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Parent S, Radziszewski S, Gillard A, Bélanger-Gravel A, Gagné MH, St-Pierre E, Vertommen T, Woodburn A. Development and initial validation of the perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport scale. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1355958. [PMID: 38476580 PMCID: PMC10927836 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1355958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction A growing body of research is looking into risk factors for interpersonal violence (IV) in sport. This research suggests the existence of several important risk factors, especially organizational and social factors. One of these factors is the beliefs regarding instrumental effects of violence. Coaches may want to drive performance, deter failure, test resilience and commitment, develop toughness, assure interpersonal control, and promote internal competition. In sum, available evidence suggests the risk of IV increases when coaches believe in the effectiveness of strategies involving IV to enhance athlete performance or perceive external approval for these practices. Methods The studies presented in this article seeks to develop and validate the Perceived Instrumental Effects of Violence in Sport (PIEVS) Scale in order to measure those beliefs in coaches. In study 1, item generation, expert consultation, cognitive interviews, pilot test and item reduction phases led to 25 items for the PIEVS around six dimensions. In study 2, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with 690 coaches in order to determine the PIEVS factorial structure and the convergent and divergent validity of the scale was tested (long and short form). Results Our results suggested a one-factor solution for the PIEVS (25 items). This one-factor model provided an excellent fit to the data and a very good internal consistency. The PIEVS and empowering motivational climate were negatively correlated, which supported divergent validity as expected. The PIEVS was positively correlated with the disempowering motivational climate and with sport ethic norms, which supported convergent validity as expected. Discussion These findings provide preliminary evidence for the appropriateness of the PIEVS Scale to measure perceived instrumental effects of violence in coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Parent
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- International Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport (IRNOVIS), Antwerp, Belgium
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Radziszewski
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Allyson Gillard
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Elisabeth St-Pierre
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Tine Vertommen
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- International Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport (IRNOVIS), Antwerp, Belgium
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Safe Sport Lab, Center of Expertise Care and Well-Being, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Physical Education, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrea Woodburn
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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St-Pierre E, Parent S, Deslauriers-Varin N. Exploring the Modus Operandi of Coaches Who Perpetrated Sex Offenses in Canada. Front Psychol 2022; 13:856798. [PMID: 35496201 PMCID: PMC9043286 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the modus operandi strategies employed by 120 coaches who committed sexual abuse toward 331 athletes under their authority. More than 2,000 Canadian court judgements and media reports were identified using online search databases. Using descriptive analysis, 51 strategies used in six modus operandi stages were identified. Results highlighted the most frequent strategies used by coaches for each stage of the crime commission process. Additionally, findings revealed the influence of the victims' gender, coaches' sport level and year of coaches' first offenses on modus operandi strategies used. Implications for crime prevention measures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth St-Pierre
- Department of Physical Education, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Research Chair on Security and Integrity in Sport, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Parent
- Department of Physical Education, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Research Chair on Security and Integrity in Sport, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nadine Deslauriers-Varin
- Research Chair on Security and Integrity in Sport, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,School of Social Work and Criminology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,International Center for Comparative Criminology (ICCC), Montreal, QC, Canada
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Gillard A, St-Pierre E, Radziszewski S, Parent S. Putting the Puzzle Back Together-A Narrative Case Study of an Athlete Who Survived Child Sexual Abuse in Sport. Front Psychol 2022; 13:856957. [PMID: 35422731 PMCID: PMC9001933 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Denunciations of child sexual abuse (CSA) in the sport context have been increasing in the last decades. Studies estimate that between 14 and 29% of athletes have been victim of at least one form of sexual violence in sport before the age of 18. However, studies suggest that many do not disclose their experience of CSA during childhood. This finding is alarming since studies have shown that the healing process usually starts with disclosure. Moreover, little is known about the healing process of CSA experienced in the sport context. The aim of the study is to present a single case study of a CSA in sport to better understand the global experience over time from the perspective of the athlete. A narrative inquiry approach was adopted. Three non-structured interviews were conducted with the participant. Three pathways in the survivor journey have been identified through inductive thematic analysis: (a) pathway to understanding, (b) pathway to disclosure, and (c) pathway to healing. These pathways represent distinct processes but are intertwined as they are dynamic and iterative. Indeed, the survivor explained how she had been, and is still, going back and forth between them. Results are consistent with those found in the literature on CSA in the general population. It suggests that theoretical models of CSA in the general population could be applied to CSA in sport. Practical implications include a need for education and clearer boundaries in the coach-athlete relationship. Sport stakeholders also need to be better equipped to recognize the signs of sexual violence in sport. Our results indicate that qualitative research could be a potential avenue to help victims heal from CSA. It gives them the chance to talk about and make sense of their abuse in a safe space. Finally, our results demonstrate the importance of reviewing the current justice system for victims. It should be based on a trauma-informed approach that places the victim at the center of the judicial process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Gillard
- Physical Education, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Research Chair on Security and Integrity in Sport (SIMS), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Faculty of Social Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elisabeth St-Pierre
- Physical Education, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Research Chair on Security and Integrity in Sport (SIMS), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Faculty of Social Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Radziszewski
- Research Chair on Security and Integrity in Sport (SIMS), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Faculty of Social Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Parent
- Physical Education, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Research Chair on Security and Integrity in Sport (SIMS), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Faculty of Social Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Pouchelet M, St-Pierre E, Bibor-Hardy V, Simard R. Localization of the 70 000 dalton heat-induced protein in the nuclear matrix of BHK cells. Exp Cell Res 1983; 149:451-9. [PMID: 6641812 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(83)90357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of exponentially growing BHK cells to supranormal temperatures (41-44 degrees C, for 15 min to 1 h) induces the synthesis of a new set of proteins, the heat shock proteins, while the synthesis of proteins made before heat shock is repressed at 43 degrees C. Among the two major heat shock proteins induced, of molecular weight 70 K and 68 K, only the 70 kD protein is found bound to the nuclear matrix. This protein is resolved differently from the normal matrix proteins by isoelectric focusing and, when blotted, does not react with antibodies directed against nuclear matrices. These results show that the 70 kD heat shock protein is a new protein transferred from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it binds to the nuclear matrix, suggesting a structural role for this protein.
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