG/RF/RP) and hexanal (AG/RF) levels were associated with the use of rice flour.

CONCLUSION

The co-products improve the emulsion characteristics, particle properties and stability of the encapsulated oil.

Implications of mitotic and meiotic irregularities in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The common bean has great social and economic importance in Brazil and is the subject of a high number of publications, especially in the fields of genetics and breeding. Breeding programs aim to increase grain yield; however, mitosis and meiosis represent under explored research areas that have a direct impact on grain yield. Therefore, the study of cell division could be another tool available to bean geneticists and breeders. The aim of this study was to investigate irregularities occurring during the cell cycle and meiosis in common bean. The common bean cultivar used was BRSMG Talismã, which owing to its high yield and grain quality is recommended for cultivation in Brazil. We classified the interphase nuclei, estimated the mitotic and meiotic index, grain pollen viability, and percentage of abnormalities in both processes. The mitotic index was 4.1%, the interphase nucleus was non-reticulated, and 19% of dividing somatic cells showed abnormal behavior. Meiosis also presented irregularities resulting in a meiotic index of 44.6%. Viability of pollen grains was 94.3%. These results indicate that the common bean cultivar BRSMG Talismã possesses repair mechanisms that compensate for changes by producing a large number of pollen grains. Another important strategy adopted by bean plants to ensure stability is the elimination of abnormal cells by apoptosis. As the common bean cultivar BRSMG Talismã is recommended for cultivation because of its good agronomic performance, it can be concluded that mitotic and meiotic irregularities have no negative influence on its grain quality and yield.

Evaluation of toothbrush bristles' deterioration used by preschool children

The toothbrush is an effective instrument for oral diseases prevention. The flexibility and status of bristles, as well as the size of the handle are fundamental for an effective toothbrushing. Thus, the assessment of physical characteristics of toothbrushes is important. This study evaluated the deterioration and wear of bristles of toothbrushes used by preschool children. For the sample selection, five elementary schools were assorted from a city of the São Paulo State northwest region, one from each city area. All toothbrushes used by preschool children who aged between 5 and 6 years old and who attended the assorted schools were visually analysed by two calibrated examiners, according to the criteria proposed by Rawls HR, Mkwayi-Tulloch NJ, Casella R, Cosgrove R (J Dent Res 1989; 12:1781): 0 - it is impossible to state if the toothbrush was used or not; 1 - the bristles seem to be separated within some tufts; 2 - most tufts are separated, many cover other tufts and present a large number of curved and inclined bristles; 3 - most tufts are covered by others and bristles are folded and tipped. In total, 333 toothbrushes were evaluated. The data obtained revealed that 57.96% of the toothbrushes presented adequate condition for utilization (scores 0 and 1), whereas 42.04% presented inadequate bristles for their function (scores 2 and 3). It was concluded that a great number of toothbrushes presented deterioration of the bristles. Thus, there is the need to guide and promote awareness among teachers, parents and children as well as the need to replace toothbrushes.

Comparison between precipitin and ELISA tests in the bloodmeal detection of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes fluviatilis (Lutz) mosquitoes experimentally fed on feline, canine and human hosts

The identification of arthropod bloodmeals is important in many epidemiological studies, as, the understanding of the life cycle of vectors and the pathogens they transmit, as well as helping to define arthropods' control strategies. The precipitin test has been used for decades, but ELISA is slowly becoming more popular. To compare the two tests for sensitivity, specificity and accuracy to detect small insect bloodmeals, Aedes aegypti or Ae. fluviatilis mosquitoes were fed either on feline, canine or human hosts. Mosquitoes were frozen at 6, 12, 24, 48 or 72 h after feeding. Precipitin test showed better specificity and accuracy and ELISA test showed higher sensitivity. Better results with both tests were achieved when mosquitoes were frozen within 48 h from feeding.

Egg maturation in neotropical malaria vectors: one blood meal is usually enough

The requirement of more than one blood meal to complete a gonotrophic cycle is reported here to be infrequent among field-collected Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus), including Anopheles darlingi, South America's most important malaria vector. The overall frequencies of host-seeking females that did not develop eggs after one blood feeding were low for Anopheles darlingi (6.6%), Anopheles rondoni (5.0%), and Anopheles triannulatus (2.2%); the majority of wild-caught females that did not develop eggs after one blood meal were nulliparous. Laboratory-reared Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles albitarsis, other species of the same subgenus, were grown on enriched and impoverished larval diets to yield a range of adult sizes and to examine relationships between egg maturation, body size, and blood meal intake. 10.7% of nulliparous An. albimanus and 22.9% of An. albitarsis failed to mature eggs after sugar and one blood meal, and shorter wings and smaller blood meals predisposed females to require multiple blood feeds for egg maturation. Unmated An. albitarsis were significantly more likely than mated females not to develop eggs. Multiple blood meals within a single gonotrophic cycle appear to be less important in the life histories of neotropical Nyssorhynchus species compared to afrotropical malaria vectors.

Prompt mating of released Anopheles darlingi in western Amazonian Brazil

To identify times and sites of mating, 1- and 2-day-old virgin female Anopheles darlingi were marked with fluorescent dusts and released at dusk, midnight or dawn in a village on the outskirts of Porto Velho, Rondônia State, Brazil. Dissections of marked females captured at human baits revealed that mating occurred in less than 2 h after dusk releases near houses, and among these early recaptures, older females were significantly more likely to be inseminated. We suggest that mating shortly after peridomestic releases occurred without swarming outside houses.

Faunal composition and behavior of anopheline mosquitoes in the Xavánte Indian reservation of Pimentel Barbosa, central Brazil

Faunal composition and behavior of anopheline mosquitoes were studied in a Xavánte Indian reservation of Central Brazil. Altogether 558 anophelines were collected in three environments (intra, peri, and extra-domiciliary). Anopheles darlingi (30.9%), An. triannulatus s.l. (24.6%) and An. oswaldoi (19.7%) were the most common species. Average capture rates were higher in the rainy season (8.03 per hour) than in the dry season (4.37 per hour). Anophelines exhibited exophilic behavior almost exclusively. It was observed that Xavánte cultural practices facilitate outdoor exposure during peak hours of mosquito activities (e.g., coming to the creek early in the morning for bathing or to draw water, fishing, etc.). The results of this study raise the question of whether or not applying to the Xavánte the more commonly recommended malaria control strategies (e.g., in-house spraying, screening windows, and impregnated bed nets) which aim at hampering human-mosquito contact inside human dwellings may be effective.