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Baxerres C, Boko I, Konkobo A, Ouattara F, Guillaume A. Gestion des grossesses non désirées au Bénin et au Burkina Faso. anthropologiesante 2018. [DOI: 10.4000/anthropologiesante.2872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Baxerres C, Boko I, Konkobo A, Ouattara F, Guillaume A. Abortion in two francophone African countries: a study of whether women have begun to use misoprostol in Benin and Burkina Faso. Contraception 2017; 97:130-136. [PMID: 29104024 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to document the means women use to obtain abortions in the capital cities of Benin and Burkina Faso, and to learn whether or not use of misoprostol has become an alternative to other methods of abortion, and the implications for future practice. STUDY DESIGN We conducted in-depth, qualitative interviews between 2014 and 2015 with 34 women - 21 women in Cotonou (Benin) and 13 women in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) - about their pathways to abortion. To obtain a diverse sample in terms of socio-demographic characteristics, we recruited the women through our own knowledge networks, in health facilities where women are treated for unsafe abortion complications, and in schools in Benin. RESULTS The 34 women had had 69 abortions between them. Twenty-five of the women had had 37 abortions in the previous 5 years; the other abortions were 5-20 years before. Pathways to abortion were very different in the two cities. Lengthy and difficult pathways with unsafe methods often led to complications in Ougadougou, whereas most Cotonou women went to small, private health centers. Six of the 37 abortions in the previous 5 years involved misoprostol use, and were all among educated women with significant social and economic capital and personal contact with clinicians. CONCLUSIONS Use of misoprostol for abortion has appeared in both Cotonou and Ougadougou in the past 5 years. Evidence that the use of misoprostol for abortion occurred among women with the most access to information and resources in this study suggests that increased awareness of and use of misoprostol in both countries is likely in the coming years. IMPLICATIONS Although no pharmaceutical company that produces misoprostol has as yet tried to obtain marketing authorization in either Burkina Faso or Benin for gynecological-obstetric indications, making its use more potential than actual for the time being, international advocacy for access to medical abortion is growing rapidly and is likely to lead to many changes in this picture in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Baxerres
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - MERIT (Université Paris Descartes), Centre Nobert Elias, EHESS, Centre de la vieille charité, 2 rue de la Charité, 13002 Marseille, France.
| | - Ines Boko
- Université Abomey Calavi, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, CERPAGE, Cotonou, Bénin.
| | - Adjara Konkobo
- EHESS de Marseille / Université Ouaga I Pr. Joseph KI-ZERBO, 01 BP 182 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Fatoumata Ouattara
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - LPED (AMU/IRD), Centre Saint Charles, Case 10, 3, place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, Cedex 03, France.
| | - Agnès Guillaume
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre Population et Développement, UMR IRD - Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France.
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Abstract
In Burkina Faso, abortion is legally restricted and socially stigmatised, but also frequent. Unsafe abortions represent a significant public health challenge, contributing to the country's very high maternal mortality ratio. Inspired by an internationally disseminated public health framing of unsafe abortion, the country's main policy response has been to provide post-abortion care (PAC) to avert deaths from abortion complications. Drawing on ethnographic research, this article describes how Burkina Faso's PAC policy emerged at the interface of political and moral negotiations between public health professionals, national bureaucrats and international agencies and NGOs. Burkinabè decision-makers and doctors, who are often hostile to induced abortion, have been convinced that PAC is ‘life-saving care’ which should be delivered for ethical medical reasons. Moreover, by supporting PAC they not only demonstrate compliance with international standards but also, importantly, do not have to contend with any change in abortion legislation, which they oppose. Rights-based international NGOs, in turn, tactically focus on PAC as a ‘first step’ towards their broader institutional objective to secure safe abortion and abortion rights. Such negotiations between national and international actors result in widespread support for PAC but stifled debate about further legalisation of abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerini T Storeng
- a Centre for Development and the Environment , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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Richard F, Zongo S, Ouattara F. Fear, guilt, and debt: an exploration of women's experience and perception of cesarean birth in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Int J Womens Health 2014; 6:469-78. [PMID: 24851057 PMCID: PMC4018416 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s54742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This paper explores women’s experience and perception of cesarean birth in Burkina Faso and its social and economic implications within the household. Methods Five focus groups comprising mothers or pregnant women were conducted among residents of Bogodogo Health District in Ouagadougou to assess the perceptions of cesarean section (CS) by women in the community. In addition, 35 individual semistructured interviews were held at the homes of women who had just undergone CS in the referral hospital, and were conducted by an anthropologist and a midwife. Results Home visits to women with CS identified common fears about the procedure, such as “once you have had a CS, you will always have to deliver by CS”. The central and recurring theme in the interviews was communication between patients and care providers, ie, women were often not informed of the imminence of CS in the delivery room. Information given by health care professionals was often either not explicit enough or not understood. The women received insufficient information about postoperative personal hygiene, diet, resumption of sexual activity, and contraception. Overall, analysis of the experiences of women who had undergone CS highlighted feelings of guilt in the aftermath of CS. Other concerns included the feeling of not being a “good mother” who can give birth normally, alongside concerns about needing a CS in future pregnancies, the high costs that this might incur for their households, general fatigue, and possible medical complications after surgery. Conclusion Poor quality of care and the economic burden of CS place women in a multifaceted situation of vulnerability within the family. CS has a medical, emotional, social, and economic impact on poor African women that cannot be ignored. Managers of maternal health programs need to understand women’s perceptions of CS so as to overcome existing barriers to this life-saving procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Richard
- Maternal and Reproductive Health Unit, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Zongo
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Burkina Faso, West Africa
| | - Fatoumata Ouattara
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UMR 912, "Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale - SESSTIM", Marseille, France
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Ouattara F, Tagmatarchi Storeng K. L'avortement volontaire au Burkina Faso : quand les réponses techniques permettent d'éviter de traiter un problème social. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3917/autr.070.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Abstract
Cet article propose et poursuit l’analyse réflexive engagée par les sciences sociales sur les relations de collaboration entre les chercheurs du Nord et du Sud. Il s’agit notamment d’appréhender des rapports de partenariat à l’aune de situations en amont de la constitution formelle des cadres d’échanges « scientifiques ». Dans cette perspective, la défaillance progressive de la formation scientifique au Sud, conjuguée à des réseaux de clientélisme soutenus et entretenus par les collaborateurs du Nord et du Sud, ne favorise pas l’émergence de rapports de partenariats équitables. Si l’on considère le partenariat comme une construction, voire un processus, alors toute analyse sur le sujet devrait davantage s’intéresser aux énoncés explicites ainsi qu’aux non-dits qui colorent son inscription dans les relations de collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatoumata Ouattara
- Institut de recherche pour le développement – Sciences économiques et sociales de la santé et traitement de l’information médicale (SESSTIM – Marseille, France)
| | - Valéry Ridde
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal
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Tapsoba T, Ouattara F, Ouédraogo S, Sanon H, Yanaba D, Gansonré V. État du suivi dosimétrique des travailleurs dans les services de radiologie de la ville de Ouagadougou. Médecine Nucléaire 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mednuc.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gruénais ME, Ouattara F, Richard F, De Brouwere V. Anthropological Insights about a Tool for Improving Quality of Obstetric Care: The Experience of Case Review Audits in Burkina Faso. Anthropology in Action 2012. [DOI: 10.3167/aia.2012.190204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Storeng KT, Murray SF, Akoum MS, Ouattara F, Filippi V. Beyond body counts: a qualitative study of lives and loss in Burkina Faso after 'near-miss' obstetric complications. Soc Sci Med 2010; 71:1749-56. [PMID: 20541307 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Averting women's pregnancy-related death is today recognised as an international health and development priority. Maternal survival is, in this sense, a success story. There is, however, little research into what happens to the women who survive the severe obstetric complications that are the main causes of maternal mortality. This paper examines findings from repeated in-depth interviews with 64 women who survived a clinically defined 'near-miss.' These interviews were conducted as part of a prospective longitudinal study of women who 'nearly died' of pregnancy-related complications in Burkina Faso, a poor country in West Africa. Drawing on sociological and anthropological perspectives that consider the defining characteristics of 'loss' to be social as much as biomedical, the paper seeks to understand loss as disruption of familiar forms and patterns of life. Women's accounts of their lives in the year following the near-miss event show that such events are not only about blood loss, seizures or infections, but also about a household crisis for which all available resources were mobilised, with a train of physical, economic and social consequences. The paper argues that near-miss events are characterised by the near-loss of a woman's life, but also frequently by the loss of the baby and by further significant disruptions in three overlapping dimensions of women's lives. These include disruption of bodily integrity through injury, ongoing illness and loss of strength and stamina; disruption of the household economy through high expenditure, debts and loss of productive capacity; and disruption of social identity and social stability. Maternal health policy needs to be concerned not only with averting the loss of life, but also with preventing or ameliorating others losses set in motion by an obstetric crisis.
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Colombini A, Bationo F, Zongo S, Ouattara F, Badolo O, Jaillard P, Seini E, Gessner BD, Da Silva A. Costs for households and community perception of meningitis epidemics in burkina faso. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 49:1520-5. [PMID: 19842972 DOI: 10.1086/644623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis in the African meningitis belt remains 1 of the most serious threats to health. The perceptions regarding meningitis in local populations and the cost of illness for households are not well described. We conducted an anthropologic and economic study in Burkina Faso, in the heart of the meningitis belt. Respondents reported combining traditional and modern beliefs regarding disease etiology, which in turn influenced therapeutic care-seeking behavior. Households spent US $90 per meningitis case, or 34% of the annual gross domestic product per capita, and up to US $154 more when meningitis sequelae occurred. Much of this cost was attributable to direct medical expenses, which in theory are paid by the government. Preventive immunization against meningitis will overcome limitations imposed by traditional beliefs and contribute to poverty reduction goals.
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Filippi V, Richard F, Lange I, Ouattara F. Identifying barriers from home to the appropriate hospital through near-miss audits in developing countries. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 23:389-400. [PMID: 19250874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Near-miss cases often arrive in critical condition in referral hospitals in developing countries. Understanding the reasons why women arrive at these hospitals in a moribund state is crucial to the reduction of the incidence and case fatality of severe obstetric complications. This paper discusses how near-miss audits can empower the hospital teams to document and help reduce barriers to obstetric care in the most useful way and makes practical suggestions on interviews, analytical framework, ethical issues and staff motivation. Review of the evidence shows that case reviews and confidential enquiries appear particularly suitable to the understanding of delays. Criterion-based audits can also achieve this by establishing criteria for referral. However, hospital staff have limited intervention tools at their disposal to address barriers to emergency care at the community level. It is therefore important to involve the district management team and representatives of the community in auditing the health care seeking and treatment of women with near-miss complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Filippi
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Richard F, Ouédraogo C, Zongo V, Ouattara F, Zongo S, Gruénais ME, De Brouwere V. The difficulty of questioning clinical practice: experience of facility-based case reviews in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. BJOG 2008; 116:38-44. [PMID: 18503575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the implementation of facility-based case reviews (medical audits) in a maternity unit and their effect on the staff involved. DESIGN Cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING A 26-bed obstetric unit in a district hospital in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. SAMPLE Sixteen audit sessions conducted between February 2004 and June 2005. Thirty-five staff members were interviewed. METHODS An analysis of all the tools used in the management of the audit was performed: attendance lists, case summary cards and register of recommendations. The perceptions of the staff about the audits were collected through a questionnaire administrated by an external investigator from 10 June 2005 to 16 June 2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Session participation, types of problems identified, recommendations proposed and implemented and staff reaction to the audits. RESULTS Only 7 midwives from a total of 15 regularly attended the sessions. Eighty-two percent of the recommendations made during the audits have been implemented, but sometimes after a delay of several months. Interviewed personnel had a good understanding of the audit goals and viewed audit as a factor in changing their practice. However, midwives highlighted problems of bad interpersonal communication and lack of anonymity during the audit sessions, and pointed out the difficulty of practising self-criticism. CONCLUSIONS A lack of staff commitment and the resistance of maternity personnel to being evaluated by their peers or service users are reducing acceptance of routine audits. The World Health Organization must take all these factors into account when promoting the institutionalisation of medical audits in obstetrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Richard
- Quality and Human Resources Unit, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Storeng KT, Baggaley RF, Ganaba R, Ouattara F, Akoum MS, Filippi V. Paying the price: The cost and consequences of emergency obstetric care in Burkina Faso. Soc Sci Med 2008; 66:545-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Filippi V, Ganaba R, Baggaley RF, Marshall T, Storeng KT, Sombié I, Ouattara F, Ouedraogo T, Akoum M, Meda N. Health of women after severe obstetric complications in Burkina Faso: a longitudinal study. Lancet 2007; 370:1329-37. [PMID: 17933647 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the health of women who survive obstetric complications in poor countries. Our aim was to determine how severe obstetric complications in Burkina Faso affect a range of health, social, and economic indicators in the first year post partum. METHODS We did a prospective cohort study of women with severe obstetric complications recruited in hospitals when their pregnancy ended with a livebirth (n=199), perinatal death (74), or a lost pregnancy (64). For every woman with severe obstetric complications, two unmatched control women with uncomplicated delivery were sampled in the same hospital (677). All women were followed up for 1 year. FINDINGS Women with severe obstetric complications were poorer and less educated at baseline than were women with uncomplicated delivery. Women with severe obstetric complications, and their babies, were significantly more likely to die after discharge: six (2%) of the 337 women with severe obstetric complications died within 1 year, compared with none of the women with uncomplicated delivery (unadjusted p=0.001); 17 babies of women with severe obstetric complications died within 1 year, compared with 18 of those born by uncomplicated delivery (hazard ratio for mortality 4.67, 95% CI 1.68-13.04, adjusted for loss to follow-up and confounders; p=0.003). Women with severe obstetric complications were significantly more likely to have experienced depression and anxiety at 3 months (odds ratio 1.82, 95% CI 1.18-2.80), to have experienced suicidal thoughts within the past year at all time points (2.27, 1.33-3.89 at 3 months; 2.30, 1.17-4.50 at 6 months; 2.26, 1.30-3.95 at 12 months), and to report the pregnancy having had a negative effect on their lives at all time points (1.54, 1.04-2.30 at 3 months; 2.30, 1.56-3.39 at 6 months; 2.44, 1.63-3.65 at 12 months) than were women with uncomplicated delivery. INTERPRETATION Women who give birth with severe obstetric complications are at greater risk of death and mental-health problems than are women with uncomplicated delivery. Greater resources are needed to ensure that these women receive adequate care before and after discharge from hospital.
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N’gom A, Manirakiza S, Ouattara F, Bitchong M, Horo K, Kouassi B, Koffi N, Aka-Danguy E. 361 Dyspnées aiguës sévères et infection par le VIH chez l’adulte à Abidjan : à propos de 107 cas. Rev Mal Respir 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(07)72737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Torheim LE, Ouattara F, Diarra MM, Thiam FD, Barikmo I, Hatløy A, Oshaug A. Nutrient adequacy and dietary diversity in rural Mali: association and determinants. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58:594-604. [PMID: 15042127 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between nutrient adequacy and dietary diversity, and to assess and compare the determinants for the two constructs in an adult population in rural Mali. DESIGN Cross-sectional study assessing food intake by a validated 7-day quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Two different dietary diversity indexes were created: food variety score (FVS), a simple count of food items, and diet diversity score (DDS) a count of food groups. Mean adequacy ratio, the mean ratio of intake to recommended intake (each truncated at one) of energy and nine nutrients, was calculated as an indicator of nutrient adequacy. Information on household and individual characteristics, including demography, socioeconomic conditions and food production strategies was obtained using precoded questionnaires. SETTING Bafoulabé district, Kayes region, Western Mali. SUBJECTS In total, 502 subjects (55% women) aged 15-45 y from 319 different households. RESULTS Both FVS and DDS had a positive correlation with mean adequacy ratio (MAR). Multivariate analysis (linear regression) showed that the most important factors explaining MAR was the number of milk products, vegetables and green leaves consumed, as well as sex and the number of crops produced in the household. Dietary diversity was associated with socioeconomic status, residence and age. CONCLUSION Dietary diversity is useful as an indicator of nutrient adequacy. It is important to examine how various food groups contribute to the nutrient adequacy of the diet in an area.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Torheim
- Akershus University College, Lillestrøm, Norway.
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Barikmo I, Ouattara F, Oshaug A. Protein, carbohydrate and fibre in cereals from Mali—how to fit the results in a food composition table and database. J Food Compost Anal 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Torheim LE, Barikmo I, Parr CL, Hatløy A, Ouattara F, Oshaug A. Validation of food variety as an indicator of diet quality assessed with a food frequency questionnaire for Western Mali. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57:1283-91. [PMID: 14506490 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the validity of two diet quality indexes-food variety score (FVS) and diet diversity score (DDS) in Western Mali. DESIGN In two separate studies (A and B), FVS and DDS were derived from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and were compared with the same scores and with measures of nutrient adequacy derived from 2-day weighed records (WR). SETTING Two rural, adjacent villages in Mali, West Africa. SUBJECTS In study A (1996), 48 women and 27 men (15-59 y) participated. Study B (1999) included 34 women and 36 men (15-45 y). RESULTS Spearman's correlation coefficients between FVS from the FFQ and WR for men were 0.5 in study A and 0.4 in study B. The corresponding correlations for DDS were 0.2 and 0.4, respectively. Correlations for women were lower, especially in study B. Classification into quartiles was also best for men. Correlations for the two diet variety scores from the FFQ with nutrient adequacy from the WR in study A were about 0.3 for men, but lower for women. In study B, these correlations were around 0.5 for men, whereas for women there was no association. CONCLUSION FVS and DDS can be assessed by our FFQ. The two diet variety scores reflect diet quality and are simple tools that can be used for monitoring. The validation study gave better results for men than for women, which has implications for further use of these instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Torheim
- Akershus University College, Ringstabekkveien, Bekkestua, Norway.
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Ouattara F. Vidal, Laurent. – Femmes en temps de sida. Expériences d’Afrique. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 2000, 195 p. etudesafricaines 2002. [DOI: 10.4000/etudesafricaines.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ouattara F. Fay, Claude, ed. -- Le sida des autres. Constructions locales et internationales de la maladie. La Tour d'Aigues, Éditions de l'Aube/IRD, 1999, 183 p. (« Autrepart. Les cahiers des sciences humaines » 12). etudesafricaines 2001. [DOI: 10.4000/etudesafricaines.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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