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Hendrickx C, Abdala F, Filippini FS, Wills S, Benson R, Choiniere JN. Evolution of postcanine complexity in Gomphodontia (Therapsida: Cynodontia). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:1613-1633. [PMID: 38282465 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Gomphodonts form a Triassic radiation of small to medium-bodied (<0.5-2.5 m in length) quadrupedal cynodonts characterized by labiolingually expanded gomphodont postcanines. They were the dominant cynodont group in Middle and Late Triassic ecosystems from the Southern Hemisphere and the first predominantly herbivorous cynodonts to evolve. Gomphodonts were also the first therapsids to develop hypsodonty and a dentition with complex occlusal patterns, and their highly diagnostic upper and lower postcanines show many different morphologies. Here, we explored dental complexity in gomphodont cynodonts through time using geographic information system analysis and orientation patch count applied on 3D crown surfaces of upper and lower gomphodont postcanines belonging to 32 gomphodont taxa. This study reveals that the peak in postcanine complexity was reached early in the evolution of gomphodonts with the emergence in the Early Triassic of omnivorous or insectivorous forms with postcanines made of well-separated cusps and cingular cuspules. Traversodontids evolved simpler postcanines via coalescence of cusps into crests and the development of large occlusal basins, and the Middle Triassic radiation of traversodontids led to a sharp decrease in mean postcanine complexity. Simplification of the postcanines in traversodontids is interpreted as being related to a gradual increase in the consumption of plant material. Interestingly, the trend of insectivory/omnivory high postcanine complexity and herbivory low dental complexity in gomphodonts is opposite to the trend of dental complexity reported in some extant mammals, with omnivorous having low dental complexity and herbivorous higher. Postcanine complexity remained relatively stable throughout the evolution of traversodontids and only slightly diminished in the Late Triassic due to the presence of minute forms with particularly simple postcanines in the Rhaetian. The major phylogenetic diversity and taxonomic richness of Gomphodontia are represented in two periods of time: at the end of the Anisian, an age in which the postcanine complexity is simplifying, and at the early Carnian when the postcanine complexity in traversodontids, the only Gomphodontia represented, is stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hendrickx
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Florencia S Filippini
- Laboratorio de Becarios, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Simon Wills
- Fossil Reptiles, Amphibians and Birds Section, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck College, London, UK
| | - Roger Benson
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jonah N Choiniere
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Norton LA, Abdala F, Benoit J. Craniodental anatomy in Permian-Jurassic Cynodontia and Mammaliaformes (Synapsida, Therapsida) as a gateway to defining mammalian soft tissue and behavioural traits. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220084. [PMID: 37183903 PMCID: PMC10184251 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals are diagnosed by more than 30 osteological characters (e.g. squamosal-dentary jaw joint, three inner ear ossicles, etc.) that are readily preserved in the fossil record. However, it is the suite of physiological, soft tissue and behavioural characters (e.g. endothermy, hair, lactation, isocortex and parental care), the evolutionary origins of which have eluded scholars for decades, that most prominently distinguishes living mammals from other amniotes. Here, we review recent works that illustrate how evolutionary changes concentrated in the cranial and dental morphology of mammalian ancestors, the Permian-Jurassic Cynodontia and Mammaliaformes, can potentially be used to document the origin of some of the most crucial defining features of mammals. We discuss how these soft tissue and behavioural traits are highly integrated, and how their evolution is intermingled with that of craniodental traits, thus enabling the tracing of their previously out-of-reach phylogenetic history. Most of these osteological and dental proxies, such as the maxillary canal, bony labyrinth and dental replacement only recently became more easily accessible-thanks, in large part, to the widespread use of X-ray microtomography scanning in palaeontology-because they are linked to internal cranial characters. This article is part of the theme issue 'The mammalian skull: development, structure and function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Norton
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, Tucumán 4000, Argentina
| | - Julien Benoit
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Wilson LAB, López-Aguirre C, Archer M, Hand SJ, Flores D, Abdala F, Giannini NP. Patterns of ontogenetic evolution across extant marsupials reflect different allometric pathways to ecomorphological diversity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2689. [PMID: 37164950 PMCID: PMC10172307 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The relatively high level of morphological diversity in Australasian marsupials compared to that observed among American marsupials remains poorly understood. We undertake a comprehensive macroevolutionary analysis of ontogenetic allometry of American and Australasian marsupials to examine whether the contrasting levels of morphological diversity in these groups are reflected in their patterns of allometric evolution. We collate ontogenetic series for 62 species and 18 families of marsupials (n = 2091 specimens), spanning across extant marsupial diversity. Our results demonstrate significant lability of ontogenetic allometric trajectories among American and Australasian marsupials, yet a phylogenetically structured pattern of allometric evolution is preserved. Here we show that species diverging more than 65 million years ago converge in their patterns of ontogenetic allometry under animalivorous and herbivorous diets, and that Australasian marsupials do not show significantly greater variation in patterns of ontogenetic allometry than their American counterparts, despite displaying greater magnitudes of extant ecomorphological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A B Wilson
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
- Earth & Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Camilo López-Aguirre
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Archer
- Earth & Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Suzanne J Hand
- Earth & Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - David Flores
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundación Miguel Lillo). Instituto de Vertebrados, Fundación Miguel Lillo. Miguel Lillo 251, CP 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Miguel Lillo 251, CP4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Norberto P Giannini
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Miguel Lillo 251, CP4000, Tucumán, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biogeografía, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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Abdala F, Norton LA, Jasinoski SC, Botha J, Fernandez V, Rubidge B, Gill PG, Martinelli AG. On taxonomic issues, ontogenetic series and tooth replacement. Comments on Diphyodont tooth replacement of Brasilodon-A late Triassic eucynodont that challenges the time of origin of mammals by Cabreira et al. J Anat 2023; 242:737-742. [PMID: 36715111 PMCID: PMC10008281 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Abdala
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Tucumán, Argentina.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Luke A Norton
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sandra C Jasinoski
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Botha
- National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Structure of Materials Department, Grenoble, France
| | - Bruce Rubidge
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pamela G Gill
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum London, London, UK
| | - Agustín G Martinelli
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (MACN-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Wynd B, Abdala F, Nesbitt SJ. Ontogenetic growth in the crania of Exaeretodon argentinus (Synapsida: Cynodontia) captures a dietary shift. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14196. [PMID: 36299507 PMCID: PMC9590418 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An ontogenetic niche shift in vertebrates is a common occurrence where ecology shifts with morphological changes throughout growth. How ecology shifts over a vertebrate's lifetime is often reconstructed in extant species-by combining observational and skeletal data from growth series of the same species-because interactions between organisms and their environment can be observed directly. However, reconstructing shifts using extinct vertebrates is difficult and requires well-sampled growth series, specimens with relatively complete preservation, and easily observable skeletal traits associated with ecologies suspected to change throughout growth, such as diet. Methods To reconstruct ecological changes throughout the growth of a stem-mammal, we describe changes associated with dietary ecology in a growth series of crania of the large-bodied (∼2 m in length) and herbivorous form, Exaeretodon argentinus (Cynodontia: Traversodontidae) from the Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation, San Juan, Argentina. Nearly all specimens were deformed by taphonomic processes, so we reconstructed allometric slope using a generalized linear mixed effects model with distortion as a random effect. Results Under a mixed effects model, we find that throughout growth, E. argentinus reduced the relative length of the palate, postcanine series, orbits, and basicranium, and expanded the relative length of the temporal region and the height of the zygomatic arch. The allometric relationship between the zygomatic arch and temporal region with the total length of the skull approximate the rate of growth for feeding musculature. Based on a higher allometric slope, the zygoma height is growing relatively faster than the length of the temporal region. The higher rate of change in the zygoma may suggest that smaller individuals had a crushing-dominated feeding style that transitioned into a chewing-dominated feeding style in larger individuals, suggesting a dietary shift from possible faunivory to a more plant-dominated diet. Dietary differentiation throughout development is further supported by an increase in sutural complexity and a shift in the orientation of microwear anisotropy between small and large individuals of E. argentinus. A developmental transition in the feeding ecology of E. argentinus is reflective of the reconstructed dietary transition across Gomphodontia, wherein the earliest-diverging species are inferred as omnivorous and the well-nested traversodontids are inferred as herbivorous, potentially suggesting that faunivory in immature individuals of the herbivorous Traversodontidae may be plesiomorphic for the clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenen Wynd
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Fernando Abdala
- CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sterling J. Nesbitt
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
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Liu J, Abdala F. The emblematic South African therocephalian Euchambersia in China: a new link in the dispersal of late Permian vertebrates across Pangea. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220222. [PMID: 35857894 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapsids were widely distributed in Pangea in the late Permian. South Africa in Gondwana and Russia in Laurasia are the principal areas recording tetrapods (including therapsids) of this age. More recent field explorations have increased the importance of Chinese late Permian fossil assemblages. This is clearly reflected in the discovery of several new therocephalians from the Naobaogou Formation in Nei Mongol. Here, we report a therocephalian from that unit identified as a new species of the emblematic South African taxon Euchambersia. The new species, Euchambersia liuyudongi, is represented by a well-preserved skull and mandible showing a well-developed maxillary fossa and the absence of postcanine teeth. This is the third akidnognathid therocephalian recovered from the Naobaougou Formation, but oddly, the two basal Chinese akidnognathids previously known were recovered from a younger unit of the formation than the derived E. liuyudongi. This is the first time that the same therocephalian genus has been recorded in northern and southern continents, making the record of the Naobaougou Formation key to understanding the evolution of late Permian continental fauna in general, and of akidnognathid therocephalians in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Conicet-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, Tucumán, Argentina.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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7
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Gaetano LC, Abdala F, Seoane FD, Tartaglione A, Schulz M, Otero A, Leardi JM, Apaldetti C, Krapovickas V, Steimbach E. A new cynodont from the Upper Triassic Los Colorados Formation (Argentina, South America) reveals a novel paleobiogeographic context for mammalian ancestors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6451. [PMID: 35468982 PMCID: PMC9038739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Probainognathia is a derived lineage of cynodonts which encompass Mammalia as their crown-group. The rich record of probainognathians from the Carnian of Argentina contrasts with their Norian representation, with only one named species. Here we describe a new probainognathian, Tessellatia bonapartei gen. et sp. nov., from the Norian Los Colorados Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin of Argentina. The new taxon, represented by a partial cranium with associated lower jaws, was analyzed through neutron and X-rays micro-tomography (μCT). The high-resolution neutron μCT data allowed the identification of a unique character combination, including features inaccessible through traditional techniques. We constructed the largest phylogenetic data matrix of non-mammalian cynodonts. The new species and its sister taxon, the Brazilian Therioherpeton cargnini, are recovered as probainognathians, closely related to Mammaliamorpha. We conducted the first quantitative paleobiogeographic analysis of non-mammalian cynodonts, focusing in probainognathians. The results indicate that Probainognathia and Mammaliamorpha originated in southwestern Gondwana (in the Brazilian Paraná Basin), which was an important center of diversification during the Triassic. Finally, the Chinese Lufeng Basin is identified as the ancestral area of Mammaliaformes. These new findings, besides adding to the knowledge of the poorly represented Norian cynodonts from the Los Colorados Formation, are significant to improve our understanding of probainognathian diversity, evolution, and paleobiogeographic history.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Gaetano
- Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber" (IDEAN, UBA-CONICET), C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
| | - F Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.,Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo, T4000JFE, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - F D Seoane
- Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber" (IDEAN, UBA-CONICET), C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Tartaglione
- Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II), Technische Universität München, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - M Schulz
- Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II), Technische Universität München, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - A Otero
- División Paleontología de Vertebrados (Anexo Laboratorios), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J M Leardi
- Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber" (IDEAN, UBA-CONICET), C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Apaldetti
- Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, J5400DNQ, San Juan, Argentina
| | - V Krapovickas
- Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber" (IDEAN, UBA-CONICET), C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Steimbach
- Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber" (IDEAN, UBA-CONICET), C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Norton LA, Abdala F, Rubidge BS, Botha J. Tooth replacement patterns in the Early Triassic epicynodont Galesaurus planiceps (Therapsida, Cynodontia). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243985. [PMID: 33378326 PMCID: PMC7773207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sixteen specimens of the Early Triassic cynodont Galesaurus planiceps (including eight that were scanned using micro-computed tomography) representing different ontogenetic stages were assembled to study the dental replacement in the species. The growth series shows that the incisors and postcanines continue to develop and replace, even in the largest (presumably oldest) specimen. In contrast, replacement of the canines ceased with the attainment of skeletal maturity, at a basal skull length of ~90 mm, suggesting that Galesaurus had a finite number of canine replacement cycles. Additionally, the functional canine root morphology of these larger specimens showed a tendency to be open-rooted, a condition not previously reported in Mesozoic theriodonts. An alternating pattern of tooth replacement was documented in the maxillary and mandibular postcanine series. Both postcanine series increased in tooth number as the skull lengthened, with the mandibular postcanine series containing more teeth than the maxillary series. In the maxilla, the first postcanine is consistently the smallest tooth, showing a proportional reduction in size as skull length increased. The longer retention of a tooth in this first locus is a key difference between Galesaurus and Thrinaxodon, in which the mesial-most postcanines are lost after replacement. This difference has contributed to the lengthening of the postcanine series in Galesaurus, as teeth continued to be added to the distal end of the tooth row through ontogeny. Overall, there are considerable differences between Galesaurus and Thrinaxodon relating to the replacement and development of their teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Norton
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Bruce S. Rubidge
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Botha
- Karoo Palaeontology, National Museum, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
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9
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Liu J, Abdala F. The tetrapod fauna of the upper Permian Naobaogou Formation of China: 5. Caodeyao liuyufengi gen. et sp. nov., a new peculiar therocephalian. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9160. [PMID: 32523808 PMCID: PMC7261480 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper Permian Naobaogou Formation has been the goal of recent contributions that notably increased the knowledge of its terrestrial vertebrate fauna and unravelled a hidden late Permian therocephalian diversity in China. Two very different species of therocephalians have been documented in the Naobaogou Formation and they were recovered as basal akidnognathids in cladistic analyses. In this contribution we describe Caodeyao liuyufengi gen. et sp. nov., represented by a partial skull and mandible, and a humerus. The new taxon features a short, high snout and a wide temporal opening with the coronoid process of the mandible separated by a wide space medially to the zygomatic arch. The latter feature is only recognized in the Russian therocephalian Purlovia maxima and it is also characteristic of non-mammaliaform cynodonts. Phylogenetic analysis indicates a close relationship of the new Chinese taxon with Purlovia maxima, producing a monophyletic Laurasian group in therocephalian phylogeny. With the representation of three different species, the Naobaogou Formation is now the most prolific unit documenting therocephalian late Permian diversity in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Tucuman, Argentina
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10
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Van den Brandt MJ, Abdala F, Rubidge BS. Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the Middle Permian pareiasaur Embrithosaurus schwarzi from the Karoo Basin of South Africa. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pareiasaurs were globally distributed, abundant, herbivorous parareptiles of the Middle to Late Permian, with the basal-most members found in the Middle Permian of South Africa. These basal taxa were particularly abundant and went extinct at the end of the Gaudalupian (Capitanian) at the top of the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone. Currently four taxa are recognized in this group: Bradysaurus seeleyi, B. baini, Nochelesaurus alexanderi and Embrithosaurus schwarzi, but they are all poorly understood. We here present the first detailed cranial description and updated diagnosis for Embrithosaurus schwarzi. No cranial autapomorphies were identified. However, Embrithosaurus schwarzi is a distinct taxon in this group, based on its unique dentition and using a combination of cranial features. It has nine marginal cusps on all maxillary and mandibular teeth, and wider maxillary teeth than in the co-occurring taxa, due to the marginal cusps being arranged more regularly around the crown, and the apex of the crown lacking the long, central, three-cusped trident. Our updated phylogenetic analysis recovers the four Middle Permian South African taxa as a monophyletic group for the first time, which we call Bradysauria, comprising a clade including Embrithosaurus, Bradysaurus baini and a polytomy including Nochelesaurus and Bradysaurus seeleyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Johan Van den Brandt
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Bruce Sidney Rubidge
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- DST-NRF Centre for Excellence in Palaeosciences (CoE-Pal), South Africa
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11
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Hendrickx C, Abdala F, Choiniere JN. A proposed terminology for the dentition of gomphodont cynodonts and dental morphology in Diademodontidae and Trirachodontidae. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6752. [PMID: 31223521 PMCID: PMC6571134 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gomphodont cynodonts were close relatives of mammals and one of the Mesozoic lineages of cynodont therapsids that became extinct at the end of the Triassic. Gomphodonts were omnivorous to herbivorous animals characterized by labiolingually expanded postcanines, which allowed tooth-to-tooth occlusion. The morphology of the upper and lower postcanines presents important means of distinguishing among major lineages within Gomphodontia, that is, Diademodontidae, Trirachodontidae, and Traversodontidae, but the dentition of most Diademodontidae and Trirachodontidae remain poorly documented. Here, we present a comprehensive description of the dentition of each diademodontid and trirachodontid species, as well as detailed illustrations of each dental unit, after firsthand examination of material and 3D reconstructions of postcanine teeth. Based on dental morphology, Trirachodon berryi and “Trirachodon kannemeyeri,” considered as separate taxa by some authors are here interpreted as representing different ontogenetic stages of the same species. Likewise, Sinognathus and Beishanodon, thought to belong to non-cynognathian cynodonts and traversodontids by some authors, are referred to Trirachodontidae and Gomphodontia based on dental characters, respectively. Finally, we propose a standardized list of terms and abbreviations for incisors, canines, and postcanines anatomical entities, with the goal of facilitating future descriptions and communication between researchers studying the gomphodont dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hendrickx
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jonah N Choiniere
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Abdala F, Gaetano LC, Smith RMH, Rubidge BS. A new large cynodont from the Late Permian (Lopingian) of the South African Karoo Basin and its phylogenetic significance. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Karoo Basin of South Africa has the best global record of Lopingian (Late Permian) non-mammaliaform cynodonts, currently represented by five species. We describe Vetusodon elikhulu gen. et sp. nov., documented by four specimens from the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone. With a basal skull length of ~18 cm, it is the largest Lopingian cynodont and is also larger than Induan representatives of the group. Vetusodon elikhulu has a cranial morphology that departs notably from that previously documented for Permo-Triassic cynodonts. It features a short and extremely wide snout, resembling that of the contemporaneous therocephalian Moschorhinus, and has large incisors and canines that contrast with the small unicusped postcanines, suggesting a more important role of the anterior dentition for feeding. The dentary is extremely long and robust, with the posterior margin located closer to the craniomandibular joint than in other Lopingian and Induan cynodonts (e.g. Thrinaxodon). The secondary palate morphology of V. elikhulu is unique, being short and incomplete and with the posterior portion of the maxilla partly covering the vomer. A phylogenetic analysis suggests that V. elikhulu is the sister taxon of Eucynodontia and thus the most derived of the Lopingian to Induan cynodonts yet discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Abdala
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Conicet-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Argentina
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Leandro C Gaetano
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Estudios Andinos ‘Don Pablo Groeber’, IDEAN (Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET), Intendente Güiraldes, Ciudad Universitaria – Pabellón II, C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roger M H Smith
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Karoo Palaeontology, Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bruce S Rubidge
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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13
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Liu J, Abdala F. The tetrapod fauna of the upper Permian Naobaogou Formation of China: 3. Jiufengia jiai gen. et sp. nov., a large akidnognathid therocephalian. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6463. [PMID: 30809450 PMCID: PMC6388668 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent field trips to Member III of the Naobaogou Formation, Nei Mongol, China yielded new fossil discoveries, increasing our knowledge of the late Permian continental fauna from China. We present here a new large therocephalian, Jiufengia jiai gen. et sp. nov., represented by a partial skull with mandibles and part of the postcranial skeleton. This is the second therocephalian recovered from the Naobaogou faunal association and, in turn, the second akidnognathid from this unit and from China. The new taxon shows clear differences from Shiguaignathus wangi, the akidnogathid previously reported from the Naobaogou Formation: the presence of four upper postcanines, of a large suborbital vacuity, and the flat ventral surface of the vomer, lacking a ventromedian crest. Updating a previous phylogeny of therocephalians, we recover the new species as a basal member of Akidnognathidae, above a basal polytomy including the other two Laurasian akidnognathids, Shiguaignathus and Annatherapsidus, adding support to the hypothesis that this group originated in Laurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Tucuman, Argentina
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14
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LeBlanc ARH, Brink KS, Whitney MR, Abdala F, Reisz RR. Dental ontogeny in extinct synapsids reveals a complex evolutionary history of the mammalian tooth attachment system. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20181792. [PMID: 30404877 PMCID: PMC6235047 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian dentition is uniquely characterized by a combination of precise occlusion, permanent adult teeth and a unique tooth attachment system. Unlike the ankylosed teeth in most reptiles, mammal teeth are supported by a ligamentous tissue that suspends each tooth in its socket, providing flexible and compliant tooth attachment that prolongs the life of each tooth and maintains occlusal relationships. Here we investigate dental ontogeny through histological examination of a wide range of extinct synapsid lineages to assess whether the ligamentous tooth attachment system is unique to mammals and to determine how it evolved. This study shows for the first time that the ligamentous tooth attachment system is not unique to crown mammals within Synapsida, having arisen in several non-mammalian therapsid clades as a result of neoteny and progenesis in dental ontogeny. Mammalian tooth attachment is here re-interpreted as a paedomorphic condition relative to the ancestral synapsid form of tooth attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R H LeBlanc
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Kirstin S Brink
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan R Whitney
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Conicet, Tucumán, Argentina
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence: Palaeosciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robert R Reisz
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- DERC, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
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15
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16
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Liu J, Abdala F. The tetrapod fauna of the upper Permian Naobaogou Formation of China: 1. Shiguaignathus wangi gen. et sp. nov., the first akidnognathid therocephalian from China. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4150. [PMID: 29230374 PMCID: PMC5723136 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Permian from China has a well-known terrestrial record where approximately 30 tetrapod taxa, including several therapsids, have been described. However, the record of therocephalians in China has remained elusive. Shiguaignathus wangi gen. et sp. nov., discovered in the Member III of the Naobaogou Formation, Nei Mongol, China, is here described. This is the first therocephalian recovered from this fauna and only the second from the Permian of China. It is represented by a well-preserved robust snout of a medium-sized animal. This is the first akidnognathid reported from the Chinese Permian and only the second genus from Laurasia as one genus is known from Russia whereas the remaining members of the group are from the South African Karoo Basin. A phylogenetic analysis of therocephalians supports a basal position of S. wangi within Akidnognathidae, followed by the Russian Annatherapsidus. Akidnognathidae is the latest major group of therocephalian appearing in the fossil record, and one of the few that does not have species from South Africa representing its most basal members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Tucumán, Argentina
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17
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Rey K, Amiot R, Fourel F, Abdala F, Fluteau F, Jalil NE, Liu J, Rubidge BS, Smith RM, Steyer JS, Viglietti PA, Wang X, Lécuyer C. Oxygen isotopes suggest elevated thermometabolism within multiple Permo-Triassic therapsid clades. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28716184 PMCID: PMC5515572 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The only true living endothermic vertebrates are birds and mammals, which produce and regulate their internal temperature quite independently from their surroundings. For mammal ancestors, anatomical clues suggest that endothermy originated during the Permian or Triassic. Here we investigate the origin of mammalian thermoregulation by analysing apatite stable oxygen isotope compositions (δ18Op) of some of their Permo-Triassic therapsid relatives. Comparing of the δ18Op values of therapsid bone and tooth apatites to those of co-existing non-therapsid tetrapods, demonstrates different body temperatures and thermoregulatory strategies. It is proposed that cynodonts and dicynodonts independently acquired constant elevated thermometabolism, respectively within the Eucynodontia and Lystrosauridae + Kannemeyeriiformes clades. We conclude that mammalian endothermy originated in the Epicynodontia during the middle-late Permian. Major global climatic and environmental fluctuations were the most likely selective pressures on the success of such elevated thermometabolism. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28589.001 School textbooks often refer to “cold-blooded” and “warm-blooded” animals, but these terms are misleading. Rather than being cold, animals like reptiles have body temperatures that are mostly determined by their external environment and can actually achieve high body temperatures, for example, by basking in the sun. By contrast, “warm-blooded” mammals produce their own heat and typically maintain a body temperature that is warmer than their environment. As such, so-called warm-blooded animals are more accurately referred to as “endotherms” and cold-blooded animals as “ectotherms”. Endothermic animals share several characteristics, including insulating layers – like fur or feathers – that keep the body warm, and a secondary palate that separates the mouth and nose for continuous breathing, even while eating. Many of these traits are seen in fossils belonging to a group of animals called the therapsids. Also known as the “mammal-like reptiles”, these animals are descended from ectothermic reptiles but are the ancestors of the endothermic mammals. They dominated the land between 270 and 220 million years ago, during periods of time called the Permian and the Triassic. They also survived two major mass extinction events, including the most devastating mass extinction in all of Earth’s history. However, when the ancestors of mammals became truly endothermic remains an open question. Previous studies that have tried to determine this by focusing on the physical characteristics of therapsids have not yet given a consistent date. Rey et al. took a new approach to answer when endothermy first evolved in the mammal-like reptiles, and instead looked at the chemical makeup of minerals in over 100 fossils. Oxygen can exist in different forms called stable isotopes: oxygen-16 and the rarer and heavier oxygen-18. The ratio of these two isotopes in a fossil will depend on, among other things, where the animal lived and, importantly, its body temperature. Therefore, Rey et al. compared oxygen-containing minerals in the bones and teeth of therapsids to those of other animals that lived alongside them to look for signatures that indicated differences in body temperature and how it was regulated. It appears that two different branches of the therapsid’s family tree independently became endothermic. One branch includes the mammals and their direct ancestors, while the second is more distantly related to mammals. Both became endothermic towards the end of the Permian Period, between about 259 and 252 million years ago. Based on these findings, Rey et al. suggest that endothermy allowed these animals to better cope with fluctuating climates, which helped them to be among the few species that survived the mass extinction event at the end of the Permian. Going forward, these new findings can help scientists to understand which physical characteristics were necessary for endothermy to first develop and which helped to optimize it afterwards. Furthermore, they also suggest that endothermic animals are more able to survive fluctuations in climate, which could guide efforts to protect modern-day endangered species that are most at risk from the ongoing effects of climate change. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28589.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Rey
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5276 LGL-TPE, Villeurbanne, France, France.,Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Romain Amiot
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5276 LGL-TPE, Villeurbanne, France, France
| | - François Fourel
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5276 LGL-TPE, Villeurbanne, France, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France, France
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Nour-Eddine Jalil
- Centre de Recherches en Paléobiodiversité et Paléoenvironnements, UMR 7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bruce S Rubidge
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Roger Mh Smith
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J Sébastien Steyer
- Centre de Recherches en Paléobiodiversité et Paléoenvironnements, UMR 7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Pia A Viglietti
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Christophe Lécuyer
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5276 LGL-TPE, Villeurbanne, France, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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18
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Benoit J, Jasinoski SC, Fernandez V, Abdala F. The mystery of a missing bone: revealing the orbitosphenoid in basal Epicynodontia (Cynodontia, Therapsida) through computed tomography. Naturwissenschaften 2017; 104:66. [PMID: 28721557 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The basal non-mammaliaform cynodonts from the late Permian (Lopingian) and Early Triassic are a major source of information for the understanding of the evolutionary origin of mammals. Detailed knowledge of their anatomy is critical for understanding the phylogenetic transition toward mammalness and the paleobiological reconstruction of mammalian precursors. Using micro-computed tomography (μCT), we describe the internal morphology of the interorbital region that includes the rarely fossilized orbitosphenoid elements in four basal cynodonts. These paired bones, which are positioned relatively dorsally in the skull, contribute to the wall of the anterior part of the braincase and form the floor for the olfactory lobes. Unlike procynosuchids and the more basal therapsids in which the orbitosphenoids are well developed, dense, and bear a ventral keel, the basal epicynodonts Cynosaurus, Galesaurus, and Thrinaxodon display cancellous, reduced, and loosely articulated orbitosphenoids, a condition shared with many eucynodonts. The hemi-cylindrical orbitosphenoid from which the mammalian condition is derived re-evolved convergently in traversodontid and some probainognathian cynodonts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Benoit
- Evolutionary Studies Institute; School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Sandra C Jasinoski
- Evolutionary Studies Institute; School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute; School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo CONICET, Miguel Lillo, 251, Tucumán, Argentina
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19
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Jasinoski SC, Abdala F. Aggregations and parental care in the Early Triassic basal cynodonts Galesaurus planiceps and Thrinaxodon liorhinus. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2875. [PMID: 28097072 PMCID: PMC5228509 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-mammaliaform cynodonts gave rise to mammals but the reproductive biology of this extinct group is still poorly known. Two exceptional fossils of Galesaurus planiceps and Thrinaxodon liorhinus, consisting of juveniles closely associated with an adult, were briefly described more than 50 years ago as examples of parental care in non-mammaliaform cynodonts. However, these two Early Triassic fossils have largely been excluded from recent discussions of parental care in the fossil record. Here we re-analyse these fossils in the context of an extensive survey of other aggregations found in these two basal cynodont taxa. Our analysis revealed six other unequivocal cases of aggregations in Thrinaxodon, with examples of same-age aggregations among immature or adult individuals as well as mixed-age aggregations between subadult and adult individuals. In contrast, only one additional aggregation of Galesauruswas identified. Taking this comprehensive survey into account, the two previously described cases of parental care in Galesaurus and Thrinaxodon are substantiated. The juveniles are the smallest specimens known for each taxon, and the size difference between the adult and the two associated juveniles is the largest found for any of the aggregations. The juveniles of Thrinaxodon are approximately only 37% of the associated adult size; whereas in Galesaurus, the young are at least 60% of the associated adult size. In each case, the two juvenile individuals are similar in size, suggesting they were from the same clutch. Even though parental care was present in both Galesaurus and Thrinaxodon, intraspecific aggregations were much more common in Thrinaxodon, suggesting it regularly lived in aggregations consisting of both similar and different aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Jasinoski
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
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20
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Jasinoski SC, Abdala F. Cranial Ontogeny of the Early Triassic Basal Cynodont Galesaurus planiceps. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 300:353-381. [PMID: 27615281 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ontogenetic changes in the skull and mandible of thirty-one specimens of Galesaurus planiceps, a basal non-mammaliaform cynodont from the Early Triassic of South Africa, are documented. The qualitative survey indicated eight changes in the craniomandibular apparatus occurred during growth, dividing the sample into three ontogenetic stages: juvenile, subadult, and adult. Changes in the temporal region, zygomatic arch, occiput, and mandible occurred during the transition from the subadult to adult stage at a basal skull length of 90 mm. At least four morphological and allometric differences divided the adult specimens into two morphs, indicating the presence of sexual dimorphism in Galesaurus. Differences include extensive lateral flaring of the zygomatic arches in the "male" morph resulting in a more anterior orientation of the orbits, and a narrower snout in the "female". This is the first record of sexual dimorphism in a basal cynodont, and the first time it is quantitatively documented in a non-mammaliaform cynodont. An ontogenetic comparison between Galesaurus and the more derived basal cynodont Thrinaxodon revealed differences in the timing and extent of sagittal crest development. In Galesaurus, the posterior sagittal crest, located behind the parietal foramen, developed relatively later in ontogeny, and the anterior sagittal crest rarely formed suggesting the anterior fibres of the temporalis were less developed than in Thrinaxodon. In contrast, craniomandibular features related to the masseters became more developed during the ontogeny of Galesaurus. The development of the adductor musculature appears to be one of the main factors influencing skull growth in these basal non-mammaliaform cynodonts. Anat Rec, 300:353-381, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Jasinoski
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
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21
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Day MO, Ramezani J, Bowring SA, Sadler PM, Erwin DH, Abdala F, Rubidge BS. When and how did the terrestrial mid-Permian mass extinction occur? Evidence from the tetrapod record of the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.0834. [PMID: 26156768 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A mid-Permian (Guadalupian epoch) extinction event at approximately 260 Ma has been mooted for two decades. This is based primarily on invertebrate biostratigraphy of Guadalupian-Lopingian marine carbonate platforms in southern China, which are temporally constrained by correlation to the associated Emeishan Large Igneous Province (LIP). Despite attempts to identify a similar biodiversity crisis in the terrestrial realm, the low resolution of mid-Permian tetrapod biostratigraphy and a lack of robust geochronological constraints have until now hampered both the correlation and quantification of terrestrial extinctions. Here we present an extensive compilation of tetrapod-stratigraphic data analysed by the constrained optimization (CONOP) algorithm that reveals a significant extinction event among tetrapods within the lower Beaufort Group of the Karoo Basin, South Africa, in the latest Capitanian. Our fossil dataset reveals a 74-80% loss of generic richness between the upper Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone (AZ) and the mid-Pristerognathus AZ that is temporally constrained by a U-Pb zircon date (CA-TIMS method) of 260.259 ± 0.081 Ma from a tuff near the top of the Tapinocephalus AZ. This strengthens the biochronology of the Permian Beaufort Group and supports the existence of a mid-Permian mass extinction event on land near the end of the Guadalupian. Our results permit a temporal association between the extinction of dinocephalian therapsids and the LIP volcanism at Emeishan, as well as the marine end-Guadalupian extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Day
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Jahandar Ramezani
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samuel A Bowring
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter M Sadler
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Douglas H Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Bruce S Rubidge
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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LeBlanc ARH, Reisz RR, Brink KS, Abdala F. Cover Image. J Clin Periodontol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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LeBlanc ARH, Reisz RR, Brink KS, Abdala F. Mineralized periodontia in extinct relatives of mammals shed light on the evolutionary history of mineral homeostasis in periodontal tissue maintenance. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:323-32. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R. H. LeBlanc
- Department of Biology; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga ON Canada
| | - Robert R. Reisz
- Department of Biology; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga ON Canada
- Institute of Oral Medicine; College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Kirstin S. Brink
- Department of Oral Health Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry; Life Sciences Institute; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
- National Research Foundation; Centre of Excellence: Palaeosciences; Pretoria South Africa
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Benoit J, Abdala F, Van den Brandt MJ, Manger PR, Rubidge BS. Physiological implications of the abnormal absence of the parietal foramen in a late Permian cynodont (Therapsida). Naturwissenschaften 2015; 102:69. [PMID: 26538062 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-015-1321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The third eye (pineal eye), an organ responsible for regulating exposure to sunlight in extant ectotherms, is located in an opening on the dorsal surface of the skull, the parietal foramen. The parietal foramen is absent in extant mammals but often observed in basal therapsids, the stem-group to true mammals. Here, we report the absence of the parietal foramen in a specimen of Cynosaurus suppostus, a Late Permian cynodont from South Africa (SA). Comparison with Procynosuchus delaharpeae, a contemporaneous non-mammalian cynodont from SA, demonstrates that the absence of this foramen is an abnormal condition for such a basal species. Because seasonality was marked during the Late Permian in SA, it is proposed that the third eye was functionally redundant in Cynosaurus, possibly due to the acquisition of better thermoregulation or the evolution of specialized cells in the lateral eyes to compensate for the role of the third eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Benoit
- Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI), School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI), School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marc J Van den Brandt
- Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI), School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bruce S Rubidge
- Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI), School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School for Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Nasif NL, Abdala F. Craniodental ontogeny of the pacaranaDinomys branickiiPeters 1873 (Rodentia, Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha, Dinomyidae). J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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de Farias THS, Borges VQ, de Souza ES, Miki N, Abdala F. Radiographic study on the anatomical characteristics of the proximal femur in Brazilian adults. Rev Bras Ortop 2015; 50:16-21. [PMID: 26229891 PMCID: PMC4519592 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To ascertain the geometry of the femur in the Brazilian population by means of a radiographic study and to correlate the values with regard to sex and right/left side. Methods Five hundred anteroposterior radiographs of the pelvis of skeletally mature patients (250 of each sex) who did not present any osteoarthrosis, fractures or tumoral or infectious lesions were analyzed. The length and width of the femoral neck, length of the femoral axis, neck-shaft angle and femoral offset were measured. Results The following means were observed: 36.54 mm for the length of the femoral neck; 37.48 mm for the width of the femoral neck; 108.42 mm for the length of the femoral axis; 130.47° for the neck-shaft angle; and 44.4 mm for the femoral offset. Conclusion The mean values for the main measurements on the proximal femur in Brazilians differed from those of previous studies. It could also be shown that there was a statistically significant mean difference between men and women for all the variables, both on the left and on the right side, and that the men had greater means than the women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Natália Miki
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Hospital Municipal Dr. Cármino Caricchio, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Gaetano LC, Abdala F. The Stapes of Gomphodont Cynodonts: Insights into the Middle Ear Structure of Non-Mammaliaform Cynodonts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131174. [PMID: 26176619 PMCID: PMC4503721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The stapes is known in several non-mammaliaform cynodonts, although it has only been cursorily studied. Here we thoroughly analyze the stapedial anatomy of several basal cynodonts in a phylogenetic framework. Our study shows that the stapedial anatomy is more variable than previously thought. The morphological variation of the stapes led to the recognition of 11 phylogenetic characters that were included in a total evidence data matrix centered in the analysis of gomphodont cynodonts. Stapes morphology does not provide evidence to suggest a direct connection between the stapes and a postquadrate tympanic membrane (if present) and the hypothesis of a dorsal process as the site of attachment of a small ligament or the stapedial muscle is supported. The re-evaluation of the theories concerning the position of the tympanic membrane in non-mammaliaform cynodonts allowed us to conclude that the hypothetical postquadrate tympanic membrane associated with the squamosal sulcus is at best relictual and most likely non-functional (not connected with the stapes). The sound waves were most likely transmitted to the stapes from a postdentary tympanic membrane through the quadrate. Our analysis results in a better understanding of the auditory system in basal cynodonts and its evolution, highlighting the variability of the stapedial anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro C. Gaetano
- Instituto de Estudios Andinos “Don Pablo Groeber”, Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- NRF/DST Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Cisneros JC, Abdala F, Jashashvili T, de Oliveira Bueno A, Dentzien-Dias P. Tiarajudens eccentricus and Anomocephalus africanus, two bizarre anomodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida) with dental occlusion from the Permian of Gondwana. R Soc Open Sci 2015; 2:150090. [PMID: 26587266 PMCID: PMC4632579 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anomodontia was a highly successful tetrapod clade during the Permian and the Triassic. New morphological information regarding two bizarre basal anomodonts is provided and their palaeoecological significance is explored. The osteology of the recently discovered Tiarajudens eccentricus Cisneros et al. 2011, from the Brazilian Permian, is described in detail. The taxon exhibits unusual postcranial features, including the presence of gastralia. Additional preparation and computed tomography scans of the holotype of Anomocephalus africanus Modesto et al. 1999 discovered in the Karoo Basin of South Africa allow a reappraisal of this genus. Anomocephalus is similar to Tiarajudens with regard to several traits, including a battery of large, transversally expanded, palatal teeth. Molariform teeth are present in the mandible of the African taxon, providing additional insight into the function of the earliest tooth-occlusion mechanism known in therapsids. At least two waves of tooth replacement can be recognized in the palate of Anomocephalus. The outsized, blade-like caniniforms of the herbivorous Tiarajudens allow several non-exclusive ecological interpretations, among which we favour intraspecific display or combat. This behaviour was an alternative to the head-butting practised by the contemporary dinocephalians. Combat specializations that are considered typical of Cenozoic herbivores likely evolved during the Middle Permian, at the time the first communities with diverse, abundant tetrapod herbivores were being assembled.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tea Jashashvili
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ana de Oliveira Bueno
- Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paula Dentzien-Dias
- Laboratório de Paleontologia e Paleoceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
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Michael M, Güven S, Abdala F, Jirah S, Rubidge B, Almond J. Youngest dinocephalian fossils extend the Tapinocephalus Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa. S AFR J SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2015/20140309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Jasinoski SC, Abdala F, Fernandez V. Ontogeny of the Early Triassic Cynodont Thrinaxodon liorhinus (Therapsida): Cranial Morphology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1440-64. [PMID: 25620050 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cranial morphology of 68 Thrinaxodon liorhinus specimens, ranging in size from 30 to 96 mm in basal skull length, is investigated using both qualitative and quantitative analyses. From this comprehensive survey, we determined that nine cranial features, including five in the temporal region, separated the sample into four ontogenetic stages. A bivariate analysis of 60 specimens indicated that the skull generally increased in size isometrically, with the exception of four regions. The orbit had negative allometry, a result consistent with other ontogenetic studies of tetrapods, whereas the length of the snout, palate, and temporal region showed positive allometry. The last trend had strong positive allometry indicating that during ontogeny the length of the sagittal crest increased at a much faster rate than the rest of the skull. The large number of changes in the temporal region of the skull of Thrinaxodon may indicate a greater development of the posterior fibres of the temporalis musculature from an early ontogenetic stage. For example, the posterior sagittal crest developed much earlier in ontogeny than the anterior crest that formed in adults, and bone was deposited dorsally creating a unified posterior sagittal crest rather than having a suture that spanned the entire depth of the skull roof. In combination with the isometric height of the zygomatic arch and the almost complete absence of the zygomatic arch angulation, these ontogenetic changes suggest that there was greater development of the temporalis relative to the masseter muscles, indicating a strong posterodorsal movement of the mandible in Thrinaxodon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Jasinoski
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
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Flores DA, Abdala F, Martin GM, Giannini NP, Martinez JM. Post-Weaning Cranial Growth in Shrew Opossums (Caenolestidae): A Comparison with Bandicoots (Peramelidae) and Carnivorous Marsupials. J MAMM EVOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-014-9279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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McPhee BW, Yates AM, Choiniere JN, Abdala F. The complete anatomy and phylogenetic relationships ofAntetonitrus ingenipes(Sauropodiformes, Dinosauria): implications for the origins of Sauropoda. Zool J Linn Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blair W. McPhee
- Evolutionary Studies Institute; Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag 3 Johannesburg Gauteng 2050 South Africa
- NRF/DST Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag 3 Johannesburg Gauteng 2050 South Africa
| | - Adam M. Yates
- Museum of Central Australia; Araluen Cultural Precinct; P.O. Box 3521 Alice Springs Northern Territory 0871 Australia
| | - Jonah N. Choiniere
- Evolutionary Studies Institute; Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag 3 Johannesburg Gauteng 2050 South Africa
- NRF/DST Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag 3 Johannesburg Gauteng 2050 South Africa
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute; Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag 3 Johannesburg Gauteng 2050 South Africa
- NRF/DST Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag 3 Johannesburg Gauteng 2050 South Africa
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Flores DA, Abdala F, Giannini NP. Post-weaning cranial ontogeny in two bandicoots (Mammalia, Peramelomorphia, Peramelidae) and comparison with carnivorous marsupials. ZOOLOGY 2013; 116:372-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Fernandez V, Abdala F, Carlson KJ, Cook DC, Rubidge BS, Yates A, Tafforeau P. Synchrotron Reveals Early Triassic Odd Couple: Injured Amphibian and Aestivating Therapsid Share Burrow. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64978. [PMID: 23805181 PMCID: PMC3689844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossorialism is a beneficial adaptation for brooding, predator avoidance and protection from extreme climate. The abundance of fossilised burrow casts from the Early Triassic of southern Africa is viewed as a behavioural response by many tetrapods to the harsh conditions following the Permo-Triassic mass-extinction event. However, scarcity of vertebrate remains associated with these burrows leaves many ecological questions unanswered. Synchrotron scanning of a lithified burrow cast from the Early Triassic of the Karoo unveiled a unique mixed-species association: an injured temnospondyl amphibian (Broomistega) that sheltered in a burrow occupied by an aestivating therapsid (Thrinaxodon). The discovery of this rare rhinesuchid represents the first occurrence in the fossil record of a temnospondyl in a burrow. The amphibian skeleton shows signs of a crushing trauma with partially healed fractures on several consecutive ribs. The presence of a relatively large intruder in what is interpreted to be a Thrinaxodon burrow implies that the therapsid tolerated the amphibian’s presence. Among possible explanations for such unlikely cohabitation, Thrinaxodon aestivation is most plausible, an interpretation supported by the numerous Thrinaxodon specimens fossilised in curled-up postures. Recent advances in synchrotron imaging have enabled visualization of the contents of burrow casts, thus providing a novel tool to elucidate not only anatomy but also ecology and biology of ancient tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fernandez
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Fernando Abdala
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Kristian J. Carlson
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Della Collins Cook
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bruce S. Rubidge
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Adam Yates
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Museum of Central Australia, Araluen Cultural Precinct, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Paul Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
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Cisneros JC, Abdala F, Rubidge BS, Dentzien-Dias PC, Bueno ADO. Dental occlusion in a 260-million-year-old therapsid with saber canines from the Permian of Brazil. Science 2011; 331:1603-5. [PMID: 21436452 DOI: 10.1126/science.1200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Anomodonts, a group of herbivorous therapsid "mammal-like reptiles," were the most abundant tetrapods of the Permian. We present a basal anomodont from South America, a new taxon that has transversally expanded palatal teeth and long saber canines. The function of the saber teeth is unknown, but probable uses include deterring attack from predators and intraspecific display or combat. The complex palatal teeth were used to process high-fiber food and represent early evidence of dental occlusion in a therapsid. This discovery provides new insight into the evolution of heterogeneous dentition in therapsids and broadens our understanding of ecological interactions at the end of the Paleozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Cisneros
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Ininga, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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Flores DA, Abdala F, Giannini N. Cranial ontogeny ofCaluromys philander(Didelphidae: Caluromyinae): a qualitative and quantitative approach. J Mammal 2010. [DOI: 10.1644/09-mamm-a-291.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Flores DA, Giannini N, Abdala F. Comparative postnatal ontogeny of the skull in the australidelphian metatherian Dasyurus albopunctatus (Marsupialia: Dasyuromorpha: Dasyuridae). J Morphol 2006; 267:426-40. [PMID: 16421890 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe the cranial ontogeny of an australidelphian marsupial, Dasyurus albopunctatus, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. We examined in detail qualitative morphological changes of just-weaned individuals as compared to old adults; specifically, changes in 31 morphological structures (e.g., processes, foramina) and 38 changes in cranial joints. We also interpreted growth-invariant structures in terms of their functional relevance. We performed a multivariate allometry analysis based on 14 cranial measurements taken from 31 specimens encompassing the entire postweaning period. Three variables (height of occipital plate, breadth of braincase, and height of mandible) showed the same allometric trends in D. albopunctatus and the three marsupial species studied previously in the same framework (Didelphis albiventris, Lutreolina crassicaudata, and Dromiciops gliroides). In addition, D. albopunctatus shared allometric trends in two variables (length of the upper postcanine row and length of the orbit) with the microbiotheriid D. gliroides. Most of the growth trends observed are interpreted as linked to the predominantly carnivorous dietary habit of adult D. albopunctatus. Because dasyuromorphians are most likely basal to the major Australasian radiation of marsupials, knowledge of ontogenetic changes in D. albopunctatus may shed light on the evolution of ontogeny in the highly diverse Australasian marsupial fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Flores
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.
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Flores DA, Giannini NP, Abdala F. Cranial ontogeny ofLutreolina crassicaudata (Didelphidae): a comparison withDidelphis albiventris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03194261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abdala F, Ribeiro AM, Schultz CL. A rich cynodont fauna of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria Formation (Middle-Late Triassic), southern Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1127/njgpm/2001/2001/669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractObservations of the cranial and postcranial development in Liolaemus quilmes were made. The general pattern of ossification in L. quilmes is similar to that of L. scapularis, but some sequences of ossification differ. In L. quilme, ossification of the postcranium begins early in development relative to the skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Lobo
- 1Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, 4.000, Tucumán, Argentina, Instituto de Herpetologia, Fundación Miguel Lillo-CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, 4.000, Tucumán, Argentina,
| | - Fernando Abdala
- 2Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, 4.000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - G. Scrocchi
- 3Instituto de Herpetologia, Fundación Miguel Lillo-CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, 4.000, Tucumán, Argentina,
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