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Rissi DR, Miller AD, Demeter EA, Church ME, Koehler JW. Diagnostic immunohistochemistry of primary and secondary central nervous system neoplasms of dogs and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:153-168. [PMID: 38234003 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231221858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of primary and secondary CNS neoplasms of dogs and cats relies on histologic examination of autopsy or biopsy samples. In addition, many neoplasms must be further characterized by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for a more refined diagnosis in specific cases. Given the many investigations assessing the diagnostic and prognostic IHC profile of CNS neoplasms in the veterinary literature, it may be difficult for the diagnostic pathologist or pathology trainee to narrow the list of reliable diagnostic IHCs when facing a challenging case. Here we compile a comprehensive list of the most diagnostically relevant immunomarkers that should be utilized for the diagnostic support or confirmation of the most common primary and secondary CNS neoplasms of dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Rissi
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elena A Demeter
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Molly E Church
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer W Koehler
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Hernández-Mora G, Chacón-Díaz C, Moreira-Soto A, Barrantes-Granados O, Suárez-Esquivel M, Viquez-Ruiz E, Barquero-Calvo E, Ruiz-Villalobos N, Hidalgo-Montealegre D, González-Barrientos R, Demeter EA, Estrella-Morales J, Zúñiga-Pereira AM, Quesada-Gómez C, Chaves-Olarte E, Lomonte B, Guzmán-Verri C, Drexler JF, Moreno E. Virulent Brucella nosferati infecting Desmodus rotundus has emerging potential due to the broad foraging range of its bat host for humans and wild and domestic animals. mSphere 2023; 8:e0006123. [PMID: 37404031 PMCID: PMC10449500 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00061-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmodus rotundus, vampire bats, transmit dangerous infections, and brucellosis is a hazardous zoonotic disease, two adversities that coexist in the subtropical and tropical areas of the American continent. Here, we report a 47.89% Brucella infection prevalence in a colony of vampire bats inhabiting the tropical rainforest of Costa Rica. The bacterium induced placentitis and fetal death in bats. Wide-range phenotypic and genotypic characterization placed the Brucella organisms as a new pathogenic species named Brucella nosferati sp. nov., isolated from bat tissues, including the salivary glands, suggesting feeding behavior might favor transmission to their prey. Overall analyses placed B. nosferati as the etiological agent of a reported canine brucellosis case, demonstrating its potential for infecting other hosts. To assess the putative prey hosts, we analyzed the intestinal contents of 14 infected and 23 non-infected bats by proteomics. A total of 54,508 peptides sorted into 7,203 unique peptides corresponding to 1,521 proteins were identified. Twenty-three wildlife and domestic taxa, including humans, were foraged by B. nosferati-infected D. rotundus, suggesting contact of this bacterium with a broad range of hosts. Our approach is appropriate for detecting, in a single study, the prey preferences of vampire bats in a diverse area, demonstrating its suitability for control strategies where vampire bats thrive. IMPORTANCE The discovery that a high proportion of vampire bats in a tropical area is infected with pathogenic Brucella nosferati and that bats forage on humans and many wild and domestic animals is relevant from the perspective of emerging disease prevention. Indeed, bats harboring B. nosferati in their salivary glands may transmit this pathogenic bacterium to other hosts. This potential is not trivial since, besides the demonstrated pathogenicity, this bacterium possesses all the required virulent arsenal of dangerous Brucella organisms, including those that are zoonotic for humans. Our work has settled the basis for future surveillance actions in brucellosis control programs where these infected bats thrive. Moreover, our strategy to identify the foraging range of bats may be adapted for exploring the feeding habits of diverse animals, including arthropod vectors of infectious diseases, and therefore of interest to a broader audience besides experts on Brucella and bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hernández-Mora
- Unidad de Microbiología Médico Veterinaria, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Chacón-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Andres Moreira-Soto
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Osvaldo Barrantes-Granados
- Unidad de Microbiología Médico Veterinaria, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Marcela Suárez-Esquivel
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Eunice Viquez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Microbiología Médico Veterinaria, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Elías Barquero-Calvo
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Nazareth Ruiz-Villalobos
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Daniela Hidalgo-Montealegre
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Rocío González-Barrientos
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Elena A. Demeter
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Josimar Estrella-Morales
- Unidad de Microbiología Médico Veterinaria, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Ana-Mariel Zúñiga-Pereira
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Quesada-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Esteban Chaves-Olarte
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Caterina Guzmán-Verri
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edgardo Moreno
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
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Melvin JM, Mann S, Divers TJ, Demeter EA. Tail rubbing and absent tail tone in a Morgan-Quarter Horse crossbred gelding. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:742-744. [PMID: 36913389 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.01.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Mann
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Ledbetter EC, Schlesener BN, Demeter EA. Nocardia and Streptomyces keratitis in dogs: In vivo detection of filamentous bacteria by confocal microscopy. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:211-218. [PMID: 36840607 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical features of dogs with Nocardia and Streptomyces keratitis, including the results of in vivo confocal microscopy examinations. ANIMAL STUDIED A 15-year-old, male-castrated, miniature Schnauzer was presented with a multilobulated, cystic, pink, ulcerated corneal mass with surrounding dense leukocyte infiltrates. Cytologic evaluation of a corneal scraping identified pyogranulomatous inflammation and filamentous bacteria. Nocardia nova was cultured from corneal samples. Anterior lamellar keratectomy was performed to excise the affected corneal region and histopathologic evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of pyogranulomatous keratitis. A 10-year-old, male-castrated, Yorkshire terrier was presented for evaluation of a chronic anterior stromal corneal ulcer associated with a brown corneal plaque. Cytologic evaluation of a corneal scraping identified suppurative inflammation and filamentous bacteria. A Streptomyces sp. was cultured from corneal samples. The keratitis in both dogs resolved with therapy. PROCEDURES In vivo confocal microscopy examination of the corneal lesions in both dogs revealed dense accumulations of leukocytes and clusters of hyperreflective, slender, branching bacterial structures that were approximately 1.5-2.0 μm in diameter and 25-50 μm in length. Confocal microscopy imaging of the Nocardia isolate in vitro, and ex vivo canine corneas experimentally infected with the bacteria, was performed to corroborate the in vivo findings. The morphology of the filamentous bacteria was similar between the in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo confocal microscopy examinations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Nocardia and Streptomyces spp. can be associated with infectious keratitis in dogs. In vivo detection of filamentous bacteria in the cornea can be accomplished by confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brittany N Schlesener
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Elena A Demeter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Riker J, Clarke LL, Demeter EA, Miller AD, Howerth EW, Miller DM, Rissi DR. Histiocytic sarcoma with central nervous system involvement in 6 cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:87-91. [PMID: 36366728 PMCID: PMC9751457 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221136849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we characterize 6 cases (4 autopsies and 2 biopsies) of histiocytic sarcoma in the CNS of cats. All affected cats had chronic, progressive clinical signs. Three autopsied cats were euthanized because of a poor prognosis, and one died. The clinical outcome for the biopsy cases remains unknown. Tumors occurred in the brain (4 cases), spinal cord (1 case), and brain and spinal cord (1 case). Neoplasms were restricted to the CNS in 3 cases. Reported gross changes in the 4 autopsy cases consisted of neuroparenchymal swelling with or without tissue pallor or gray discoloration (2 cases) and a yellow or dark-gray mass (2 cases). Histologically, pleomorphic, round-to-elongate neoplastic cells with typical histiocytic morphology effaced the neuroparenchyma and leptomeninges. Multinucleate neoplastic cells were observed in all cases. The mitotic count was 1-24 in 2.37 mm2 (10 FN22 40× fields). Neoplastic cells in all cases had positive immunolabeling for Iba1; immunolabeling was negative for E-cadherin, CD3, CD79, and MUM1, confirming their histiocytic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Riker
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lorelei L. Clarke
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elena A. Demeter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth W. Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Doris M. Miller
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R. Rissi
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Abstract
Ependymoma, one of the most common gliomas in cats, occurs most often in the lateral and third ventricles and has variable histologic patterns that often form rosettes and pseudorosettes. Oligodendrocyte transcription factor (OLIG2) is expressed in oligodendrocyte precursor cells and mature oligodendrocytes. Although widely used as a diagnostic marker for most gliomas, OLIG2 is reported to have minimal immunolabeling in ependymomas. Here we characterize the OLIG2 immunolabeling pattern in 19 cases of feline ependymoma, which occurred predominantly in the lateral and third ventricles. Immunohistochemistry for GFAP was variable in 14 cases and was typically localized in the cytoplasmic processes of the neoplastic ependymal cells, especially in the rosettes and pseudorosettes. Nuclear OLIG2 immunolabeling was present in 17 cases and varied in intensity from weak (4 cases) to strong (13 cases). The distribution of OLIG2 immunolabeling within the neoplasms included none (2 cases), <25% (7 cases), 25-50% (6 cases), 51-75% (2 cases), and >75% (3 cases). OLIG2 immunolabeling intensity and distribution is widespread in feline ependymoma, in contrast to ependymomas in other species, and should not be relied upon as a specific marker for feline oligodendroglioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Demeter
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Marc Kent
- Section of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric N Glass
- Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - John Edwards
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Lin M, Kent M, Glass EN, Jones AM, Miller AD, Demeter EA. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 259:1-5. [PMID: 35560125 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.12.0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In collaboration with the American College of Veterinary Pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Lin
- Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Compassion First Pet Hospitals, Tinton Falls, NJ
| | - Marc Kent
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Eric N Glass
- Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Compassion First Pet Hospitals, Tinton Falls, NJ
| | - Aslynn M Jones
- Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Aspen Meadow Veterinary Specialists, Longmont, CO
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Elena A Demeter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Johnson PJ, Miller AD, Cheetham J, Demeter EA, Luh WM, Loftus JP, Stephan SL, Dewey CW, Barry EF. In vivo detection of microstructural spinal cord lesions in dogs with degenerative myelopathy using diffusion tensor imaging. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:352-362. [PMID: 33350517 PMCID: PMC7848345 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Degenerative myelopathy (DM) in dogs is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that causes white matter spinal cord lesions. These lesions are undetectable on standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), limiting diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. Spinal cord lesions cause disruption to the structural integrity of the axons causing water diffusion to become more random and less anisotropic. These changes are detectable by the technique of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) which is highly sensitive to diffusion alterations secondary to white matter lesion development. Objective Perform spinal DTI on cohorts of dogs with and without DM to identify if lesions caused by DM will cause a detectable alteration in spinal cord diffusivity that correlates with neurological status. Animals Thirteen dogs with DM and 13 aged‐matched controls. Methods All animals underwent MRI with DTI of the entire spine. Diffusivity parameters fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were measured at each vertebral level and statistically compared between groups. Results Dogs with DM had significant decreases in FA within the regions of the spinal cord that had high expected lesion load. Decreases in FA were most significant in dogs with severe forms of the disease and correlated with neurological grade. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Findings suggest that FA has the potential to be a biomarker for spinal cord lesion development in DM and could play an important role in improving diagnosis and monitoring of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan Cheetham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Elena A Demeter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Wen-Ming Luh
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John P Loftus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Sarah L Stephan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Curtis W Dewey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Erica F Barry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Demeter EA, Canales GM, Scrivani PV, Duhamel GE. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:1287-1290. [PMID: 31067183 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.11.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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