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Röckel F, Schreiber T, Schüler D, Braun U, Krukenberg I, Schwander F, Peil A, Brandt C, Willner E, Gransow D, Scholz U, Kecke S, Maul E, Lange M, Töpfer R. PhenoApp: A mobile tool for plant phenotyping to record field and greenhouse observations. F1000Res 2022; 11:12. [PMID: 36636476 PMCID: PMC9813448 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.74239.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
With the ongoing cost decrease of genotyping and sequencing technologies, accurate and fast phenotyping remains the bottleneck in the utilizing of plant genetic resources for breeding and breeding research. Although cost-efficient high-throughput phenotyping platforms are emerging for specific traits and/or species, manual phenotyping is still widely used and is a time- and money-consuming step. Approaches that improve data recording, processing or handling are pivotal steps towards the efficient use of genetic resources and are demanded by the research community. Therefore, we developed PhenoApp, an open-source Android app for tablets and smartphones to facilitate the digital recording of phenotypical data in the field and in greenhouses. It is a versatile tool that offers the possibility to fully customize the descriptors/scales for any possible scenario, also in accordance with international information standards such as MIAPPE (Minimum Information About a Plant Phenotyping Experiment) and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data principles. Furthermore, PhenoApp enables the use of pre-integrated ready-to-use BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scales for apple, cereals, grapevine, maize, potato, rapeseed and rice. Additional BBCH scales can easily be added. The simple and adaptable structure of input and output files enables an easy data handling by either spreadsheet software or even the integration in the workflow of laboratory information management systems (LIMS). PhenoApp is therefore a decisive contribution to increase efficiency of digital data acquisition in genebank management but also contributes to breeding and breeding research by accelerating the labour intensive and time-consuming acquisition of phenotyping data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Röckel
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany,
| | - Toni Schreiber
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Data Processing Department, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, Quedlinburg, 06484, Germany
| | - Danuta Schüler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Ulrike Braun
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
| | - Ina Krukenberg
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Data Processing Department, Königin-Luise-Strasse 19, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Florian Schwander
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, Dresden/Pillnitz, 01326, Germany
| | - Christine Brandt
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), The Satellite Collections North, Parkweg 3a, Sanitz, 18190, Germany
| | - Evelin Willner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), The Satellite Collections North, Inselstraße 9, Malchow/Poel, 23999, Germany
| | - Daniel Gransow
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), The Satellite Collections North, Inselstraße 9, Malchow/Poel, 23999, Germany
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Steffen Kecke
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Data Processing Department, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, Quedlinburg, 06484, Germany
| | - Erika Maul
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
| | - Matthias Lange
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Reinhard Töpfer
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
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Röckel F, Schreiber T, Schüler D, Braun U, Krukenberg I, Schwander F, Peil A, Brandt C, Willner E, Gransow D, Scholz U, Kecke S, Maul E, Lange M, Töpfer R. PhenoApp: A mobile tool for plant phenotyping to record field and greenhouse observations. F1000Res 2022; 11:12. [PMID: 36636476 PMCID: PMC9813448 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.74239.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the ongoing cost decrease of genotyping and sequencing technologies, accurate and fast phenotyping remains the bottleneck in the utilizing of plant genetic resources for breeding and breeding research. Although cost-efficient high-throughput phenotyping platforms are emerging for specific traits and/or species, manual phenotyping is still widely used and is a time- and money-consuming step. Approaches that improve data recording, processing or handling are pivotal steps towards the efficient use of genetic resources and are demanded by the research community. Therefore, we developed PhenoApp, an open-source Android app for tablets and smartphones to facilitate the digital recording of phenotypical data in the field and in greenhouses. It is a versatile tool that offers the possibility to fully customize the descriptors/scales for any possible scenario, also in accordance with international information standards such as MIAPPE (Minimum Information About a Plant Phenotyping Experiment) and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data principles. Furthermore, PhenoApp enables the use of pre-integrated ready-to-use BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scales for apple, cereals, grapevine, maize, potato, rapeseed and rice. Additional BBCH scales can easily be added. The simple and adaptable structure of input and output files enables an easy data handling by either spreadsheet software or even the integration in the workflow of laboratory information management systems (LIMS). PhenoApp is therefore a decisive contribution to increase efficiency of digital data acquisition in genebank management but also contributes to breeding and breeding research by accelerating the labour intensive and time-consuming acquisition of phenotyping data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Röckel
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany,
| | - Toni Schreiber
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Data Processing Department, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, Quedlinburg, 06484, Germany
| | - Danuta Schüler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Ulrike Braun
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
| | - Ina Krukenberg
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Data Processing Department, Königin-Luise-Strasse 19, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Florian Schwander
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, Dresden/Pillnitz, 01326, Germany
| | - Christine Brandt
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), The Satellite Collections North, Parkweg 3a, Sanitz, 18190, Germany
| | - Evelin Willner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), The Satellite Collections North, Inselstraße 9, Malchow/Poel, 23999, Germany
| | - Daniel Gransow
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), The Satellite Collections North, Inselstraße 9, Malchow/Poel, 23999, Germany
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Steffen Kecke
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Data Processing Department, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, Quedlinburg, 06484, Germany
| | - Erika Maul
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
| | - Matthias Lange
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Reinhard Töpfer
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
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Keep T, Rouet S, Blanco-Pastor JL, Barre P, Ruttink T, Dehmer KJ, Hegarty M, Ledauphin T, Litrico I, Muylle H, Roldán-Ruiz I, Surault F, Veron R, Willner E, Sampoux JP. Inter-annual and spatial climatic variability have led to a balance between local fluctuating selection and wide-range directional selection in a perennial grass species. Ann Bot 2021; 128:357-369. [PMID: 33949648 PMCID: PMC8389464 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The persistence of a plant population under a specific local climatic regime requires phenotypic adaptation with underlying particular combinations of alleles at adaptive loci. The level of allele diversity at adaptive loci within a natural plant population conditions its potential to evolve, notably towards adaptation to a change in climate. Investigating the environmental factors that contribute to the maintenance of adaptive diversity in populations is thus worthwhile. Within-population allele diversity at adaptive loci can be partly driven by the mean climate at the population site but also by its temporal variability. METHODS The effects of climate temporal mean and variability on within-population allele diversity at putatively adaptive quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were evaluated using 385 natural populations of Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) collected right across Europe. For seven adaptive traits related to reproductive phenology and vegetative potential growth seasonality, the average within-population allele diversity at major QTLs (HeA) was computed. KEY RESULTS Significant relationships were found between HeA of these traits and the temporal mean and variability of the local climate. These relationships were consistent with functional ecology theory. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that temporal variability of local climate has likely led to fluctuating directional selection, which has contributed to the maintenance of allele diversity at adaptive loci and thus potential for further adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Keep
- INRAE, Centre Nouvelle-Aquitaine-Poitiers, UR4 (UR P3F), F-86600 Lusignan, France
| | - S Rouet
- INRAE, Centre Nouvelle-Aquitaine-Poitiers, UR4 (UR P3F), F-86600 Lusignan, France
| | - J L Blanco-Pastor
- INRAE, Centre Nouvelle-Aquitaine-Poitiers, UR4 (UR P3F), F-86600 Lusignan, France
| | - P Barre
- INRAE, Centre Nouvelle-Aquitaine-Poitiers, UR4 (UR P3F), F-86600 Lusignan, France
| | - T Ruttink
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO) - Plant Sciences Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - K J Dehmer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Inselstr. 9, 23999 Malchow/Poel, Germany
| | - M Hegarty
- IBERS-Aberystwyth University, Plas Goggerdan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - T Ledauphin
- INRAE, Centre Nouvelle-Aquitaine-Poitiers, UR4 (UR P3F), F-86600 Lusignan, France
| | - I Litrico
- INRAE, Centre Nouvelle-Aquitaine-Poitiers, UR4 (UR P3F), F-86600 Lusignan, France
| | - H Muylle
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO) - Plant Sciences Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - I Roldán-Ruiz
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO) - Plant Sciences Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - F Surault
- INRAE, Centre Nouvelle-Aquitaine-Poitiers, UR4 (UR P3F), F-86600 Lusignan, France
| | - R Veron
- INRAE, Centre Nouvelle-Aquitaine-Poitiers, UR4 (UR P3F), F-86600 Lusignan, France
| | - E Willner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Inselstr. 9, 23999 Malchow/Poel, Germany
| | - J P Sampoux
- INRAE, Centre Nouvelle-Aquitaine-Poitiers, UR4 (UR P3F), F-86600 Lusignan, France
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Keep T, Sampoux J, Barre P, Blanco‐Pastor J, Dehmer KJ, Durand J, Hegarty M, Ledauphin T, Muylle H, Roldán‐Ruiz I, Ruttink T, Surault F, Willner E, Volaire F. To grow or survive: Which are the strategies of a perennial grass to face severe seasonal stress? Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Klaus J. Dehmer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Malchow/Poel Germany
| | | | | | | | - Hilde Muylle
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO) ‐ Plant Sciences Unit Melle Belgium
| | - Isabel Roldán‐Ruiz
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO) ‐ Plant Sciences Unit Melle Belgium
| | - Tom Ruttink
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO) ‐ Plant Sciences Unit Melle Belgium
| | | | - Evelin Willner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Malchow/Poel Germany
| | - Florence Volaire
- CEFEUniv MontpellierCNRSEPHE, IRDUniversité Paul Valéry Montpellier 3INRAE Montpellier France
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Pommerrenig B, Junker A, Abreu I, Bieber A, Fuge J, Willner E, Bienert MD, Altmann T, Bienert GP. Identification of Rapeseed ( Brassica napus) Cultivars With a High Tolerance to Boron-Deficient Conditions. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1142. [PMID: 30131820 PMCID: PMC6091279 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for seed plants. Information on B-efficiency mechanisms and B-efficient crop and model plant genotypes is very scarce. Studies evaluating the basis and consequences of B-deficiency and B-efficiency are limited by the facts that B occurs as a trace contaminant essentially everywhere, its bioavailability is difficult to control and soil-based B-deficiency growth systems allowing a high-throughput screening of plant populations have hitherto been lacking. The crop plant Brassica napus shows a very high sensitivity toward B-deficient conditions. To reduce B-deficiency-caused yield losses in a sustainable manner, the identification of B-efficient B. napus genotypes is indispensable. We developed a soil substrate-based cultivation system which is suitable to study plant growth in automated high-throughput phenotyping facilities under defined and repeatable soil B conditions. In a comprehensive screening, using this system with soil B concentrations below 0.1 mg B (kg soil)-1, we identified three highly B-deficiency tolerant B. napus cultivars (CR2267, CR2280, and CR2285) among a genetically diverse collection comprising 590 accessions from all over the world. The B-efficiency classification of cultivars was based on a detailed assessment of various physical and high-throughput imaging-based shoot and root growth parameters in soil substrate or in in vitro conditions, respectively. We identified cultivar-specific patterns of B-deficiency-responsive growth dynamics. Elemental analysis revealed striking differences only in B contents between contrasting genotypes when grown under B-deficient but not under standard conditions. Results indicate that B-deficiency tolerant cultivars can grow with a very limited amount of B which is clearly below previously described critical B-tissue concentration values. These results suggest a higher B utilization efficiency of CR2267, CR2280, and CR2285 which would represent a unique trait among so far identified B-efficient B. napus cultivars which are characterized by a higher B-uptake capacity. Testing various other nutrient deficiency treatments, we demonstrated that the tolerance is specific for B-deficient conditions and is not conferred by a general growth vigor at the seedling stage. The identified B-deficiency tolerant cultivars will serve as genetic and physiological "tools" to further understand the mechanisms regulating the B nutritional status in rapeseed and to develop B-efficient elite genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pommerrenig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Astrid Junker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Department of Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annett Bieber
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Fuge
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Evelin Willner
- Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Manuela D. Bienert
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Thomas Altmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Gerd P. Bienert
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
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Malyshev AV, Arfin Khan MAS, Beierkuhnlein C, Steinbauer MJ, Henry HAL, Jentsch A, Dengler J, Willner E, Kreyling J. Plant responses to climatic extremes: within-species variation equals among-species variation. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:449-464. [PMID: 26426898 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Within-species and among-species differences in growth responses to a changing climate have been well documented, yet the relative magnitude of within-species vs. among-species variation has remained largely unexplored. This missing comparison impedes our ability to make general predictions of biodiversity change and to project future species distributions using models. We present a direct comparison of among- versus within-species variation in response to three of the main stresses anticipated with climate change: drought, warming, and frost. Two earlier experiments had experimentally induced (i) summer drought and (ii) spring frost for four common European grass species and their ecotypes from across Europe. To supplement existing data, a third experiment was carried out, to compare variation among species from different functional groups to within-species variation. Here, we simulated (iii) winter warming plus frost for four grasses, two nonleguminous, and two leguminous forbs, in addition to eleven European ecotypes of the widespread grass Arrhenatherum elatius. For each experiment, we measured: (i) C/N ratio and biomass, (ii) chlorophyll content and biomass, and (iii) plant greenness, root (15) N uptake, and live and dead tissue mass. Using coefficients of variation (CVs) for each experiment and response parameter, a total of 156 within- vs. among-species comparisons were conducted, comparing within-species variation in each of four species with among-species variation for each seed origin (five countries). Of the six significant differences, within-species CVs were higher than among-species CVs in four cases. Partitioning of variance within each treatment in two of the three experiments showed that within-species variability (ecotypes) could explain an additional 9% of response variation after accounting for the among-species variation. Our observation that within-species variation was generally as high as among-species variation emphasizes the importance of including both within- and among-species variability in ecological theory (e.g., the insurance hypothesis) and for practical applications (e.g., biodiversity conservation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Malyshev
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Soldmannstrasse 15, Greifswald, 17487, Germany
| | - Mohammed A S Arfin Khan
- Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Hugh A L Henry
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Jürgen Dengler
- Plant Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Evelin Willner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Genebank, Satellite Collections North, Malchow/Poel, 23999, Germany
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Soldmannstrasse 15, Greifswald, 17487, Germany
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7
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Michalski SG, Durka W, Jentsch A, Kreyling J, Pompe S, Schweiger O, Willner E, Beierkuhnlein C. Evidence for genetic differentiation and divergent selection in an autotetraploid forage grass (Arrhenatherum elatius). Theor Appl Genet 2010; 120:1151-1162. [PMID: 20049414 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-009-1242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of local provenances in restoration, agriculture and forestry has been identified as measure to sustain biological diversity and to improve local productivity. However, the delineation of regional provenances is challenging because it requires the identification of well-defined groups based on spatiogenetic differentiation and/or the evidence of local adaptation. In this study, we investigate genetic variation at 186 AFLP loci in 46 European accessions of the important grassland species Arrhenatherum elatius and ask (1) whether genetic variation within accessions differs between European geographical regions; (2) at which spatial scale populations are structured across Europe and (3) whether putatively adaptive markers contribute to this pattern and whether these markers can be related to climatic site conditions. Basic expectations of population genetics are likely to be altered in autotetraploid species, thus, we adopted a band-based approach to estimate genetic diversity and structuring. Compared to other grasses A. elatius showed high genetic diversity and considerable differentiation among accessions (Phi(ST) = 0.24). Accessions separated in a Western European and a Central/Eastern European group, without further structure within groups. A genome scan approach identified four potentially adaptive loci, whose band frequencies correlated significantly with climatic parameters, suggesting that genetic differentiation in A. elatius is also the result of adaptive processes. Knowledge on adaptive loci might in the long run also help to adapt ecosystems to adverse climate change effects through assisted migration of ecotypes rather than introduction of new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Georg Michalski
- Department of Community Ecology (BZF), UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120, Halle, Germany.
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8
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Abstract
Satisfactory correlation has been observed between the radiographic lateral deviation and moiré documented asymmetry of the trunk in scoliotic curves. The advantage of the moiré method is that it is non-invasive and can document what has been observed for later comparison. This screening method decreases the risk of obtaining too many false positive and negative findings. It also increases the possibility of diagnosing scoliosis earlier than with conventional visual methods and, at the same time, decreases the number of radiographs for minor curves in young patients.
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