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Sahu BS, Razzoli M, McGonigle S, Pallais JP, Nguyen ME, Sadahiro M, Jiang C, Lin WJ, Kelley KA, Rodriguez P, Mansk R, Cero C, Caviola G, Palanza P, Rao L, Beetch M, Alejandro E, Sham YY, Frontini A, Salton SR, Bartolomucci A. Targeted and selective knockout of the TLQP-21 neuropeptide unmasks its unique role in energy homeostasis. Mol Metab 2023; 76:101781. [PMID: 37482186 PMCID: PMC10400922 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pro-peptide precursors are processed into biologically active peptide hormones or neurotransmitters, each playing an essential role in physiology and disease. Genetic loss of function of a pro-peptide precursor results in the simultaneous ablation of all biologically-active peptides within that precursor, often leading to a composite phenotype that can be difficult to align with the loss of specific peptide components. Due to this biological constraint and technical limitations, mice carrying the selective ablation of individual peptides encoded by pro-peptide precursor genes, while leaving the other peptides unaffected, have remained largely unaddressed. METHODS We developed and characterized a mouse model carrying the selective knockout of the TLQP-21 neuropeptide (ΔTLQP-21) encoded by the Vgf gene. To achieve this goal, we used a knowledge-based approach by mutating a codon in the Vgf sequence leading to the substitution of the C-terminal Arginine of TLQP-21, which is the pharmacophore as well as an essential cleavage site from its precursor, into Alanine (R21→A). RESULTS We provide several independent validations of this mouse, including a novel in-gel digestion targeted mass spectrometry identification of the unnatural mutant sequence, exclusive to the mutant mouse. ΔTLQP-21 mice do not manifest gross behavioral and metabolic abnormalities and reproduce well, yet they have a unique metabolic phenotype characterized by an environmental temperature-dependent resistance to diet-induced obesity and activation of the brown adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS The ΔTLQP-21 mouse line can be a valuable resource to conduct mechanistic studies on the necessary role of TLQP-21 in physiology and disease, while also serving as a platform to test the specificity of novel antibodies or immunoassays directed at TLQP-21. Our approach also has far-reaching implications by informing the development of knowledge-based genetic engineering approaches to generate selective loss of function of other peptides encoded by pro-hormones genes, leaving all other peptides within the pro-protein precursor intact and unmodified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani S Sahu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Seth McGonigle
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jean Pierre Pallais
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Megin E Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Masato Sadahiro
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kevin A Kelley
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Pedro Rodriguez
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Rachel Mansk
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Cheryl Cero
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Giada Caviola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43120, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Palanza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43120, Parma, Italy
| | - Loredana Rao
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Megan Beetch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Emilyn Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yuk Y Sham
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Stephen R Salton
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Sahu BS, Razzoli M, McGonigle S, Pallais JP, Nguyen ME, Sadahiro M, Jiang C, Lin WJ, Kelley KA, Rodriguez P, Mansk R, Cero C, Caviola G, Palanza P, Rao L, Beetch M, Alejandro E, Sham YY, Frontini A, Salton SR, Bartolomucci A. Targeted and selective knockout of the TLQP-21 neuropeptide unmasks its unique role in energy homeostasis. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.23.532619. [PMID: 36993202 PMCID: PMC10055429 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.532619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pro-peptide precursors are processed into biologically active peptide hormones or neurotransmitters, each playing an essential role in physiology and disease. Genetic loss of function of a pro-peptide precursor results in the simultaneous ablation of all biologically-active peptides within that precursor, often leading to a composite phenotype that can be difficult to align with the loss of specific peptide components. Due to this biological constraint and technical limitations, mice carrying the selective ablation of individual peptides encoded by pro-peptide precursor genes, while leaving the other peptides unaffected, have remained largely unaddressed. Here, we developed and characterized a mouse model carrying the selective knockout of the TLQP-21 neuropeptide (ΔTLQP-21) encoded by the Vgf gene. To achieve this goal, we used a knowledge-based approach by mutating a codon in the Vgf sequence leading to the substitution of the C-terminal Arginine of TLQP-21, which is the pharmacophore as well as an essential cleavage site from its precursor, into Alanine (R 21 →A). We provide several independent validations of this mouse, including a novel in-gel digestion targeted mass spectrometry identification of the unnatural mutant sequence, exclusive to the mutant mouse. ΔTLQP-21 mice do not manifest gross behavioral and metabolic abnormalities and reproduce well, yet they have a unique metabolic phenotype characterized by a temperature-dependent resistance to diet-induced obesity and activation of the brown adipose tissue.
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Moore M, Alejandro E. Reduction of O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) Mitigates the Severity of Acute Pancreatitis. J Am Coll Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2021.07.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Regal J, Polack V, Root K, Molin A, Akhaphong B, Alejandro E. Decreased Systemic Complement Activation Product C3a is Associated with a Reduction in Pancreatic β Cell Area in Islets of Female Rat Offspring following Chronic Placental Ischemia‐induced Hypertension. FASEB J 2021. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Regal
- Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth CampusDuluthMN
| | - Vonda Polack
- Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth CampusDuluthMN
| | - Kate Root
- Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth CampusDuluthMN
| | - Alexa Molin
- Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth CampusDuluthMN
| | - Brian Akhaphong
- Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School, Twin Cites CampusMinneapolisMN
| | - Emilyn Alejandro
- Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical School, Twin Cites CampusMinneapolisMN
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Alejandro E, Baumann D, Wong A, Lockridge A, Mohan R, Alejandro E. Placental mTOR insufficiency during pregnancy predisposes female offspring to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Placenta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pérez Sánchez V, Marysol A, Fany P, Angel A, Alejandro E, Isabel S, Yolanda V, Enrique B, Armen S, Citlali R, Guadalupe M, Maria P, Eduardo N. Pericardial metastases of breast cancer. Immunophenotype in comparison with primary tumor. Eur J Cancer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(18)30580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Elghazi L, Blandino-Rosano M, Alejandro E, Cras-Méneur C, Bernal-Mizrachi E. Role of nutrients and mTOR signaling in the regulation of pancreatic progenitors development. Mol Metab 2017; 6:560-573. [PMID: 28580286 PMCID: PMC5444096 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Poor fetal nutrition increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in the offspring at least in part by reduced embryonic β-cell growth and impaired function. However, it is not entirely clear how fetal nutrients and growth factors impact β-cells during development to alter glucose homeostasis and metabolism later in life. The current experiments aimed to test the impact of fetal nutrients and growth factors on endocrine development and how these signals acting on mTOR signaling regulate β-cell mass and glucose homeostasis. METHOD Pancreatic rudiments in culture were used to study the role of glucose, growth factors, and amino acids on β-cell development. The number and proliferation of pancreatic and endocrine progenitor were assessed in the presence or absence of rapamycin. The impact of mTOR signaling in vivo on pancreas development and glucose homeostasis was assessed in models deficient for mTOR or Raptor in Pdx1 expressing pancreatic progenitors. RESULTS We found that amino acid concentrations, and leucine in particular, enhance the number of pancreatic and endocrine progenitors and are essential for growth factor induced proliferation. Rapamycin, an mTORC1 complex inhibitor, reduced the number and proliferation of pancreatic and endocrine progenitors. Mice lacking mTOR in pancreatic progenitors exhibited hyperglycemia in neonates, hypoinsulinemia and pancreatic agenesis/hypoplasia with pancreas rudiments containing ductal structures lacking differentiated acinar and endocrine cells. In addition, loss of mTORC1 by deletion of raptor in pancreatic progenitors reduced pancreas size with reduced number of β-cells. CONCLUSION Together, these results suggest that amino acids concentrations and in particular leucine modulates growth responses of pancreatic and endocrine progenitors and that mTOR signaling is critical for these responses. Inactivation of mTOR and raptor in pancreatic progenitors suggested that alterations in some of the components of this pathway during development could be a cause of pancreatic agenesis/hypoplasia and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Elghazi
- University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Internal Medicine Department, MEND Division, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Manuel Blandino-Rosano
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Miami VA Health Care System, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Emilyn Alejandro
- University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Internal Medicine Department, MEND Division, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Minnesota, Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Corentin Cras-Méneur
- University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Internal Medicine Department, MEND Division, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Miami VA Health Care System, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miami, FL, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Miami VA Health Care System, USA. Fax: +1 (305) 243 4039.Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismUniversity of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Miami VA Health Care SystemUSA
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Gregg B, Alejandro E, Smith M, Elghazi L, El‐Gabri D, Cras‐Meneur C, Bernal‐Mizrachi E. Programming effects of metformin exposure during gestation on offspring pancreatic β‐cell mass and glucose homeostasis (910.5). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.910.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Gregg
- Pediatric Endocrinology University of MichiganAnn ArborMIUnited States
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Kamrava M, Simpkins F, Alejandro E, Michener C, Meltzer E, Kohn EC. Lysophosphatidic acid and endothelin-induced proliferation of ovarian cancer cell lines is mitigated by neutralization of granulin-epithelin precursor (GEP), a prosurvival factor for ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2005; 24:7084-93. [PMID: 16044162 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Granulin-epithelin precursor (GEP/progranulin) is an autocrine growth factor for ovarian cancer. We examined the production and function of GEP and report that: (1) GEP production is regulated by endothelin (ET-1), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and cAMP; (2) cAMP signals GEP production through exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC); (3) ET-1 and cAMP/EPAC induce GEP through ERK1/2; and (4) neutralization of GEP results in apoptosis. Exposure of HEY-A8 and OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cells to LPA and ET-1 yielded GEP production and secretion in a dose- and time-dependent fashion; neither stimulated significant concentrations of cAMP directly. Stimulation of cAMP production with pertussis and cholera toxin, or forskolin induced GEP in a PKA-independent fashion. EPAC, an intracellular cAMP receptor, is activated specifically by the cAMP analog, 8-CPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP (8-CPT); 8-CPT treatment stimulated GEP production and secretion. The MEK inhibitor, U0126, abrogated GEP production in response to ET-1 and 8-CPT, confirming involvement of MAPK. A partial inhibition of basal and stimulated GEP production was observed when cells were treated with a internal calcium chelator, BAPTA. Neutralizing anti-GEP antibody reversed basal as well as LPA, ET-1 and 8-CPT-induced ovarian cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis as demonstrated by caspase-3 and PARP cleavage, DNA fragmentation, and nuclear condensation. These results indicate that GEP is a growth and survival factor for ovarian cancer, induced by LPA and ET-1 and cAMP/EPAC through ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Kamrava
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Maioli M, Alejandro E, Tonolo G, Gilliam LK, Bekris L, Hampe CS, Obinu DA, Manconi A, Puddu L, Lynch K, Lernmark A. Epitope-restricted 65-kilodalton glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies among new-onset Sardinian type 2 diabetes patients define phenotypes of autoimmune diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:5675-82. [PMID: 15531528 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-0864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 65-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) autoantibodies (GAD65Abs), commonly found in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, are also found at lower frequencies in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. GAD65Abs in T1DM patients are epitope specific, in contrast to those found in other GAD65Ab-positive individuals, including T2DM patients. Our aim was to assess whether epitope-specific GAD65Abs, or the additional presence of islet antigen 2 (IA-2) autoantibodies, better define T1DM phenotypes among T2DM patients. GAD65 and IA-2 autoantibodies were analyzed in 1436 Sardinian subjects classified with T2DM and in 384 nondiabetic patient controls. Autoantibody binding specificity to the N-terminal, middle (M), and C-terminal (C) portions of the GAD65 molecule was evaluated. Among the T2DM patients, 5.1% had GAD65 (P < 0.001) and 2.4% had IA-2 autoantibodies, compared with 1.3 and 1.6%, respectively, among the controls. GAD65Ab-positive T2DM patients with M+C (epitope-specific) reactivity were found to have the lowest body mass index (P < 0.001), followed by GAD65Ab/IA-2Ab-positive patients (P < 0.01), and non-M+C-reactive (non-epitope-specific) patients (P < 0.02). In GAD65Ab-positive T2DM patients, c-peptide levels were lower in M+C-reactive compared with non-M+C-reactive patients. Sardinian T2DM patients with M+C-predominant GAD65Ab reactivity have clinical features more similar to those of T1DM patients. Thus, GAD65Ab epitope analysis may help to define T1DM phenotypes among newly diagnosed GAD65Ab-positive patients classified with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Maioli
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Istituto di Clinica Medica, University of Sassari, Italy
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Davidson B, Alejandro E, Flørenes VA, Goderstad JM, Risberg B, Kristensen GB, Trope CG, Kohn EC. Granulin-epithelin precursor is a novel prognostic marker in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 2004; 100:2139-47. [PMID: 15139056 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The granulin-epithelin precursor (GEP) was preferentially expressed in invasive ovarian tumor epithelium specimens compared with specimens of borderline ovarian tumors. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the anatomic site-related and cellular expression of GEP and its association with clinicopathologic parameters and survival in patients with advanced-stage ovarian carcinoma. METHODS Effusions (n = 190), corresponding primary tumor specimens (n = 64), and specimens of metastatic lesions (n = 125) were analyzed using immunohistochemistry with a specific polyclonal antipeptide antibody. In addition, 36 effusions were analyzed using immunoblotting. RESULTS GEP was detected in tumor cells in 171 of 190 (90%) effusions and demonstrated both focal membrane and cytoplasmic localization. Mesothelial cells were often GEP positive (81%). GEP was found in carcinoma cells in 180 of 189 (95%) tumor biopsy specimens, with stromal and endothelial cell expression in 93 of 180 (52%) and 124 of 185 (67%) specimens, respectively. Lower GEP expression in stromal cells was observed in metastases sampled during or after chemotherapy (P = 0.034). The presence of GEP-positive stromal cells in untreated primary tumor specimens correlated with worse overall survival (P = 0.014). Significantly more frequent GEP expression was observed in tumor cells of both primary (P = 0.002) and metastatic (P < 0.001) tissue specimens compared with malignant effusions. CONCLUSIONS GEP expression was observed in primary and metastatic epithelial ovarian carcinoma specimens, with down-regulated expression in tumor cells of malignant effusions. The poor outcome associated with stromal GEP expression suggests a prognostic role for this growth factor in ovarian carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/secondary
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/secondary
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/secondary
- Endometrial Neoplasms/metabolism
- Endometrial Neoplasms/secondary
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/metabolism
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/pathology
- Prognosis
- Progranulins
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Davidson
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, The National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Fernández JA, Unamuno I, Alejandro E, Longarte A, Castaño F. Structure and identification of the amino-p-phenethylamine conformers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b109657e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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