Effect of remote ischemic postconditioning on left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND

Ischemic conditioning may help patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) to limit ventricular remodeling.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the effect of remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPC) on left ventricular function during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) in patients with STEMI.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Pre- and post-test intervention study with a total of 60 STEMI patients. Patients were divided in two groups: with and without RIPC.

RESULTS

During the 6-month follow-up, a significant difference in left ventricular ejection fraction was observed in patients who underwent PPCI, which was higher in the group with RIPC in comparison with the group without RIPC: 1.0% (-1.0 to 4.3) vs. -1.0% (-4.0 to 1.3), p = 0.033. In addition, at 6-month measurement, left ventricular end-systolic volume in patients without RIPC was higher in comparison with their counterparts: 79.3 ± 30.5 mL vs. 64.4 ± 21.4 mL, p = 0.032.

CONCLUSIONS

RIPC shows favorable effects on left ventricular function and, therefore, in the future, it could be a potential cardioprotective strategy against ischemia-reperfusion injury in STEMI patients.

Manipulation of Magnetic Skyrmion Density in Continuous Ir/Co/Pt Multilayers

We show that magnetic skyrmions can be stabilised at room temperature in continuous [Ir/Co/Pt]₅ multilayers on SiO₂/Si substrates without the prior application of electric current or magnetic field. While decreasing the Co thickness, a transition of the magnetic domain patterns from worm-like state to separated stripes is observed. The skyrmions are clearly imaged in both states using magnetic force microscopy. The density of skyrmions can be significantly enhanced after applying the "in-plane field procedure". Our results provide means to manipulate magnetic skyrmion density, further allowing for the optimised engineering of skyrmion-based devices.

Omega-3 and Vitamin E Supplementation Effect on Reactive Oxygen Species and Placental Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: Pre-eclampsia Model

BACKGROUND: Pre-eclampsia (PE) has been associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E have beneficial function to maintain cell membrane, prevent oxidative stress, and inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of omega-3 and vitamin E supplement to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and placental Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) on PE rats model. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the effect of omega-3 and vitamin E supplementation on ROS and placental VEGF. METHODS: This research has been carried out at animal house and Biomedical Laboratory of the Medical Faculty Andalas University. The design of this research was experimental study with post-test only control group design. Thirty pregnant rats were divided into five groups. Group K-without treatment, group K+ was given L-NAME, group P1 was given L-NAME + omega-3, group P2 was given L-NAME + vitamin E, and group P3 was given L-NAME + omega-3 + vitamin E. The L-NAME dose was 50 mg/kg/day. At the 19th day of gestation, the pregnancy was terminated and the blood serum was used for examination of ROS and placental tissue was collected for examination of VEGF using ELISA kit. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post hoc test Bonferoni. RESULTS: The analysis results found that there were significant differences between omega-3 and vitamin E supplements on ROS levels and placental VEGF levels. Administration of omega-3 only or combination with vitamin E can effectively improve endothelial function by increasing the level of VEGF. CONCLUSION: Omega-3 (DHA 120 mg, EPA 180 mg) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol 300 iu) supplement decreased ROS and increased placental VEGF on pre-eclampsia rats model.

Erythrocyte Antibody Due to Alloimmunization in Repeated Transfusion: A Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND: Blood transfusion is one form of life-saving efforts to improve health. Each individual will experience a different transfusion reaction. Having a history of repeated transfusions increases the risk of alloimmunization leading to the development of erythrocyte alloantibodies. AIM: This study is a meta-analysis of various studies on erythrocyte antibodies due to alloimmunization in repeated transfusion. METHODS: Literatures were searched through the PubMed, DOAJ, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords “repeated transfusion,” “alloimmunization,” and “erythrocyte antibody” published in 2017 - 2021. All identified articles were then screened for relevance as well as duplication according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, the articles were analyzed using software review manager 5.4 and software comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) version 3. RESULTS: A total of seven articles were included in this study. Based on the analysis, we found that there was no association between alloimmunization in repeated transfusions with erythrocyte antibodies based on gender (pooled odds ratio 1.00 [95% CI 0.70 - 1.42]. CONCLUSION: Alloimmunization on repeated transfusion was not significantly associated with erythrocyte antibody based on gender.

Relationship of Anti-interleukin-6 Receptor Antibody to Interleukin-6 Level and Inducible Nitrite Oxide Levels in Peripheral Nerve Injury in Chronic Constriction Injury-Induced Rats: A Case-Control Study in Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and inducible Nitric oxide Synthase (iNOS) have an effect on neuropathic pain in the inflammatory process in peripheral nerve injuries. AIM: This study aims to examine the effect of anti-IL-6 receptor antibody on IL-6 and iNOS levels as a consideration for the treatment of neuropathic pain in a rat model of peripheral nerve injury. METHODS: Twenty-eight young adult male Wistar rats were treated for peripheral nerve injury and then divided into two groups. Fourteen treatment groups (Group P) were given anti-IL-6 receptor antibody by injection at a dose of 100 g/day by injection into the saphenous vein in the rat’s leg for 3 days. In both groups, the serum IL-6 and iNOS levels were assessed on the 3rd day after administration of anti-IL-6 receptor antibody in group P, using the sandwich ELISA method. RESULTS: The results showed that the administration of anti-IL-6 receptor antibody did not have a significant effect on reducing IL-6 and iNOS levels in group P (p > 0.05). Administration of anti-IL-6 receptor antibody had more effect on IL-6 levels on iNOS levels, where a decrease in IL-6 levels caused a decrease in iNOS levels in group P (p = 0.004 and r = 0.693). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the present administration of anti-IL-6 receptor antibody cannot be considered as a treatment for neuropathic pain in peripheral nerve injuries, but can be used to influence IL-6 levels on iNOS levels.

Bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli Microbiota of Healthy Indonesian Infants in Andalas Village: Profile of Infant Diet Given Exclusive Breastfed and Formula-fed

INTRODUCTION : Inbalance of microbiota in gastrointestinal tract have the risk of getting gastrointestinal infections, one of them is diarrhea. AIM : The aim of this study was to determine bifidobacterium and eschericia coli microbiota and compare the microbiota obtained between exclusive breast fed and formula fed Indonesian infants village andalas. METHODS : This study was an observational study with cross sectional comparative design. Samples faeses of infant was taken by Multistage Simple Random Sampling with total sample of 28 infants in range 0-6 months. This study was conducted in Pauh community health center areas, Village Andalas . The infant’s feces was taken then send to Microbiology Laboratorium of Dr. M. Djamil Hospital Padang city, Indonesia. The instruments used were a questionnaire and a colony counter. Data were processed and analyzed by using independent t test and Mann Whitney test. RESULTS : The fecal microbiota of the 0-6 months Indonesian infants village andalas two species including bifidobacterium and eschericia coli were common commensal intestinal microbiota in all infants. The predominant intestinal microbiota in the breast fed infants bifidobacterium average 3,59 x 109 CFU/g (p < 0,05). the mean eschericia coli microbiota from the formula fed infants 66,8 x 109 CFU/g (p < 0,05) CONCLUSION : Exclusive breastfeeding infant’s faeses contain more bifidobacteria and formula breastfed infant’s faeces contain more escherichia coli bacteria. These findings advance our understanding of the gut microbiota in healthy infants. They also provide new evidence infant diet as determinants of this essential microbial community in early life

The Relationship between Stress, Personality, Dopamine Transporter, and Serotonin Transporter Level with Internet Addiction in Secondary School Students in Padang

BACKGROUND: The unpleasant stress can cause a variety of mental disorder that will lead children to run away from real life and one of the way is using excessive internet. In the past few years, more interested in studying the negative effect of the internet. The development of internet has been very rapid and used to play games and make friendship, but it also has negative impact on people’s lives. Young refers to some of the symptoms of internet addiction that resembles the symptoms of substance addiction, causing physical and psychological problems. Several studies have tried to show a relationship between dopamine and internet addiction by measuring the level of dopamine transporter (DAT). Lee et al. (2008) showed that one homozygous short allele from the serotonin transporter (SERt) gene 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5 HTT)-linked polymorphic region is more frequent in excessive internet users. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between stress, personality, DAT, and SERt level with internet addiction in secondary school students. METHODS: Methods applied in this study were a cross-sectional comparative design conducted in secondary school students in January 2016–March 2017 in Padang. The stress level was assessed using the depression anxiety and stress scale. Personality tests were measured using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory for Adolescent. Internet addiction was assessed using the Young Internet Addiction Test. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine peripheral blood DAT and SERt or 5 HTT levels from the students who were diagnosed with stress. RESULTS: The results showed that personality was negatively associated with internet addiction (P = 0.271). Positive significant relationship of internet addiction was showed by association with levels of DAT (P = 0.001) and SERt (P = 0.001) in blood serum. DAT levels showed high relationship effect of stressed students become addicted to the internet. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that students were addicted to the internet as a coping mechanism against stress. Personality questionnaire tests failed to identify students who became addicted to the internet. The peripheral blood DAT and SERt level was predictive to identify students addicted to internet use. The present study supported the hypothesis that the DAT plays an important role in internet addiction.

Determination of Urine Protein Levels and Analysis of Differences in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels between Early Onset and Late Onset Preeclampsia

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is a disease with the high mortality rate. Data indicate that 23.5% of maternal deaths due to preeclampsia. Urine protein testing is essential for pregnant women to discover the function of kidney during pregnancy and to identify the presence of preeclampsia, both mild and severe, which it can lead to eclampsia. Preeclampsia based on onset can also be detected by examining serum biomarkers of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). AIM: The aim of this study was to overview the urine protein levels and analyzed the differences serum VEGF levels between the early and late onset of preeclampsia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used design of the cross sectional comparative study in RSUP DR. M Djamil Padang, Pariaman Hospital, Aisiyah Pariaman Hospital, and Padang Pariaman Regional Hospital for 2 years. The population in this study consisted of patients with early and late onset preeclampsia who went to the study site during that time and met the inclusion criteria. Sampling with consecutive sampling consisted of 28 people per group. RESULTS: The results revealed that the number of patients who had urine protein levels with a value of 2+ at the early onset was 14 and at the late onset was 12, meanwhile for patients with a urine protein content value of 3+ at the early onset it was 14 and at the late onset was 10.For the category urine protein with a value of 4+ amounted to 6 people only in the late onset group. The results of the normality test showed that the mean value of VEGF levels at early onset and late onset was 3.91 pg / ml and 4.3 pg / ml, respectively. Thus, the level of VEGF serum had an abnormal distribution and it led to the T test data could not be tested. So then, the testing was done using a non-parametric test, namely the Mann-Whittney test. The mean levels of VEGF, respectively, based on the Mann-Whittney test for early onset preeclampsia and late onset preeclampsia were 29.75 ng / mL and 30.25 ng / mL. VEGF in early onset preeclampsia is lower than late onset preeclampsia. CONCLUSION: Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that there was no significant difference in the level of VEGF in early onset preeclampsia and late onset preeclampsia (p = 0.42). Keywords: Preeclampsia, early onset, late onset, urine protein, VEGF

The Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Disease and its Relationship with Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase

BACKGROUND: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death and start with injury to the endothelium of a coronary artery. The common feature of endothelial dysfunction is a decrease of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability that regulated by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity. AIM: The aim of our study was to study the relationship between risk factors of CHD patients with the level of eNOS. METHODS: Thirty-seven outpatients in cardiology department of the regional public hospital diagnosed as CHD were included in our study. Thirty healthy individuals were included as the control group. Risk factors of CHD were identified according to anamnesis and laboratory finding. eNOS was measured by ELISA methods. RESULTS: Endothelial NOS levels were significantly higher in the CHD when compared to the controls (p < 0.05). The most dominant risk factor for CHD is overweight, and followed by dyslipidemia, smoking, hypertension, history of CHD, and diabetes mellitus. eNOS in CHD patients who had one risk factor was 37.598 ± 0.1541 ng/ml, two risk factors 42.154 ± 22.329 ng/ml, three risk factors 25.329 ± 6.083 ng/ml, four risk factors 22.483 ± 4.022 ng/ml, and five risk factors 15.994 ± 4.774 ng/ml. There were significant differences in the average eNOS levels based on the number of risk factors (p < 0.05), and a tendency that more risk factors in CHD patients, the lower the average level of eNOS. CONCLUSION: In our study, eNOS levels showed highly significant relation with CHD and related to the number of risk factors those the CHD patients had.

Pt and CoB trilayer Josephson [Formula: see text] junctions with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

We report on the electrical transport properties of Nb based Josephson junctions with Pt/Co[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text]/Pt ferromagnetic barriers. The barriers exhibit perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, which has the main advantage for potential applications over magnetisation in-plane systems of not affecting the Fraunhofer response of the junction. In addition, we report that there is no magnetic dead layer at the Pt/Co[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text] interfaces, allowing us to study barriers with ultra-thin Co[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text]. In the junctions, we observe that the magnitude of the critical current oscillates with increasing thickness of the Co[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text] strong ferromagnetic alloy layer. The oscillations are attributed to the ground state phase difference across the junctions being modified from zero to [Formula: see text]. The multiple oscillations in the thickness range [Formula: see text] nm suggests that we have access to the first zero-[Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]-zero phase transitions. Our results fuel the development of low-temperature memory devices based on ferromagnetic Josephson junctions.

Correlation between Interleukin-4 Gene Promoter Polymorphisms with Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody and Transforming Growth Factor-β

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene promoter polymorphisms with thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). METHODS: This study was conducted from August 2015 until December 2015 in the internal medicine department in Dr. M. Djamil Hospital, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Graves’ disease was confirmed by measuring free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and TRAb. We examined that IL-4 promotor gene polymorphism was examined with a polymerase chain reaction. Graves’ disease serum patients will be used to check levels of TGFβ and TRAb antibodies using the enzyme-linked immunoassay method. RESULTS: There are 15 patients in this study. The average of age in patients group is 40.87 (11.23) years. The number of female patients in this study is more than male patients, with the percentage of women are 73.3%, and men are 26.7%. The sequencing examination on IL-4 gene promoter resulted in 2 single nucleotide polymorphism motifs, which are rs2243250 and rs2070847. The mean TRAb level in wild type and mutant group is 6.77 (5.73) IU/L and 4.66 (3.91) IU/L, respectively. The mean TGF-β levels in wild type and mutant group are 1168.89 (438.91) pg/mL and 1114.79 (296.02) pg/mL, respectively. Statistical tests showed no association between IL-4 gene promoter polymorphisms with TRAb and TGF-β levels (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is no correlation between IL-4 gene promoter polymorphisms with TRAb and TGF-β.

The Relationship between Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase with Dyslipidemia in Coronary Heart Disease

BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia is a medical condition that refers to an abnormal of blood lipids level, most common is hyperlipidemia. Elevation of blood lipid such as cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, or a low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level induces disturbance of endothelial function. Endothelial dysfunction in dyslipidemia is in large part due to a reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) which is synthesized by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) which will trigger the development of atherosclerosis, and increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). AIM: This study aims to determine the relationship of lipid profiles of dyslipidemia with eNOS levels in CHD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study design was a cross-sectional study. The sample in this study was 26 patients which diagnosed as CHD of outpatients in the department of cardiology of a regional general hospital and fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Fifteen healthy individuals who come for the general check-up were included as a control group. Blood samples were collected for measurements of eNOS levels and lipid profiles that carried out according to laboratory standards. Statistical analyses were conducted using analysis of variance and Shapiro–Wilk test. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that eNOS levels in the group of CHD patients (24.174 ± 7.136 ng/ml) were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those in the control group (72.092 ± 30.065 ng/ml). The mean of triglycerides and HDL levels has a weak correlation with the level of eNOS (p > 0.05). The mean of LDL level has moderately positive correlation with eNOS, while cholesterol has a moderate negative correlation with the level of eNOS (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study concluded that high cholesterol levels and low HDL levels in dyslipidemia condition were correlated with eNOS, which has a protective function in CHD.

The Effect of Glutamine Supplementation to Fecal Calprotectin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Levels in the Fecal of Rats with Acute-Induced Diarrhea

BACKGROUND: Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid as the main fuel in the gastrointestinal mucosa. By its various gastrointestinal functions, glutamine is thought to increase the protection of the intestinal mucosa against local or systemic injury from diarrhea. AIM: This study aimed to determine the relationship between glutamine supplementation and fecal calprotectin and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the fecal of rats with acute and chronic diarrhea induced by EPEC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research was conducted in an experimental laboratory with a randomized post-test only control group design. A total of 30 Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar were divided into five groups. The treatment group was induced to have diarrhea using EPEC at a dose of 108 CFU/ml, after each group diagnosed by acute and chronic diarrhea, followed by glutamine supplementation at a dose of 810 mg/200 g for 14 days. The inflammatory cytoknies which is fecal calprotectin and TNF-α, of each group was assessed and the p value was measured by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni test to find out the relationship between these variables. RESULT: Supplementation of glutamine for 14 days can reduce fecal calprotectin levels in chronic diarrhea and reduce TNF-α level in rats with acute and chronic diarrhea. CONCLUSION: Glutamine supplementation has an effect on the fecal calprotectin and TNF-α of rats with acute and chronic diarrhea.

Correlation of Expression Transforming Growth Factor-β1, E-cadherin, and Ki-67 in Meningiomas

BACKGROUND: Meningioma is the most common primary intracranial tumors in adults, accounts for 36% of total intracranial tumors. Obtaining the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with meningioma and investigating, the association between signaling pathways with disease progression could provide a basis for therapeutic development.AIM: This study aims to investigate the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), E-cadherin, and Ki-67 in meningiomas.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study examined the expression levels of E-cadherin, Ki-67, and TGF-β1 with respect to the WHO grade in patients with meningioma. A total of 62 meningioma samples were analyzed. By the WHO criteria, 54 specimens were diagnosed as the WHO Grade 1, 6 as Grade 2, and 2 as Grade 3. Grade 1 was classified as low-grade meningioma, while Grade 2 and Grade 3 were classified as high-grade meningioma (HGM).RESULTS: In this study, the mean age diagnosis was 41.97 ± 9.79 years old, with female: male ratio of 8:1. There was no association between age, sex, and tumor location with the progression of meningioma. Immune-characterization revealed that HGM was associated with the higher number of Ki-67+ cells (p < 0.0001) and lower expression of TGF-β1 and E-cadherin (p < 0.001). The number of Ki-67+ cells was inversely correlated with TGF-β1 and E-cadherin (p < 0.05). TGF-β1 expression was positively correlated with E-cadherin expression (p < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: This study concluded that HGM was highly proliferative (high Ki-67+) and invasive (low E-cadherin), with dysregulated TGF-β1 signaling. In addition, younger age at diagnosis and high female: male ratio in our series suggests that Indonesian females might possess specific risk factors for having meningioma.

The Difference of sVE-Cadherin Levels between Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Patients with Shock and without Shock

BACKGROUND

Dengue virus infection is an infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Dengue virus (DEN-V) consists of 4 serotypes, namely DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. The most feared result of DHF is death. Death in children is caused by hypovolemic shock due to plasma leakage from intravascular to extravascular space due to endothelial dysfunction.

AIM

This study aims to analyse difference in sVE-Cadherin levels in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) with and without shock.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The method of taking samples is consecutive sampling, namely the research subjects obtained based on the order of entry in the hospital with a comparative cross-sectional design. From the results of the calculation using the sample formula, the sample size for each group is set at 32 people. So that the total sample size used for both groups is 64 people. The serum sVE-Cadherin levels using the ELISA method. The statistical test used is the independent t-test. The value of p < 0.05 was said to be statistically significant.

RESULTS

The result showed that there was no difference in mean sVE-Cadherin levels between DHF patients with shock and without shock (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study concluded that there was no difference in mean of sVE-Cadherin level in DHF patients with shock and without shock.

The Difference of Angiopoietin-2 Levels between Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Patients with Shock and without Shock

BACKGROUND

Dengue infection is one of the problems in the national health sector in Indonesia because the incidence and mortality in Indonesia due to dengue infection is still very high. In 2005 Indonesia became the highest contributor to dengue infection in Southeast Asia (53%) with 95.270 people and 1.298 deaths.

AIM

This study aims to analyse differences in angiopoietin-2 levels in dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) with and without shock.

METHODS

This study was a consecutive sampling design with the research subject was obtained based on the order of admission to the hospital - the serum Angiopoietin-2 levels using the ELISA method. The statistical test used is the independent t-test. The value of p < 0.05 was said to be statistically significant.

RESULT

The result showed that the mean of Angiopoietin-2 levels in DHF patients with shock was higher than in DHF (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study concluded that there was a difference in the average level of Angiopoietin-2 among DHF patients with shock compared to without shock.

The Expression of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 and Interleukin-6 on Human Prostate: Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer

BACKGROUND

Prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer are two of the most common pathological condition of the prostate to be found on male. Both of these diseases share common pathogenesis involving inflammation of prostatic tissues. Chronic inflammation will induce the release of cytokines, followed by cells injury and tissues damage. One of the cytokines that play a role in prostate pathology is IL-6. The inflammation will also induce the releases of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGFβ-1.

AIM

This study aims to analyse the expression of IL-6 and TGFβ-1, in prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This is an observational study, using paraffin-embedded tissue samples of prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Samples were obtained from the laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the cytokine expression, and a semiqunatitaves measurement according to Immunoreactive score (IRS) was performed for evaluation. For the TGFβ-1, the stromal expression was also analysed by measurement of the stromal stained area. The correlation of cytokine expression to Gleason index score was also analysed in prostate cancer.

RESULTS

The result showed that this study found that TGFβ-1 was detected both in the stromal component as well as epithelial. With the stromal being the dominant site of expression. The stromal TGFβ-1 expression was of significantly higher in prostate hyperplasia compares to prostate cancer (p < 0.05), while the epithelial expression of TGFβ-1 was not found to be significantly different. IL-6 was mostly expressed intracytoplasmic in epithelia. The IL-6 expression was significantly higher in prostate cancer compared to hyperplasia. However, there was no significant correlation to found between IL-6 expression to the Gleason Score among prostate cancers.

CONCLUSION

This study concluded that there were differences in expression of both TGFβ-1 and IL-6 between prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer tissue by immunohistochemistry.

Differences in Expression of Inflammatory Mediator in Mucosal and Polyp Tissue between Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Recurrent Chronic Rhinosinusitis

BACKGROUND:

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remains a challenging clinical entity with its propensity for recurrence. This disease decreases the patients’ quality of life and creates a high economic burden. An effort to investigate the aetiology of recurrent polyps has to be more alert.

AIM:

This study aims to prove the differences in expression of IL-5, IL-8, IL-17A and TGF-β1 in mucosal and polyp tissue between CRSwNP and recurrent CRSwNP and also to determine which expression of cytokines that have the main role in mucosal and polyp tissue in recurrent CRSwNP.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

An observational study was conducted with a comparative cross-sectional design of CRS patients with 15 recurrent CRSwNP and CRSwNP who had never undergone surgery for as many as 15 polyps. Mucosal specimens of nasal polyps are taken by brushing, and polyp tissue specimens are taken during surgical removal of nasal polyps. Specimens from the polyp mucosa were examined by ELISA while the polyp tissue specimens were carried out immunohistochemistry (IHC).

RESULTS:

The result showed that there is a significant difference in IL-5 expression in the polyp mucosal between CRSwNP with recurrent CRSwNP, where expression is higher in recurrent CRSwNP. The expression of IL-8, IL-17 and TGF-β1 were lower in recurrent CRSwNP, but the difference was not significant. In nasal polyp tissue, there is a significant difference in TGF-β1 and IL-8 expression between CRSwNP and recurrent CRSwNP, where the expression of both cytokines is lower in recurrent CRSwNP. Interleukin-5 expression was higher in recurrent CRSwNP than CRSwNP, but the difference was not significant. In the polyps mucosal, IL-5 has the main role in recurrent CRSwNP polyp, whereas TGF-β has the main role in polyp tissue.

CONCLUSION:

This study concluded that the expression of IL-5 in the mucosa could be examined with simple techniques like brushing before polypectomy or FESS was performed to determine the possibility of polyps recurrencies.

Association of Inflammation Mediator in Mucosal and Tissue of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Recurrent Nasal Polyp

BACKGROUND:

Chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps (CRSwNP) have a high risk of recurrence and patients often experience repeated surgery. There are several types of inflammatory patterns in CRSwNP, such as Th2 inflammation (eosinophilic) and Th1/Th17 inflammation (neutrophilic).

AIM:

This study aims to determine the expression of IL-5, IL-8, IL-17A and TGF-β in recurrent CRSwNP using the most convenient and non-invasive examination tool such as brushing the mucosal polyp and find out its correlation with polyp tissues.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

A cross-sectional comparative study was carried out on 15 samples of mucosal brushing and polyp tissue. Expressions of IL-5, IL-8, IL-17A and TGF-β on mucosa were measured using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) examination and tissues using Immunohistochemical (IHC) examination.

RESULT:

The result showed that Only IL-5 has a significant relationship between mucosa and tissue with moderate positive correlation (p < 0.05; r = 0.527).

CONCLUSION:

This study concluded that mucosa brushing could be used as a simple and non-invasive examination to observe the expression of IL-5 in recurrent CRSwNP. IL-5 is one of the cytokines that mark the Th2 (eosinophilic) inflammatory pattern where eosinophilic polyps are closely related to recurrence.

The Role of Endothelial Microparticle in Coronary Heart Disease as The Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is caused by obstruction of coronary blood flow due to endothelial dysfunction triggered by various genetic and non-genetic risk factors such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia and obesity. Endothelial cell activation due to hyperglycaemia in diabetes mellitus induces production of pro-inflammatory factors that damage the cell membrane triggering the formation of membrane particles called microparticles. Endothe-lial microparticles contain proteins including endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) which plays a role in the production of nitric oxide (NO). To determine the role of microparticles in the occurrence of coro-nary heart disease in diabetes mellitus due to endothelial dysfunction, a study was conducted by comparing the levels of eNOS and NO in DM patients who had CHD with DM patients who had no CHD. Blood samples from 20 DM patients who had CHD and 20 DM patients who had no CHD of the outpatients in Cardiology Department and Inter-nal Medicine department of regional public hospital were included in this study. All patients were fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria and diagnosed by the appropriate specialist. The eNOS and NO lev-els were measured using the ELISA method. The results of this study show that eNOS levels in the group of DM patients who had CHD (21,292±12,415 ng/ml) were significantly lower (p <0.05) than those in the group of DM patients who had no CHD (29,721±11,952 ng/ml). Nitric oxide levels in DM patients who had CHD (0,053±0,021 nmol/ μl) were not statistically different to the levels in DM patients who had no CHD (0,047±0,032 nmol/μl). From the results of this study we concluded that endothelial microparticle protein eNOS plays a role in the occurrence of CHD due to the complications of diabetes mellitus 

The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Wharton's Jelly on ADAMTS-4 and iNOS Levels in Osteoarthritis Rat Model

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common diseases among the elderly. OA occurs due to an imbalance between degradation and synthesis in articular joint tissue, causing changes in joint components such as cells, matrices and molecular production. Therefore, knowledge of cartilage-degrading enzymes such as ADAMTS-4 and iNOS is needed.

AIM

This study aims to prove the effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Wharton Jelly on decreasing ADAMTS-4 levels as cartilage-degrading enzymes and increasing levels of iNOS which showed the immunosuppressive potential of MSC-WJ in cases of osteoarthritis in vivo.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This research is an experimental study with the design of Post-test-Only Control Group Design. The sample consisted of 16 OA rats as a control group and 16 OA rats treated with MSC-WJ as a treatment group. OA induction is done by injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the intra-articular right knee. Giving MSC-WJ is done in the third week after MIA induction. The serum ADAMTS-4 and iNOS levels were measured after 3 weeks treated with MSC-WJ using the ELISA method. The statistical test used is an independent t-test. The value of p < 0.05 was said to be statistically significant.

RESULT

The result showed that serum ADAMTS-4 levels were lower in the group treated with MSC-WJ than in the control group, but not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Serum iNOS levels were higher in the group treated with MSC-WJ than in the control group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study concluded that MSC-WJ significantly reduced ADAMTS-4 levels and increased the serum iNOS levels of OA rats.

The relationship between human leukocyte antigen-cw6 allele and psoriasis vulgaris

Psoriasis vulgaris is chronic skin disease that is linked to genetics and immune system. The most important predisposing genetic factor is human leukocyte antigen (HLA). This study was performed to determine the relationship between HLA-Cw6 allele and psoriasis vulgaris and the changes of nucleotide base squences, using observation method with a cross sectional comparative study. Samples were selected using consecutive sampling of 30 patients with psoriasis vulgaris attending the Dermatology and STD polyclinic at DR. M. Djamil Hospital. 30 healthy volunteers were selected as controls. The subjects’ medical history was recorded followed by a dermatological examination, collection of samples, DNA isolation, then primers were designed for HLA-Cw6 allele, genes were sequencing and finally analyzed using PCR-SSP. The results were 20% of patients with psoriasis vulgaris carried HLA-Cw6 allele, while it was absent in the control group. This difference is statistically significant at the 5% level (p = 0.024). We found the changes of nucleotide base formations of HLA-Cw6. In conclusion, based on these observations, presence of the HLA-Cw6 allele is an important genetic risk factor for developing psoriasis vulgaris.

The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Wharton's Jelly on Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and Interleukin-4 Levels in Osteoarthritis Rat Model

BACKGROUND:

Osteoarthritis (OA) is generally considered a degenerative joint disease caused by biomechanical changes and the ageing process. In OA pathogenesis, the development of OA is thought to be regulated largely by excess matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), which contributes to the degradation of extracellular matrices such as MMP-1 and Interleukin-4.

AIM:

This study aims to prove the influence of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Wharton Jelly on decreasing MMP-1 levels and increasing IL-4 which is a specific target as a target component in cases of osteoarthritis in vivo.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

This research is an experimental study with the design of Post-Test-Only Control Group Design. The sample consisted of 16 OA rats as a control group and 16 OA rats treated with MSC-WJ as a treatment group. OA induction is done by injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the intra-articular right knee. Giving MSC-WJ is done in the third week after MIA induction. The serum MMP-1 and IL-4 levels were measured after 3 weeks treated with MSC-WJ using the ELISA method. The statistical test used is an independent t-test. The value of p < 0.05 was said to be statistically significant.

RESULTS:

The result showed that serum MMP-1 levels were higher in the group treated with MSC-WJ than in the control group (p < 0.05). Serum IL-4 levels were higher in the group treated with MSC-WJ than in the control group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION:

This study concluded that MSC-WJ increased MMP-1 levels and IL-4 levels in serum OA rats. MSC-WJ showed a negative effect on MMP-1 in the serum of OA rats.

Hubungan Tingkat Ansietas dengan Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Andalas Angkatan 2015-2016

Ansietas merupakan gangguan alam perasaan ( affective) yang ditandai dengan perasaan ketakutan atau kekhawatiran yang mendalam dan berkelanjutan, tidak mengalami gangguan dalam menilai realitas, kepribadian masih tetap utuh, perilaku dapat terganggu tetapi masih dalam batas normal. Ansietas dapat menurunkan sistem kekebalan tubuh sehingga rentan untuk infeksi salahsatunya Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat ansietas dan ISPA pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas angkatan 2015-2016. Penelitian ini merupakan studi analitik dengan desain penelitian kohort prospektif yang dilaksanakan dari November 2017 sampai Februari 2018 di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas. Pengumpulan data menggunakan instrumen HRS-A kuisioner dan kuisioner ISPA kepada 257 mahasiswa angkatan 2015-2016. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik stratified random sampling. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat dan analisis bivariat. Hasil analisis univariat didapatkan distribusi frekuensi tingkat ansietas yaitu 39,7% berada dalam keadaan tidak ansietas, 56,1% mahasiswa mengalami ansietas ringan-sedang dan 4,2% mahasiswa mengalami ansietas berat. Distribusi frekuensi infeksi saluran pernafasan akut yaitu 56,1% mahasiswa mengalami ISPA dan 43,9% mahasiswa tidak mengalami ISPA dalam 3 minggu terakhir. Simpulan studi ini adalah terdapat hubungan bermakna antara tingkat ansietas dengan infeksi saluran pernafasan akut pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas.

Hubungan Tingkat Ansietas dengan Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Andalas Angkatan 2015-2016

Ansietas merupakan gangguan alam perasaan ( affective) yang ditandai dengan perasaan ketakutan atau kekhawatiran yang mendalam dan berkelanjutan, tidak mengalami gangguan dalam menilai realitas, kepribadian masih tetap utuh, perilaku dapat terganggu tetapi masih dalam batas normal. Ansietas dapat menurunkan sistem kekebalan tubuh sehingga rentan untuk infeksi salahsatunya Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat ansietas dan ISPA pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas angkatan 2015-2016. Penelitian ini merupakan studi analitik dengan desain penelitian kohort prospektif yang dilaksanakan dari November 2017 sampai Februari 2018 di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas. Pengumpulan data menggunakan instrumen HRS-A kuisioner dan kuisioner ISPA kepada 257 mahasiswa angkatan 2015-2016. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik stratified random sampling. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat dan analisis bivariat. Hasil analisis univariat didapatkan distribusi frekuensi tingkat ansietas yaitu 39,7% berada dalam keadaan tidak ansietas, 56,1% mahasiswa mengalami ansietas ringan-sedang dan 4,2% mahasiswa mengalami ansietas berat. Distribusi frekuensi infeksi saluran pernafasan akut yaitu 56,1% mahasiswa mengalami ISPA dan 43,9% mahasiswa tidak mengalami ISPA dalam 3 minggu terakhir. Simpulan studi ini adalah terdapat hubungan bermakna antara tingkat ansietas dengan infeksi saluran pernafasan akut pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas.

Perbedaan Kadar Vitamin C dan Kadar Malondialdehide Antara kejadian Abortus Dengan Kehamilan Normal

Angka kejadian abortus masih tinggi didunia dan di Indonesia. Dalam pelayanan obstetrik, abortus masih menjadi suatu masalah dan merupakan penyebab meningkatnya mortalitas, morbilitas ibu dan neonatal, Penyebab abortus salah satu penyebabnya adalah ketidakseimbangan antioksidan yang terjadi saat plasentasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar vitamin C dan kadar malondialded (MDA) antara kejadian abortus. Desain penelitian yaitu dengan cross sectional, penelitian ini dilakukan di RS Bayangkara Padang, RS dr. Reksodiwiryo Padang, RS Ibu Sina Padang, RS dr. Rasidin Padang, Puskesmas Andalas, Labor Biomedik dan Labor Biokimia Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas, pada bulan Desember 2016–Februari 2018. Sampel penelitian ini adalah ibu hamil yang terdiagnosa abortus berjumlah 14 orang dan ibu hamil normal ≤ 20 minggu berjumlah 14 orang dengan menggunakan teknik conseticutuve sampling. Kadar Vitamin C diperiksa dengan metode ELISA dan kadar MDA diperiksa dengan metode spectrophometer. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan rerata kadar vitamin C yaitu 30,78±5,26 μmol/L pada abortus dan 34,09±13,14 μmol/L pada kehamilan normal dengan nilai p ˃ 0,05. Rerata kadar MDA yaitu 3,31±0,59 nmol/ml pada abortus dan 3,71±1,24 nmol/ml pada kehamilan normal dengan nilaip>0,05. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah Terdapat kecenderungan peran kadar Vitamin C pada kejadian abortus dan kehamilan normal, tetapi tidak bermakna secara statistik dan Terdapat kecenderungan peran kadar MDA pada kejadian abortus dan kehamilan normal, tetapi tidak bermakna secara statistik.

The Correlation of Retinol Level with Hemoglobin Level in Third Trimester of Pregnancy Woman

Bleeding is one of the highest causes of maternal death. Anemia is a major cause of bleeding. Anemia in pregnant women is caused by iron deficiency, meanwhile the achievement of giving Fe tablets is quite high. Factors for anemia due to lack of intake of vitamins A, C, B12 and folate.This study aims to determine the Correlation Retinol Level with Hemoglobin Level and Ferritin Level in Pregnant Women Thiird trimester. This study was conducted using cross sectional approach, from Juli 2017 – February 2018 at Lubuk Buaya Health Center, Andalas Health Center and UNAND Biomedical Laboratory using pregnant women in third trimesteras sample with consecutive sampling technique totalling 44 people. Independent variable is retinol level and dependent variable are hemoglobin and ferritin level. Examination using Hematology Analyzer for hemoglobin and ELISA reader for examination of retinol level and  ferritin level. Data was performed using a computer program to analyze nprmally distributed data using pearson test and spearman test that are abnormally distributed. Mean of retinol level of respondent was 137,612±21,717 ng/ml, hemoglobin 10,916±0,880 gr/dl and ferritin level 26,681±30,829 ng/ml. From result of analysis  pearson test showed that there was a significant correlation between retinol level and hemoglobin level in pregnant women with p=0,001 (p<0,05) dan r=0,473 and there was no significant correlation between retinol level and ferritin level in pregnant women  p=0,158 (p>0,05)  (r=0,216). The conclusion of this study is that there is a correlation of retinol level with hemoglobin level and no correlation of retinol with ferritin level. 

Analysis Factors Related to Implementation of Complete Basic Immunization in Work Area of Pengambiran Public Health Center in Padang 2017

The role of a mother in the immunization program is very important, so their understanding of immunization is necessary, the behavior of a person or society about health is determined by knowledge, attitude, belief, tradition, work etc. from the person or society concerned. In addition, the availability of health care facilities, attitudes, behavior of health workers on the provision of health information will also support and strengthen the formation of health behaviors, This study aims to determine the factors that affect the provision of complete basic immunization, This study uses a combined research method between quantitative and qualitative.Sample for this study is 107 mother mother, while informant for qualitative study is Head of PuskesmasPengambiran Padang City, Responsible, Immunization Officer of Puskesmas and Kader which is in Working Area of PengambiranPublic Health in Padang City, The result of this study shown that family support is the most important factors in the implementation Complete basic immunization (p = 0.001). The results of the analysis revealed that the coverage of the implementation of complete basic immunization has not been successful because the lack of active role of cadres and health officers in community in informing immunization in depth. so that there is still a lack of understanding from mothers and families which has no family support in the implementation of complete basic immunization, it has not reached 95% target because the system implementation of complete basic immunization services that have not been optimal. It needs various efforts to improve the achievement of complete basic immunization coverage especially through optimizing the role and function of health and cadre officers and optimizing partnerships with various parties.

Keinginan Berhenti Merokok Pada Pelajar Perokok Berdasarkan Global Youth Tobacco Survey di SMK Negeri Kota Padang

Remaja menjadi salah satu pengguna rokok dengan prevalensi yang terus meningkat hal ini dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor yang juga berkaitan dengan kepribadian dan lingkungan remaja. Berdasarkan Factsheet Global Youth Tobacco Survey di Indonesia memaparkan 4 dari 5 orang perokok berkeinginan untuk berhenti merokok. Banyak perokok menyadari risikonya dan termotivasi untuk berhenti merokok, namun mengalami kesulitan untuk berhenti merokok. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui keinginan berhenti merokok pada pelajar SMK Negeri di kota Padang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan desain penelitian potong lintang. Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 166 orang siswa perokok SMK Negeri di Kota Padang pada tahun 2018 dengan menggunakan kuesioner Global Youth Tobacco Survey, berbahasa Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa pelajar perokok di SMKN kota Padang adalah 43,10%. Sebagian besar perokok adalah laki-laki. Sebanyak 43,40% siswa mulai merokok pada usia pada kelompok usia 14-15 tahun. Sekitar 64,45% berkeingian untuk berhenti merokok. Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat kurang dari separuh siswa di sekolah tersebut merupakan perokok. Ditemukan sebagian kecil siswa perempuan pernah mencoba rokok dan usia terbanyak mulai merokok adalah usia 14-15 tahun. Sebagian besar pelajar perokok berkeinginan untuk berhenti merokok.

Keinginan Berhenti Merokok Pada Pelajar Perokok Berdasarkan Global Youth Tobacco Survey di SMK Negeri Kota Padang

Remaja menjadi salah satu pengguna rokok dengan prevalensi yang terus meningkat hal ini dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor yang juga berkaitan dengan kepribadian dan lingkungan remaja. Berdasarkan Factsheet Global Youth Tobacco Survey di Indonesia memaparkan 4 dari 5 orang perokok berkeinginan untuk berhenti merokok. Banyak perokok menyadari risikonya dan termotivasi untuk berhenti merokok, namun mengalami kesulitan untuk berhenti merokok. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui keinginan berhenti merokok pada pelajar SMK Negeri di kota Padang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan desain penelitian potong lintang. Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 166 orang siswa perokok SMK Negeri di Kota Padang pada tahun 2018 dengan menggunakan kuesioner Global Youth Tobacco Survey, berbahasa Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa pelajar perokok di SMKN kota Padang adalah 43,10%. Sebagian besar perokok adalah laki-laki. Sebanyak 43,40% siswa mulai merokok pada usia pada kelompok usia 14-15 tahun. Sekitar 64,45% berkeingian untuk berhenti merokok. Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat kurang dari separuh siswa di sekolah tersebut merupakan perokok. Ditemukan sebagian kecil siswa perempuan pernah mencoba rokok dan usia terbanyak mulai merokok adalah usia 14-15 tahun. Sebagian besar pelajar perokok berkeinginan untuk berhenti merokok.

Perbedaan Rerata Kadar Resistin dan TNF-Α Antara Wanita Hamil Yang Obesitas dengan yang Memiliki Berat Badan Normal Pada Preeklamsi Berat Awitan Lambat

Faktor maternal merupakan pencetus Preeklamsi Awitan Lambat (PEAL). Salah satu faktor maternal adalah resistin, TNF-α yang dihubungkan dengan inflamasi dan resistensi insulin.. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perbedaan rerata kadar Resistin dan TNF-α maternal antara wanita hamil obesitas dan berat badan normal pada Preeklamsi Berat Awitan Lambat. Desain penelitian ialah comparative cross sectional yang dilakukan di RSUP Dr. M Djamil dan Laboratorium Biomedik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas Padang dari Februari 2016 sampai Januari 2017. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 40 yang dipilih secara consecutive sampling, yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu 20 responden obesitas dan 20 responden berat badan normal. Kadar Resistin danTNF-α diperiksa dengan metode ELISA, kemudian data dianalisis dengan uji mann-whitney. Hasil penelitian median kadar resistin pada kelompok obesitas adalah 7,760 (3,862 – 40,620) ng/ml dan median kelompok berat badan normal adalah 2,696 (0,0154 – 6,1070) ng/ml. Median kadar TNF-α pada kelompok obesitas adalah 169,719 (152,312 – 451,04) ng/ml dan median kelompok berat badan normal 131,077(75,724 – 150,920) ng/ml. Secara statistik dengan uji mannwhitney diperoleh nilai p<0,001. Simpulan studi ini ialah terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kadar Resistin dan TNF-α pada obesitas dan berat badan normal.

Perbedaan Rerata Kadar Resistin dan TNF-Α Antara Wanita Hamil Yang Obesitas dengan yang Memiliki Berat Badan Normal Pada Preeklamsi Berat Awitan Lambat

Faktor maternal merupakan pencetus Preeklamsi Awitan Lambat (PEAL). Salah satu faktor maternal adalah resistin, TNF-α yang dihubungkan dengan inflamasi dan resistensi insulin.. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perbedaan rerata kadar Resistin dan TNF-α maternal antara wanita hamil obesitas dan berat badan normal pada Preeklamsi Berat Awitan Lambat. Desain penelitian ialah comparative cross sectional yang dilakukan di RSUP Dr. M Djamil dan Laboratorium Biomedik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas Padang dari Februari 2016 sampai Januari 2017. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 40 yang dipilih secara consecutive sampling, yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu 20 responden obesitas dan 20 responden berat badan normal. Kadar Resistin danTNF-α diperiksa dengan metode ELISA, kemudian data dianalisis dengan uji mann-whitney. Hasil penelitian median kadar resistin pada kelompok obesitas adalah 7,760 (3,862 – 40,620) ng/ml dan median kelompok berat badan normal adalah 2,696 (0,0154 – 6,1070) ng/ml. Median kadar TNF-α pada kelompok obesitas adalah 169,719 (152,312 – 451,04) ng/ml dan median kelompok berat badan normal 131,077(75,724 – 150,920) ng/ml. Secara statistik dengan uji mannwhitney diperoleh nilai p<0,001. Simpulan studi ini ialah terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kadar Resistin dan TNF-α pada obesitas dan berat badan normal.

Analyzing Determinant Factors for Pathophysiology of Functional Dyspepsia Based on Plasma Cortisol Levels, IL-6 and IL-8 Expressions and H. pylori Activity

BACKGROUND

there are many determinant factors that may play roles in pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia. One of them is psychological stress that can increase plasma cortisol levels, alter inflammation process and affect Helicobacter pylori activity. No study has been conducted to find out the dominant factor among them. This study aimed to find the dominant factor among plasma cortisol levels, IL-6 and IL-8 expressions and H.Pylori activity, as the determinant factors in the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia.

METHODS

a cross-sectional study was conducted in 80 patients with dyspepsia syndrome at M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. The patients were categorized into two groups, i.e. the stress and non-stress group, which were identified using DASS 42 questionairre criteria. The inflammatory expressions (IL-6 and IL-8 expressions) as well as H. pylori activity were determined using immunohistochemistry of gastric biopsy specimens; while plasma cortisol levels was measured from peripheral blood samples. Data were analyzed using binary multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS

there were 80 patients with functional dyspepsia with mean age of 38.9 years old. The morning cortisol levels was found significantly higher in the stress group. Higher IL-6 and IL-8 expressions were found in patients of non-stress group compared to those in the other group (IL-6: 73.28 (SD 16.60) vs. 72.95 (SD 19.49; and IL-8: 18.45 (SD 17.32) vs. 14.80 (SD 12.71)); although stastically not significant. There was greater Helicobacter pylori activity in the group with psychological stress compared to those in the non-stress group since there was antigen-antibody reaction invading the submucosa. The dominant determinant factor was the afternoon plasma cortisol levels.

CONCLUSION

many factors can become the determinant factors for gastric mucosal damage; however, our study has demonstrated that the dominant factor is afternoon plasma cortisol levels.

Effect of Allogeneic Bone Marrow-mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) to Accelerate Burn Healing of Rat on the Expression of Collagen Type I and Integrin α2β1

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Burn is a public health problem, it causes physical disability even death. Treatment of burn wound has been conducted in various ways, but the satisfactory healing has not been provided. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) treatment is one of attempt to burn recovery, accelerate wound healing and angiogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of allogeneic BM-MSC treatment on the expression of collagen type I and integrin α2β1 in burn skin tissue of rat observed on day 14.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twelve Wistar rats divided into two groups, control group (injected with phospate buffer solution) and treatment group (injected with BM-MSC). Rat was anaesthetized with xylazine and ketamine (ratio 1:1), fur of rat's back was shaved and full thickness burn was made by boiling plate in hot water for 30 min and patched on the back for 20 min. The burns were covered by tegaderm film and elastomult haft. Antalgin as an analgetic was injected to rats during observation process. Burns of rat was observed on day 14. In this study one-way analysis of variance test and Tukey as a further test were analyzed.

RESULTS

The results showed that the healing time of allogeneic BM-MSC treatment on burn skin tissue rats was faster, the thickness of collagen type I in burn skin tissue of rats was thicker (0.977 μm) than controls (0.475 μm) and statistically demonstrated significant differences (p = 0.000). The average percentage of integrin α2β1 expression was higher (2.94%) than control group (2.34%), but the differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.176).

CONCLUSION

The study concluded that BM-MSC treatment was able to accelerate the healing process of burns by increasing the thickness of the collagen and the percentage of integrin α2β1, thus accelerated the cell migration involved during wound healing.

Vitamin D status in under-five children with a history of close tuberculosis contact in Padang, West Sumatra

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Serum vitamin D influences cellular immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, particularly in under-five children. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency as well as tuberculosis (TB) are highly prevalent in Indonesia. This study described the association of serum vitamin D in the incidence of latent TB in under-five children with a history of close TB contact.

METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN

This cross-sectional study examined 178 under-five children with a history of close TB contact, with 98 index cases from primary health care facilities in Padang. Latent TB was defined based on a positive tuberculin skin test. Serum vitamin D was determined using ELISA method. General characteristics for age, sex, socioeconomic status, contact score, BCG scars, and nutritional status were also collected.

RESULTS

Of 168 eligible subjects, 40.5% had latent TB, however no differences between 'latent TB' and 'without latent TB' were observed in participant characteristics. Vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency were observed in 23.3%, 43.5%, and 33.3% of children, respectively. In general, the 'latent TB' group had lower serum vitamin D than those in the 'without latent TB' group, stratified by age, contact score and nutritional status; however, significant differences were observed in children age <1 years (18.0±2.6 vs 31.2±10.5, respectively, p=0.013). Nevertheless, no associations between the two groups were observed using multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

Vitamin D status was not associated with the incidence of latent TB among under-five children with a history of close TB contact, although this may not obtain in children aged <1 year old.

Hubungan Eosinofil dan Neutrofil Darah Tepi terhadap Derajat Keparahan Asma pada Pasien Asma di Bagian Rawat Inap Paru RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang Periode 2010 – 2013

Asma adalah penyakit inflamasi kronik yang ditandai dengan adanya infiltrasi sel-sel radang, termasuk eosinofil dan neutrofil. Kedua sel ini dapat melepaskan protein-protein yang mempunyai efek toksik langsung terhadap epitel saluran nafas sehingga terjadi kerusakan langsung pada epitel tersebut yang dapat memperburuk derajat serangan asma. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan hubungan eosinofil dan neutrofil terhadap derajat keparahan asma. Telah dilakukan penelitian cross sectional analytic untuk mengetahui hubungan eosinofil dan neutrofil darah tepi terhadap derajat keparahan asma di Bagian Rawat Inap Paru RSUP. Dr. M. Djamil Padang periode 2010 – 2013. Populasi adalah pasien yang didiagnosa menderita asma. Sampel adalah populasi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Analisis dari penelitian ini menggunakan uji Chi-Square dengan derajat kepercayaan 95%. Dari 31 pasien dengan asma, insiden terbanyak asma berada pada kelompok usia 41 – 60 tahun (48.4%), jumlah perempuan lebih banyak (71%) dibanding dengan laki-laki (19%) dan paling banyak datang denga asma persisten sedang (64.5%). Eosinifiia terdapat pada 1 kasus (3.3%). Analisis statistik menunjukan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna eosinofil darah tepi terhadap derajat keparahan asma (p>0.05). Neutrofilia terdapat pada 27 kasus (87%). Analisis statistik menunjukan bahwa tidak dapat mencari hubungan neutrofil darah tepi terhadap derajat keparahan asma.

The Effect of Psychological Stress on Mucosal IL-6 and Helicobacter pylori Activity in Functional Dyspepsia

BACKGROUND

pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia remains poorly understood. Many factors such as gastric motility disorder, visceral hypersensitivity, Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, psychological stress and excessive gastric acid secretion play roles in this symptom. Psychological stress may promote peptic ulcer and has an effect on ulcers-associated Hp. This study aimed to determine Helicobacter pylori activity and expression of mucosal IL-6 and their association with psychological stress.

METHODS

a cross-sectional study was done among 40 outpatients with dyspeptic syndromes in M. Djamil General Hospital and two-community health centers in Padang. The subjects were divided into two groups, with and without psychological stress, which were identified using DASS 42. Gastric biopsy specimens and peripheral blood samples were taken while performing esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Immunohistochemistry methods was used to determine the expression of IL-6 and Hp in gastric mucosa. The correlation of each variable in the group experiencing psychological stress and non-stress was analyzed using Chi-square test.

RESULTS

there were 40 patients with functional dyspepsia with average age of 37.58(SD 11.82) years old. The cortisol levels were significantly different between both groups (non-stress vs. stress groups); moreover, morning cortisol level in psychological stress group was higher beyond normal limit. Inter-Leukin-6 expression, as the evidence of inflammatory activity, seemed higher in non-stress group than the group with psychological stress (8.25% vs. 7.25%). Helicobacter pylori activity was seemed to be increased in the stress group as characterized by higher numbers of invasion to the sub mucosa epithelium compared to the non-stress group (11 vs. 7 subjects).

CONCLUSION

psychological stress seems to have no correlation with IL-6 in gastric mucous of patients with functional dyspepsia; however, there is an evidence of increasing activity of Helicobacter pylori.

Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik Harian dengan Gangguan Menstruasi pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas

 AbstrakGangguan menstruasi dapat menimbulkan stres dan menurunkan kualitas hidup wanita. Gambaran menstruasi seseorang dapat memperlihatkan keadaan fungsi reproduksi seseorang dan risiko mengalami berbagai penyakit. Aktivitas fisik diperkirakan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mengurangi terjadinya gangguan menstruasi tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan hubungan antara aktivitas fisik harian dan gangguan menstruasi. Desain penelitian  menggunakan cross sectional study dengan jumlah subjek 90 mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas Angkatan 2011-2013. Data didapatkan dari kuisioner yang diisi langsung oleh masing-masing responden yang kemudian dianalisis denga uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan gangguan menstruasi terjadi pada 73,3% mahasiswi dengan gangguan yang paling sering terjadi yaitu dysmenorrhea sebanyak 63,3%. Sebagian besar mahasiswi tersebut memiliki aktivitas fisik harian yang cukup menurut rekomendasi WHO yaitu sebanyak 60%. Berdasarkan uji chi-square, tidak ditemukan adanya hubungan antara aktivitas fisik harian dan gangguan menstruasi (p= 0,846). Kesimpulan ialah tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara aktivitas fisik harian dan gangguan menstruasi pada mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas.Kata kunci: aktivitas fisik, gangguan menstruasi, mahasiswi FK AbstractMenstrual disorder is often cause stress and decrease the life quality of a woman. Menstrual pattern can describe the condition of reproduction function and risk of having several disease. Physical Activity is considered as one of the way to reduce menstrual disorder. The objective of this study was to determine the association between daily physical activity and menstrual disorder.This  study  used cross sectional design on 90 female medical student of Andalas University Class of 2011-2013 as the sample. The data from self reported questionnaire that was given to the students is analyzed using chi-square.The results show that menstrual disorder is occured in 73,3% of the female medical student and the most frequent disorder is dysmenorrhea 63,3%. Most of the students are physically active correspond to the recommendation of WHO about 60%. It is inferred that there is no association between daily physical activity and menstrual disorder (p= 0,846). The conclusion is daily physical activity and menstrual disorder among female medical students in Andalas University have no significant association.Keywords: physical activity, menstrual disorder, female medical student

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in early-onset neonatal sepsis

Background Neonatal sepsis remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity in newborns. Early-onset neonatal sepsis occurs in infants under the age of 72 hours, while late-onset neonatal sepsis occurs in infants over the age of 72 hours and may be due to nosocomial infection. Diagnosing neonatal sepsis is a challenge, as its clinical symptoms are not clear. Corroborating tests include routine blood, C-reactive protein (CRP), serology, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) examinations.Objective To compare the TNF-α and IL-6 levels in patients with proven and unproven early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS)Methods This case-control study was done in the Perinatology Unit, Abdul Moeloek Hospital, Lampung. Subjects were under the age of 72 hours with risk factors and clinical symptoms of sepsis. They underwent routine blood tests and blood cultures. Infants with positive cultures were considered to have proven sepsis (26 subjects) and infants with negative blood cultures were considered to have unproven sepsis (26 subjects). All subjects underwent serological examinations of TNF-α and IL-6.Results There were no differences in the basic characteristics of subjects between the two groups. Levels of TNF-α in the sepsis group were significantly higher than in the unproven group [(28.30 vs. 10.96 pg/mL, respectively (P=0.001)]. Furthermore, Il-6 was significantly higher in the proven sepsis group than in the unproven sepsis group [(28.3 vs. 9.69 pg/mL, respectively) (P=0.006)].Conclusion Levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 are significantly higher in infants with proven than unproven early-onset neonatal sepsis.

Hubungan Inisiasi Menyusu Dini dengan Kadar Oksitosin dan Involusi Uteri 2 Jam Post Partum di Klinik Bersalin Swasta Kabupaten Padang Pariaman Tahun 2014

AbstrakAngka Kematian Ibu (AKI) merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan dunia. Penyebab AKI terbanyak adalah perdarahan. Inisiasi Menyusu Dini (IMD) merupakan titik awal yang penting untuk menyusui dan membantu merangsang produksi hormon oksitosin yang berperan dalam kontraksi uterus setelah melahirkan, sehingga akan membantu mengurangi pendarahan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan hubungan IMD dengan kadar oksitosin dan involusi uteri 2 jam post partum. Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasional dengan pendekatan kohort. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan ± 3 bulan dengan jumlah subjek  36 orang. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan komputerisasi. Data disajikan dalam bentuk distribusi frekuensi dan selanjutnya dilakukan independent t-test untuk mengetahui hubungan kedua variabel. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rerata kadar oksitosin ibu postpartum yang berhasil IMD adalah 58.47 ± 1.19pg/ml dan rerata tinggi fundus uteri ibu 2 jam postpartum yang berhasil IMD adalah 11.80 ± 0.73 cm. Hasil uji statistik didapatkan nilai (p<0,05). Kesimpulan penelitian yaitu terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara IMD dengan kadar oksitosin dan involusi uteri 2 jam postpartum. Keberhasilan Inisiasi menyusu dini akan sangat berdampak positif bagi ibu postpartum.Kata kunci: IMD, kadar oksitosin, involusi uteri 2 jam postpartum Abstract             Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is one of the world's health problems. The main cause of MMR is bleeding. Early Breastfeeding (EBF) is an important starting point for breastfeeding and also stimulate the production of the hormone oxytocin which plays a role in the contraction of the uterus after childbirth, so itt will help to reduce bleeding. The  objective of this study was to determine the relationship of EBF with levels of oxytocin and uterine involution 2 hours post partum. This research was observational cohort study. This research was conducted ± 3 months to 36 subjects. Data processing was performed with computerized. Data presented in the form of frequency distribution and then performed an independent t-test to determine the relationship between two variables. The results showed mean levels of oxytocin postpartum who successfully EBF was 58.47 ± 1.19pg / ml and the mean of height fundus 2 hours postpartum who successfully EBF was 11.80 ± 0.73 cm. Statistical test results obtained value (p< 0.05). There is a significant correlation between the EBF levels of oxytocin and uterine involution 2 hours postpartum. The success of early breastfeeding initiation will have a positive impact for postpartum mothers.Keywords: EBF, levels of oxytocin, uterine involution 2 hours postpartum

Pengaruh Lama Pemberian Diet Tinggi Kolesterol terhadap Kadar LDL dan TGF-Β Serum Tikus Putih (Rattus novergicus) strain Wistar

AbstrakDiet tinggi kolesterol ini akan meningkatkan kadar Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) sebagai penanda hiperlipidemia yang berdampak pada terjadinya aterosklerosis. Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) memiliki peranan dalam proses terjadinya aterosklerosis ini. Keterlibatannya dalam hiperlipidemia sebagai faktor risiko utama aterosklerosis belum banyak diketahui. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan pengaruh lama permberian diet tinggi kolesterol terhadap kadar LDL dan TGF-β pada tikus putih (Rattus novergicus) strain Wistar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode post test only control group design yang dilakukan terhadap tikus Rattus novergicus jantan umur 3-4 bulan, berat 200-250 gram. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 24 ekor tikus yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol, A, B dan C. Selain kelompok kontrol, kelompok tikus diberi diet tinggi kolesterol berupa lemak kambing 10%, telur puyuh 5%, selama 10 hari untuk kelompok A, 20 hari untuk kelompok B dan 30 hari untuk kelompok C. Pada akhir percobaan darah tikus diambil dan dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar LDL dan TGF-β serum. Hasil penelitian diolah secara bivariat. Analisis yang digunakan yaitu uji oneway Anova. Hasil penelitian diketahui terdapat pengaruh lama pemberian diet tinggi kolesterol terhadap peningkatan kadar LDL serum tikus dengan p=0,01 (p<0,05). Terdapat pengaruh lama pemberian diet tinggi kolesterol terhadap penurunan kadar TGF-β dimana p=0,04 (p>0,05). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh lama pemberian diet tinggi kolesterol terhadap kadar LDL dan tikus putih Rattus novergicus strain Wistar.Kata kunci: diet tinggi kolesterol, LDL, TGF-β AbstractHigh-cholesterol diet will increase Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels which impact to atherosclerosis. Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) play a role in atherosclerosis process. But its involvement in hyperlipidemia as the main risk factor of atherosclerosis still unknown. The objective of this study was to observe the effect of duration of giving  high-cholesterol diet on Low Density Lipoprotein and Transforming Growth Factor β levels white rats (Rattus novergicus) Wistar strain. This study uses  post-test only control group design, carried out on male rats Rattus novergicus 3-4 months, weight 200-250 grams. The study sample consisted of 24 rats were divided into 4 groups: control group, group A, group B and group C. Except  the control group, the group of rats given a high-cholesterol diet in the form of goat fat 10%, 5% quail eggs for 10 days to group A, group B for 20 days and 30 days for group C. At the end of the experiment blood was taken and examined LDL and TGF-β levels. Results were analyzed using bivariate. The analysis is oneway Anova test. The results of research known to have effect of duration on giving high-cholesterol diet to increase serum LDL levels of rats with p = 0.01 (p<0.05). This is the same case with TGF-β, which there was effect of duration on giving high-diet cholesterol diet to decrease serum TGF-β levels of rats where p = 0.04 (p>0.05). This study concludes that there are effect of duration on giving high-cholesterol diet to levels of LDL and TGF-β white rats Rattus novergicus Wistar strain.Keywords:  high-cholesterol diet, LDL, TGF β

Pengaruh Pemberian Glutamin pada Kemampuan Fagositosis Makrofag terhadap Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Abstrak Pseudomonas aeruginosa adalah bakteri penyebab infeksi terbanyak yang resisten terhadap antibiotik. Glutamin adalah asam amino yang terdapat dalam tubuh yang salah satu fungsinya dapat memodulasi imunitas tubuh. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan potensi glutamin dalam meningkatkan kemampuan sistem imun terhadap infeksi P. aeruginosa. Penelitian eksperimental dengan post test only control group design telah dilakukan terhadap 24 ekor mencit usia 6-8 minggu dengan berat 30 gr. Mencit dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok, yaitu kontrol (K) danperlakuan (P) yang diberi glutamin dengan dosis 30 mg/kg/hari selama 14 hari. Isolasi makrofag peritoneum mencit dilakukan pada hari ke-15 dan dilakukan uji fagositosis menggunakan latex dan bakteri P. aeruginosa. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap persentase makrofag aktif terhadap latex dan P. aeruginosa. Hasil pengamatan dan analisisstatistik menggunakan metode t-test menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara kontrol dan perlakuan (p<0.05). Persentase makrofag aktif terhadap latex adalah 0,63 ± 0,058 (K) dan 0,84 ± 0,04 (P), sedangkan terhadap P. aeruginosa adalah 0,56± 0,07 (K) dan 0,80± 0,03 (P). Terlihat bahwa angka persentase fagositosis terhadap P.aeruginosa lebih kecil karena adanya kemampuan bakteri untuk menghadapi makrofag dibandingkan latex. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa asam amino non-esensial glutamin memiliki pengaruh untuk meningkatkan kemampuan sistem imun tubuh. Kata kunci: glutamin, fagositosis makrofag, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common cause of bacterial infections that are resistant to antibiotics. Glutamine is an amino acid  in the body that able to modulate the body's immune function. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of glutamine in enhancing the ability of the immune system against infection of P.aeruginosa. Experimental research with post test only control group design was conducted on 24 male minutes 6-8 weeks of age weighing 30 grams. Mice were divided into two groups: control (K) and treatment (P) are given glutamine at a dose of 30 mg / kg / day for 14 days. Isolation of peritoneal macrophages of mice performed on day-15 and testedusing latex and bacterial phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa. Observations were made of the percentage of activated macrophages toward latex and P. aeruginosa. The observation result and statistical analysis using t -test showed a significant difference between the control and treatment (p <0.05). The percentage of active macrophages to latex was0.63 ± 0.058 (K) and 0.84 ± 0.04 (P), while to P. aeruginosa is 0.56 ± 0.07 (K) and 0.80 ± 0.03 (P). That seein it percentage of phagocytosis against P. aeruginosa smaller than compared to latex. Because of the ability of bacteria to confront macrophages. The conclusion from this study is a non-essensial amino acid glutamine has the effect to increase the ability of the body's immune system. Keywords: glutamin, immunity phagocytosis macrophage, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 

Role of nuclear factor kappa beta, tumor necrosis factor α, and cyclooxygenase-2 in preterm labor

Background: The pathway of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activation in releasing prostaglandins is suggested to be crucial for initiating labor in the pathogenesis of preterm labor. The aim of the study was to know whether there were mean differences of NF-κB, TNFα, and COX-2 expressions between preterm and term labor and also to know the correlation among them in preterm labor.Methods: A case-control study was performed from May 2013 to February 2014 in Arifin Achmad Hospital, Pekanbaru. There were 30 subjects with preterm labor as cases and 30 with normal labor as controls. All subjects had singleton gestation with maximum parity was three, age limit of 35 year-old, and spontaneous labor in both groups. Placental tissue was collected from all subjects and evaluated with hematoxylin eosin staining. The expressions of TNFα, NF-κB, and COX-2 in the tissue were assessed with immunohistochemical staining by counting the percentage of smeared cells by two experts. The expressions of TNFα, NF-κB, and COX-2 between case and control were compared using t-test and the correlation was analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient.Results: Mean (SD) of expressions of TNFα (93.05% [12.68] vs 49.11% [27.33]), NF-κB (42.46% [27.29] vs 13.66% [17.77]), and COX-2 (88.75% [10.86] vs 46% [30.36]) were significantly higher in the preterm labor compared to term labor (p = 0.001). There was significant correlation between TNFα and NF-κB expression (r = 0.385; p = 0.036) and no correlation was found between NF-κB and COX-2 (p = 0.982) in preterm labor.Conclusion: High expressions of TNFα, NF-κB, and COX-2 in preterm labor showed to contribute in the onset of preterm labor. High TNFα may suggest that infection was a leading cause of preterm labor. This is supported with an increase in NF-κB activation will increase COX-2 and subsequently prostaglandins that result in premature labor.

Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu tentang Gizi dengan Kejadian Obesitas Anak di SD Islam Al-Azhar 32 Padang

AbstrakObesitas adalah kelainan yang ditandai oleh penimbunan berlebihan jaringan lemak dalam tubuh. Salah satu kelompok usia yang berisiko mengalami obesitas adalah kelompok usia 6-12 tahun. Pengetahuan gizi ibu berhubungan dengan kejadian obesitas pada anak.Hal tersebut mempengaruhi pemilihan nutrisi yang dikonsumsi anak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat pengetahuan ibu tentang gizi dengan kejadian obesitas pada anak usia sekolah dasar. Penelitian ini bersifat analitik dengan rancangan studi cross sectional. Populasi penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas 1-3 di SD Islam Al-Azhar 32 Padang dengan subyek penelitian sebanyak 102 orang. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan pembagian angket kepada ibu yang berisi pertanyaan seputar gizi. Status gizi anak ditentukan dengan pengukuran berat dan tinggi badan. Hasil pengukuran dikategorikan berdasarkan standar antropometri penilaian status gizi anak menurut Departemen Kesehatan Indonesia. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis univariat dan bivariat fisher’s exact test. Hasil penelitian didapatkan subyek obesitas sebanyak 17,6% dengan rerata IMT adalah 16,6 ± 3,20. Tingkat pengetahuan gizi ibu ditemukan hampir seluruhnya dalam kriteria cukup baik, yaitu sebesar 98%. Hasil uji statitik didapatkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara pengetahuan gizi ibu dengan kejadian obesitas (p = 0.323)Kata kunci: obesitas anak, pengetahuan ibu, giziAbstractObesity is a disorder that is marked by excessive accumulation of body fat. Age group 6-12 years is one group that is at risk of childhood obesity. Mother’s nutritional knowledge is related to childhood obesity. The knowledge influence mother’s decision on child’s daily consumption. The objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between mother’s knowledge of nutrition and childhood obesity among elementary school students.This research was analytic research with cross sectional study. The research population was class 1-3 in Al-Azhar 32 elementary school with 102 subjects. Sample collection was conducted by distributing questionnaire upon child’s mother. Nutrition status was determined by measuring weight and height of children. The result was categorized by using children’s nutritional status assessment of standard anthropometry according to Indonesian Health Department. The data was analyzed by univariate and bivariate analysis by using fisher’s exact test. From the research, obtained obesity rate for about 17,6% with average BMI 16,6 ± 3,20. Mother’s nutritional knowledge levels is good criteria (98%). From Fisher’s exact test statistic, obtained that there is no significant relationship between mother’s nutritional knowledge with incidence of childhood obesity (p = 0,323).Keywords: childhood obesity, mother’s knowledge, nutrition